📚 Year 10 CAIE Engineering: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memory Guide | Year 10 CAIE 工程：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the vocabulary of CAIE IGCSE Engineering (9-1) is the quickest route to tackling both theory and practical exam questions with confidence. This guide breaks down key terms into memorable chunks, pairing each with a visual or logical memory hook and a direct Chinese equivalent. Use this as a daily drill to build fluency in engineering language.
掌握 CAIE IGCSE 工程（9-1）术语是通过理论和实践考试的捷径。本指南将核心词汇拆解为可记忆的记忆点，每个词都配有形象或逻辑助记法和中文对应词。每天运用这些速记技巧，快速建立工程语言的流利度。
1. Materials and Properties | 材料与特性
Density (ρ) is mass per unit volume. Think of a solid iron block versus an equal-sized foam block – the iron is much ‘denser’, packing far more mass into the same space. Unit: kg/m³.
密度 (ρ) 是单位体积的质量。想象同体积的铁块与泡沫块，铁块“致密”得多，在相同空间内聚集了更多质量。单位：千克/米³。
Hardness measures resistance to indentation or scratching. The Mohs scale helps: talc is 1, diamond is 10. Link ‘hard’ to a diamond scratching glass – the hardest materials leave a mark.
硬度衡量材料抵抗压入或划伤的能力。莫氏硬度表：滑石为1，钻石为10。把“硬”与钻石划玻璃联系起来——最硬的物质会留下划痕。
Tensile strength is the maximum pulling force a material can withstand before snapping. Imagine stretching a rubber band until it breaks – the force at failure defines tensile strength. Memory: ‘tensile’ sounds like ‘tension’.
抗拉强度是材料在拉断前能承受的最大拉力。想象拉长橡皮筋直到断裂——断裂时的力即抗拉强度。助记：’tensile’ 与 ‘tension’ 同源。
Ductility describes how easily a material can be drawn into a wire. Copper is highly ductile. Picture pulling a piece of warm toffee into a thin strand – ‘duct’ + ‘ility’, like a duct that stretches.
延展性指材料被拉成细丝的难易程度。铜的延展性极佳。想象将温太妃糖拉成细缕——’duct’ 像拉长的管道。
Elasticity is the ability to return to original shape after a force is removed. A spring is elastic. Mnemonic: an ‘elastic’ waistband snaps back.
弹性是撤去外力后恢复原状的能力。弹簧具有弹性。助记：’elastic’ 松紧带会弹回。
2. Forces, Stresses and Strain | 力、应力与应变
Stress (σ) is internal force per unit area. σ = F / A Visualise a stiletto heel crushing a floor – the same force over a tiny area creates huge stress.
应力 (σ) 是单位面积上的内力。σ = F / A 想象细高跟踩踏地板——相同的力作用在微小面积上，产生巨大的应力。
Strain (ε) is the fractional change in length. ε = ΔL / L₀ It has no units. Think ‘strain’ as the material being stretched – a strain of 0.01 means the length has increased by 1%.
应变 (ε) 是长度的变化比例。ε = ΔL / L₀ 无量纲。把 ‘strain’ 理解为材料被拉扯——应变为0.01表示长度增加了1％。
Young’s modulus (E) measures stiffness. E = σ / ε Steel has a high E; it barely stretches under load. Use the memory hook: ‘E’ for ‘elastic’ stiffness; a stiff spring has a high spring constant, and a stiff material has a high E.
杨氏模量 (E) 衡量刚度。E = σ / ε 钢的E值高，负载下几乎不伸长。助记：’E’ 联想 ‘elastic’ 刚度；硬弹簧的劲度系数大，硬材料的E值也大。
Torsion is twisting caused by torque. Picture wringing out a wet towel – the twisting action is torsion. A torsion bar in a car suspension works in the same way.
扭转是由扭矩引起的扭曲。想象拧干湿毛巾——这个拧转动作就是扭转。汽车悬架中的扭杆也以同样方式工作。
Bending combines tension and compression on opposite sides. When a beam bends, the outer curve is in tension while the inner curve is compressed. Think of bending a plastic ruler – the top surface stretches, the bottom crushes.
弯曲同时在相对侧产生拉伸和压缩。梁弯曲时，外弧受拉而内弧受压。想象弯折一把塑料尺——上表面拉伸，下表面挤压。
3. Mechanical Systems | 机械系统
Lever: a rigid bar pivoted on a fulcrum. Mechanical advantage (MA) = load / effort. Remember: ‘First-class lever’ – FLE (Fulcrum, Load, Effort) – like a seesaw. The load and effort are on opposite sides of the fulcrum.
