📚 Year 10 CAIE Chinese: Quick-Reference Handbook of Language Formulas | IGCSE中文语言公式速查手册
Mastering Chinese grammar and sentence patterns can feel like learning a set of mathematical formulas – once you understand the structures, you can apply them accurately in any context. This quick-reference handbook condenses the most essential language rules, patterns, and ‘theorems’ that Year 10 CAIE Chinese learners need, presenting them in clear formulaic forms. Use these as a handy revision checklist to boost your accuracy in writing, speaking, and comprehension.
掌握中文语法和句型就像学习一套数学公式 – 一旦你理解了这些结构，就能在任何语境中准确运用。这本速查手册浓缩了Year 10 CAIE中文学习者最需要掌握的核心语言规则、句型和“定理”，并以清晰的公式化形式呈现。你可以把它当作一份便捷的复习清单，帮助你在写作、口语和阅读理解中提升准确度。
1. Basic Declarative Sentence | 基本陈述句公式
The most fundamental Chinese sentence follows the Subject-Verb-Object order, identical to English. All other patterns build upon this backbone. Remember that Chinese does not conjugate verbs for tense or subject.
最基础的中文句子遵循主谓宾的语序，与英语相同。所有其他句型都建立在这个主干之上。请记住，中文动词没有时态或主语的变形。
Subject + Verb + Object
主语 + 动词 + 宾语
I eat apples. → 我吃苹果。
She reads books. → 她看书。
We study Chinese. → 我们学习中文。
2. Adjectival Predicate Sentence (no verb ‘to be’) | 形容词谓语句（无”是”）
In Chinese, adjectives can directly act as predicates without the verb ‘to be’. However, a modifier like 很 (hěn) is usually required before a single-syllable adjective in affirmative statements. 很 here is often unstressed and does not necessarily mean ‘very’.
在中文里，形容词可以直接作谓语，无需使用动词“是”。但在肯定句中，单音节形容词前通常需要一个修饰词，如“很”。“很”在这里通常轻读，并不一定表示“非常”。
Subject + 很 + Adjective
主语 + 很 + 形容词
This apple is sweet. → 这个苹果很甜。
The weather is good. → 天气很好。
He is busy. → 他很忙。
3. The ‘是’ Sentence (to be) | “是”字句
Use 是 (shì) to equate or identify two nouns or noun phrases. 是 is not used with adjectives unless you are emphasising a contrastive structure with 的 (e.g., 他是聪明的). For simple descriptions, use the Adjectival Predicate pattern above.
使用“是”来对等或连接两个名词或名词短语。“是”不与形容词连用进行简单描述，除非你要强调对比结构并配合“的”(如”他是聪明的”)。描述属性时请使用上面的形容词谓语句。
Subject + 是 + Noun / Noun Phrase
主语 + 是 + 名词/名词短语
I am a student. → 我是学生。
That is my book. → 那是我的书。
Today is Monday. → 今天是星期一。
4. The ‘有’ Sentence (existence/possession) | “有”字句（存在/拥有）
有 (yǒu) expresses possession or existence. When indicating existence at a location, the location phrase usually precedes 有. For direct possession, the structure mirrors English.
“有”表示拥有或存在。表示某处存在某物时，处所词通常放在“有”之前。表示直接拥有时，结构与英语一致。
Possession: Subject + 有 + Object
拥有：主语 + 有 + 宾语
Existence: Location + 有 + Object
存在：处所 + 有 + 某人/某物
I have a younger brother. → 我有一个弟弟。
There is a book on the table. → 桌子上有一本书。
There are many flowers in the garden. → 花园里有很多花。
5. The ‘把’ Construction (disposal) | “把”字句
The 把 (bǎ) structure is used to emphasise the result or change of state of an object. It bringes the object before the verb and is typically used when the action is completed or the result is highlighted. The verb must be transitive and often accompanied by a resultative complement or other element.
“把”字句用来强调动作对宾语产生的结果或状态变化。它把宾语提到动词之前，常用于动作完成或结果被强调的语境中。动词必须是及物的，并常常带有结果补语或其他成分。
Subject + 把 + Object + Verb + Complement / 了 / Other Element
主语 + 把 + 宾语 + 动词 + 补语/了/其他成分
Please close the window. → 请把窗户关上。
He finished his homework. → 他把作业做完了。
She put the book on the shelf. → 她把书放在书架上。
6. The ‘被’ Construction (passive) | “被”字句
The 被 (bèi) structure expresses the passive voice, indicating that the subject is the recipient of the action. The agent can be omitted. In spoken language, 叫 (jiào) or 让 (ràng) are also used, but 被 is the standard written form.