杠杆：一根绕支点转动的刚性杆。机械效益 (MA) = 负载 / 作用力。记法：一级杠杆 – FLE (支点Fulcrum, 负载Load, 作用力Effort) – 像跷跷板，负载和作用力分居支点两侧。
Gear train: meshed toothed wheels that transmit rotary motion. The velocity ratio depends on teeth numbers. Mnemonic: ‘Driver drives, driven follows’ – count teeth: more teeth on driven gear means lower speed but higher torque.
齿轮系：啮合的带齿轮传递旋转运动。速比取决于齿数。助记：主动轮驱动，从动轮跟随——数齿数：从动轮齿数越多，转速越低但扭矩越大。
Pulley system: changes the direction of force and can multiply effort. In a simple two-pulley block and tackle, the rope supports the load in two strands, halving the effort needed (ignoring friction).
滑轮组：改变力的方向并可放大作用力。在简单的双滑轮组中，两根绳索共同吊起重物，所需作用力减半（忽略摩擦）。
Cam and follower: a rotating cam pushes a follower up and down, converting rotary to linear motion. Memory: ‘cam’ like the bump on a camshaft; the follower ‘follows’ the cam profile.
凸轮与从动件：旋转的凸轮推动从动件上下运动，将旋转运动转换为直线运动。记忆：’cam’ 像凸轮轴上的凸起；从动件跟随凸轮轮廓运动。
Rack and pinion: a gear (pinion) meshes with a toothed bar (rack), turning rotation into straight-line motion. Picture a car’s steering system – the pinion rotates against the rack to move the wheels.
齿条与小齿轮：小齿轮与齿条啮合，将转动变为直线运动。想象汽车转向系统——小齿轮带动齿条移动车轮。
4. Electronic Components | 电子元件
Resistor: limits current flow. Recognise the symbol (zigzag line). The colour-code mnemonic: ‘Big Brown Rabbits Often Yield Great Big Violets Growing Wild’ gives the digits 0–9 for black, brown, red… but simply think: resistor ‘resists’ electricity like a narrow pipe restricts water flow.
电阻：限制电流。识别符号（锯齿线）。色码助记口诀帮助记忆0-9对应颜色，但只需记住：电阻像狭窄水管限制水流一样“抵抗”电流。
Capacitor: stores electrical charge temporarily. Symbol: two parallel plates. Think of a capacitor as a tiny rechargeable bucket that fills up and empties quickly. Unit: farad (F), usually μF or pF in circuits.
电容：暂时储存电荷。符号：两平行板。把电容想象成一个可快速充放电的小水桶。单位：法拉 (F)，电路中常见微法 (μF) 或皮法 (pF)。
Diode: allows current in one direction only. Symbol: arrow pointing from anode to cathode. Memory: ‘di’ means two, but think ‘one-way valve’ – the triangle points to the permitted flow direction. LED is a light-emitting diode.
二极管：只允许电流单向通过。符号：箭头从阳极指向阴极。记忆：想象单向阀——三角形指向允许流动的方向。LED是发光二极管。
Thermistor: a resistor whose resistance changes significantly with temperature. NTC thermistors have Negative Temperature Coefficient – as temperature rises, resistance falls. Useful for temperature sensing.
热敏电阻：电阻值随温度显著变化的电阻。NTC（负温度系数）热敏电阻在温度升高时阻值下降，常用于温度检测。
Transistor: can act as a switch or amplifier. A small current at the base controls a larger current between collector and emitter. Remember: ‘Trans’-fer of ‘resistance’ gives amplification; think of a relay but purely electronic.
晶体管：可作开关或放大器。基极小电流控制集电极与发射极间的大电流。记忆：’Trans’（转移）与 ‘resistance’ 构成放大；想象一个纯电子的继电器。
5. Manufacturing Processes | 制造工艺
Casting: pouring molten metal into a mould where it solidifies. Sand casting uses a sand mould. Memory: like making jelly – liquid in, solid out. Permanent mould casting reuses the mould.
铸造：将熔融金属浇入模具并凝固。砂型铸造使用砂模。记忆：像做果冻——倒入液体，取出固体。金属型铸造可重复使用模具。
Forging: shaping metal by hammering or pressing, often while hot. The grain structure flows, increasing strength. Think of a blacksmith hammering a hot horseshoe – the metal is ‘forge’d into shape.
锻造：通过锤击或压制成型，通常在热态下进行。金属晶粒随形流动，强度提高。想象铁匠锤打热马蹄铁——金属被“锻造”成型。
Soldering: joining metals using a filler alloy (solder) with a melting point below 450°C. Used in electronics. Solder flows by capillary action. Mnemonic: ‘solder’ ‘holds’ components on a circuit board.
软钎焊：用熔点低于450°C的填充合金（焊料）连接金属。用于电子电路。焊料通过毛细作用流动。助记：焊料“固定”电路板上的元件。
Brazing: similar to soldering but at temperatures above 450°C. Stronger joints, used for plumbing and bicycle frames. Picture ‘brazing’ as ‘bronze’ welding – the filler is often a brass alloy.
硬钎焊：类似软钎焊但温度高于450°C。接头更强，用于管道和自行车架。想象’brazing’ 与 ‘bronze’ 连接——填充料常为黄铜合金。
Additive manufacturing (3D printing): building objects layer by layer from a digital model. Advantage: complex shapes with little waste. Rapid prototyping uses this. Think ‘add’ material, not ‘subtract’.
增材制造 (3D 打印)：根据数字模型逐层堆积成型。优点：可制造复杂形状且废料少。常用于快速原型制作。思考“增”材而非“减”材。
6. Structures and Stability | 结构与稳定性
Truss: a framework of members connected at nodes, often forming triangles. Triangles are inherently rigid. Remember: a square can collapse into a parallelogram, but a triangle cannot change shape without breaking.
桁架：杆件在节点连接构成的框架，常成三角形。三角形天生具有刚性。记忆：正方形可压扁为平行四边形，而三角形不变形除非断裂。
Strut and tie: in a truss, a strut is a member in compression, a tie is in tension. Think of a bicycle frame – the top tube is often a strut, the down tube a tie, but it depends on loading. Memory: ‘strut’ stands stiff, ‘tie’ pulls tight.
压杆与拉杆：桁架中，压杆承受压力，拉杆承受拉力。想象自行车架——上管常为压杆，下管为拉杆（取决于负载）。记忆：压杆 (strut) 撑住，拉杆 (tie) 拉紧。
Stable equilibrium: when a body returns to its original position after a slight disturbance. Think of a pendulum – its centre of mass below the pivot ensures stability. For a structure, a low centre of gravity and wide base increase stability.
稳定平衡：物体受轻微扰动后能回到原位的状态。想象钟摆——重心在支点下方确保稳定。结构上，低重心与宽底座增加稳定性。
Shear force and bending moment: shear force tries to slide one section of a beam past another; bending moment causes the beam to curve. A simply supported beam with a central load: shear is maximum at supports, moment is maximum at centre. Visualise cutting the beam and balancing forces.
剪力与弯矩：剪力试图使梁的相邻截面互相滑移；弯矩使梁弯曲。简支梁受中央荷载：剪力在支座处最大，弯矩在中点最大。想象切开梁并平衡受力。
7. Energy and Power | 能量与功率
Kinetic energy (KE) is energy of motion. KE = ½ m v² Double the mass doubles KE, but double the speed quadruples KE. Memory: a small car at high speed has huge kinetic energy – that’s why stopping distances increase dramatically with speed.
动能 (KE) 是运动的能量。KE = ½ m v² 质量加倍则动能加倍，但速度加倍则动能变为四倍。记忆：高速小汽车拥有巨大动能，因此刹车距离随速度剧增。
Gravitational potential energy (PE): PE = m g h Energy stored due to height. A raised weight in a clock stores PE which converts to KE to drive the mechanism.
重力势能 (PE)：PE = m g h 因高度储存的能量。钟表中升起的重锤储存势能，转化为动能驱动机芯。
Power is the rate of doing work. Power, P = W / t Unit: watt (W) = 1 J/s. An engine is more powerful if it can do the same work in less time.
功率是做功的速率。功率 P = 功 / 时间 单位：瓦特 (W)，1瓦=1焦耳/秒。发动机能用更少时间完成相同功，则功率更大。
Efficiency (η) = (useful output energy / total input energy) × 100%. Always less than 100% due to friction, heat and noise. Visualise a Sankey diagram – the width of the arrow represents energy; wasted energy branches off.
效率 (η) = (有用输出能量 / 总输入能量) × 100%。因摩擦、热和噪声总是低于100%。想象桑基图——箭头宽度代表能量；浪费的能量从分支流出。
Work done: W = F × d (when force and motion are parallel). Unit: joule (J). If you push a box with 10 N over 2 m, you do 20 J of work.