“被”字句表示被动语态，表明主语是动作的承受者。施动者可以省略。口语中也可用“叫”或“让”，但“被”是标准的书面语形式。
Subject + 被 (+ Agent) + Verb + Other Element
主语 + 被 (+ 施动者) + 动词 + 其他成分
The cake was eaten by me. → 蛋糕被我吃了。
My bicycle was stolen. → 我的自行车被偷了。
The glass was broken by the child. → 杯子被小孩子打碎了。
7. Comparative Sentences with ‘比’ | “比”字比较句
To compare two things, use the 比 (bǐ) structure. The adjective follows 比 directly without 很 or 非常. To specify the degree of difference, add a complement after the adjective.
要比较两样事物，使用“比”字结构。形容词直接跟在“比”后面，不加“很”或“非常”。要说明具体的差异程度，可在形容词后加上补语。
A + 比 + B + Adjective (+ Complement)
A + 比 + B + 形容词 (+ 补语)
He is taller than me. → 他比我高。
Today is much colder than yesterday. → 今天比昨天冷得多。
She runs faster than I do by 5 seconds. → 她跑得比我快五秒。
8. The ‘是…的’ Emphasis Structure | “是…的”强调结构
This structure is used to highlight the time, place, manner, or agent of a past action. 是 is placed before the emphasised element, and 的 at the end. In positive statements, 是 can be omitted, but 的 is essential.
这个结构用来强调过去动作发生的时间、地点、方式或施动者。“是”放在被强调的部分之前，“的”放在句尾。在肯定句中，“是”可省略，但“的”必不可少。
Subject + (是) + Emphasised Detail + Verb + 的 (+ Object)
主语 + (是) + 被强调的细节 + 动词 + 的 (+ 宾语)
It was yesterday that I went. → 我是昨天去的。
He came by bus. → 他是坐公共汽车来的。
It was at the library that I met her. → 我是在图书馆认识她的。
9. Key Conjunction Pairs (Correlatives) | 关键关联词搭配公式
Chinese commonly uses paired conjunctions to link clauses and express logical relationships. These pairs act like fixed ‘formulas’ that must be memorised. Using the wrong partner is a common error.
中文经常使用成对的关联词来连接分句并表示逻辑关系。这些搭配如同固定的“公式”，必须熟记。搭配错误是常见失分点。
因为…，所以… (because… therefore…)
虽然…，但是… (although… but…)
如果…，就… (if… then…)
不但…，而且… (not only… but also…)
只要…，就… (as long as… then…)
Because it rained, so I didn’t go out. → 因为下雨了，所以我没有出去。
Although he is young, he is very sensible. → 虽然他很年轻，但是很懂事。
If you are busy, then I will go alone. → 如果你忙，我就一个人去。
10. Complement of Degree with ‘得’ | “得”字程度补语
The structural particle 得 (de) is used after a verb or adjective to introduce a complement describing the manner, degree, or result of the action. This formula is essential for expressing ‘to do something to a certain extent’.
结构助词“得”用在动词或形容词之后，引出描述动作方式、程度或结果的补语。这个公式对于表达“做某事做到某种程度”至关重要。
Verb / Adj + 得 + Complement
动词/形容词 + 得 + 补语
He runs very fast. → 他跑得很快。
She is so happy that she can’t sleep. → 她高兴得睡不着觉。
He speaks Chinese very fluently. → 他中文说得非常流利。
11. Serial Verb Sentences (Liandong) | 连动句
A serial verb sentence contains two or more verbs that share the same subject and describe successive actions or the manner and purpose of an action. The verbs are strung together without conjunctions.
连动句包含两个或更多动词，它们共享同一个主语，描述连续的动作或动作的方式与目的。动词之间不使用连词直接串联。
Subject + Verb1 + (Object1) + Verb2 + (Object2)
主语 + 动词1 + (宾语1) + 动词2 + (宾语2)
Common patterns: manner-purpose (用…做), purpose-action (去…买).
常见模式：方式-目的 (用…做), 目的-动作 (去…买)。
I use a pen to write characters. → 我用笔写字。
He goes to the library to read books. → 他去图书馆看书。
She came to visit me yesterday. → 她昨天来看我。
12. Pivotal Sentences (Jianyu) | 兼语句
A pivotal sentence features a word (usually an object of the first verb) that simultaneously serves as the subject of the second verb. The classic pivotal verbs are 请, 叫, 让, 使, 派, 选. The structure creates a cause-effect or request-command flow.
兼语句的特点是有一个词（通常是第一个动词的宾语）同时充当第二个动词的主语。经典的兼语动词包括“请、叫、让、使、派、选”。这种结构构成了一个因果或祈使-指令的语义流。
Subject + Pivotal Verb + Pivot + Predicate (Verb2 + Object)
主语 + 使令动词 + 兼语 + 谓语 (动词2 + 宾语)
I invited him to come to my house. → 我请他到我家来。
Mum made me tidy the room. → 妈妈让我整理房间。
This news made everyone very excited. → 这个消息使大家很兴奋。
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