做功：W = F × d（力与运动方向平行时）。单位：焦耳 (J)。用10 N的力推箱子前进2 m，做功20 J。
8. Measurement and Quality Control | 测量与质量控制
Vernier caliper: measures internal, external and depth dimensions with typically 0.02 mm precision. Read the main scale plus the Vernier scale where the lines coincide. Mnemonic: ‘Vernier is Very Nice’ – it provides a second sliding scale for higher precision.
游标卡尺：可测量内径、外径和深度，精度通常达0.02 mm。先读主尺，再找游标上与主尺对准的刻度。助记：’Vernier’ 像“微调”，提供第二根滑动标尺提高精度。
Micrometer screw gauge: measures small diameters or thicknesses to 0.01 mm. One complete revolution of the thimble moves the spindle by 0.5 mm. Think ‘micro’ = small; it measures tiny distances like the thickness of a hair.
千分尺（螺旋测微器）：可精确测量小直径或厚度，达0.01 mm。微分筒每转一周，测微螺杆移动0.5 mm。记法：’micro’ 意为微小，可测头发丝厚度。
Tolerance: the permissible variation from a specified dimension. ±0.1 mm means the part can be 0.1 mm larger or smaller. Important in interchangeable manufacturing. Memory: ‘tolerance’ is how much you ‘tolerate’ deviation.
公差：尺寸允许的变动量。±0.1 mm 表示零件可比标准大或小0.1 mm。对互换性制造至关重要。记忆：’tolerance’ 即你能“容忍”的偏差量。
Fit: the clearance or interference between mating parts. Clearance fit allows free movement (e.g., shaft in a bearing); interference fit requires force to assemble (e.g., a dowel pin). Think of a loose-fitting lid versus a tight press-fit cap.
配合：相配零件间的间隙或过盈。间隙配合允许自由运动（如轴承中的轴）；过盈配合需用力压入（如定位销）。想象松动的瓶盖与紧压的瓶盖。
Repeatability and accuracy: accuracy is closeness to the true value; repeatability is how consistently you obtain the same reading. A dart board analogy: accurate if darts hit the bullseye; repeatable if they cluster tightly (even if not on bullseye).
准确度与重复性：准确度是接近真值的程度；重复性是多次测量的一致性。用飞镖靶比喻：中靶心即准确；密集成群即重复性好（即使未中靶心）。
9. Sustainable Engineering | 可持续工程
6Rs of sustainability: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Rethink, Refuse, Repair. A product designer should consider these from the outset. Mnemonic: ‘Reduce before you Reuse; Recycle last resort.’
可持续6R原则：减量 (Reduce)、再使用 (Reuse)、回收 (Recycle)、重新思考 (Rethink)、拒绝 (Refuse)、修复 (Repair)。设计者应从最初就考虑这些。助记：“先减量再重用，回收是最后选择”。
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA): analyses environmental impacts from raw material extraction, manufacturing, use, to disposal. Consider a car: steel production, fuel consumption, and end-of-life recycling all count.
生命周期评估 (LCA)：分析从原材料提取、制造、使用到废弃处置全过程的的环境影响。以汽车为例：钢材生产、燃油消耗和报废回收都计入。
Renewable vs. non-renewable: renewable sources (solar, wind, hydro) replenish within a human lifetime. Non-renewable ones (coal, oil, natural gas) are finite. Biomass is renewable if grown sustainably.
可再生与不可再生：可再生资源（太阳能、风能、水能）在人类生命周期内可自然补充。不可再生资源（煤、石油、天然气）储量有限。若可持续种植，生物质能也可再生。
Embodied energy: total energy used to produce a material or product. Aluminium has high embodied energy due to electrolysis. Choosing low-embodied-energy materials (e.g., timber) reduces carbon footprint.
蕴能量：生产某种材料或产品消耗的总能量。铝因电解过程而蕴能量高。选择低蕴能量材料（如木材）可降低碳足迹。
Design for disassembly: products are designed so that components can be easily separated for repair or recycling. Snap-fits instead of glue, and standard fasteners help. Think of IKEA furniture – easy to take apart.
可拆解设计：产品设计便于分离部件，以利维修或回收。卡扣代替胶水，标准紧固件均有助益。想象宜家家具——易于拆装。
10. Design Communication | 设计沟通
Orthographic projection: a 2D representation using front, top and side views aligned at right angles. Third angle projection (common in UK) places the view on the side from which it is seen. Remember: ‘Front is the most descriptive view.’
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