📚 Year 10 Cambridge Engineering: Key Vocabulary Quick Recall Guide | Year 10 剑桥工程：关键术语速记指南
Mastering the language of engineering is half the battle in Year 10 Cambridge Engineering. From materials and forces to electronics and design, every technical term carries a precise meaning that you need to recall quickly. This guide groups key vocabulary by topic and pairs each term’s definition with a memorable explanation in Chinese, helping you build confidence for both written papers and practical assessments.
在Year 10剑桥工程课程中，掌握工程语言就等于打赢了一半的仗。从材料、力到电子和设计，每个专业术语都有精确的含义，而且需要你快速回忆。本指南按主题将关键词汇分类，每一条术语的定义都配有中文解释和记忆窍门，帮助你在笔试和实践评估中建立信心。
1. Materials and Properties | 材料与性能
Density (ρ) is the mass of a material per unit volume, typically expressed in kg/m³. It determines how heavy a component feels for its size. Aluminium, with a density around 2700 kg/m³, is ideal for lightweight frames, while steel at 7850 kg/m³ provides strength where weight matters less. Remember that ‘rho’ sounds like ‘row’ – picture rows of tightly packed atoms.
密度 (ρ) 表示材料单位体积的质量，常用单位 kg/m³。它决定了部件在相同体积下的轻重感。铝的密度约为 2700 kg/m³，极适合制造轻量化框架；而钢的密度达 7850 kg/m³，在重量要求不高时能提供强度。记忆窍门：符号 ρ 读作 “row”，可以想象一排排紧密排列的原子。
Tensile strength is the maximum stress a material can withstand while being stretched before breaking. It is measured in pascals (Pa) or megapascals (MPa). High tensile strength is critical for cables, bolts and structural beams. When you see ‘tensile’, think ‘tension’ – the material is being pulled apart.
抗拉强度 是材料在被拉断前所能承受的最大应力，单位为帕斯卡 (Pa) 或兆帕 (MPa)。高抗拉强度对于缆绳、螺栓和结构梁至关重要。看到 ‘tensile’ 就联想到 ‘tension’ (拉伸)，意味着材料正在被拉开。
Hardness refers to a material’s resistance to indentation or scratching. It is often measured by the Brinell or Rockwell tests. Hard materials like tungsten carbide are used for cutting tools, while softer materials may be chosen for impact absorption. Don’t confuse hardness with toughness – hardness is about surface resistance, toughness about absorbing energy without fracturing.
硬度 指材料抵抗压入或划伤的能力，通常通过布氏或洛氏硬度试验来测量。高硬度材料如碳化钨用于制造切削刀具，而较软的材料则可能用于吸收冲击。切勿将硬度与韧性混淆——硬度关乎表面抵抗能力，韧性则是材料不断裂而吸收能量的本领。
2. Forces and Loads | 力与载荷
A load is any force applied to a structure or component. Loads can be static (constant, like the weight of a roof) or dynamic (changing, like wind gusts or moving vehicles). Distinguishing between these types helps engineers predict failure modes.
载荷 是施加在结构或部件上的任何力。载荷可以是静态的（恒定不变，如屋顶重量），也可以是动态的（变化不定，如阵风或行驶的车辆）。区别这两种类型有助于工程师预测失效模式。
Tension, compression and shear describe three fundamental ways forces act on materials. Tension pulls atoms apart, compression pushes them together, and shear causes layers to slide past one another. In a bridge, the cables are in tension, the tower in compression, and the bolts in shear. Think “tear, crush, slide” as a quick recall triplet.
拉伸、压缩与剪切 描述了力作用于材料的三种基本方式。拉伸将原子拉开，压缩将原子推拢，剪切则使层之间相互滑移。在桥梁中，缆索受拉伸，塔柱受压缩，螺栓受剪切。可用 “拉、压、滑” 三字诀帮助速记。
Bending moment (M) arises when a force causes a beam to bend. It is calculated as M = F × d, where F is the force and d is the perpendicular distance from the support. A positive bending moment typically sags the beam downward. Visualise holding a ruler at one end and pressing down – the moment increases with distance.
弯矩 (M) 是由力引起梁弯曲时产生的力矩，计算公式为 M = F × d，其中 F 为力，d 为到支座的垂直距离。正弯矩常使梁向下凹曲。试想一端用手按住尺子，另一端向下压——弯矩随距离增大而增加。
3. Structures and Stability | 结构与稳定性
Struts and ties are fundamental elements in frames and trusses. A strut is a member that resists compression, while a tie resists tension. In a tower crane, the jib has ties pulling upwards and struts pushing downwards. Remember that a ‘tie’ keeps things together, and a ‘strut’ stands proud against a push.
撑杆与拉杆 是框架与桁架中的基本构件。撑杆承受压缩，拉杆承受拉伸。在塔式起重机中，起重臂既有将结构向上拉的拉杆，也有向下推的撑杆。记忆方法：’tie’ 将物体维系在一起，’strut’ 挺立而抵抗推力。
Centre of gravity (CoG) is the point through which the whole weight of an object appears to act. For a symmetrical shape of uniform density, the CoG lies at the geometric centre. A low CoG increases stability – think of a racing car’s low chassis. Locate CoG by balancing an object; if it tips, the CoG has moved outside the base.
重心 (CoG) 是物体全部重量似乎通过的那个点。对于密度均匀的对称形状，重心位于几何中心。低重心可提升稳定性——想想赛车低矮的底盘。通过平衡物体可找到重心；若物体倾倒，说明重心已超出支撑面。
Buckling is a sudden sideways failure of a slender member under compression, long before the material’s crushing strength is reached. It often determines the design of long columns. Even a small increase in length can trigger buckling. Think of a plastic straw that bends sideways when you push its ends together.
屈曲 是细长构件在压缩载荷下突然发生的侧向失稳，远早于材料达到抗压强度。它常决定长柱的设计。即使长度略增也可能引发屈曲。试想一根塑料吸管，当你将两端向中间推时就会侧向弯折。
4. Mechanisms and Motion | 机构与运动
Levers consist of a rigid bar pivoting around a fulcrum. The effort (input force) works against the load. Class 1 levers have the fulcrum in the middle (e.g. scissors), Class 2 have the load in the middle (wheelbarrow), and Class 3 have the effort in the middle (tweezers). The ratio of load to effort is the mechanical advantage.
杠杆 由绕支点转动的刚性杆组成。动力（输入力）克服负载做功。第一类杠杆的支点在中间（如剪刀），第二类负载在中间（独轮车），第三类动力在中间（镊子）。负载与动力之比即为机械利益。
Gear ratio is the ratio of the number of teeth on the driven gear to the number of teeth on the driver gear. A ratio greater than 1 increases torque but reduces speed; a ratio less than 1 increases speed but reduces torque. For two meshed gears, speed × teeth = constant. Use the formula: Gear ratio = Teeth(driven) / Teeth(driver).
齿轮比 是从动轮齿数与主动轮齿数之比。比值大于 1 时增矩减速，比值小于 1 时增速减矩。对于两个啮合齿轮，转速 × 齿数 = 常数。公式：齿轮比 = 从动轮齿数 / 主动轮齿数。
Mechanical advantage (MA) tells you how much a mechanism multiplies the input force. MA = Load / Effort. In an ideal machine with no friction, MA equals velocity ratio. If MA is 4, you can lift 400 N with only 100 N of effort. Real-world MA is always less due to friction.
机械利益 (MA) 表示机构将输入力放大了多少倍。MA = 负载 / 动力。在无摩擦的理想机器中，MA 等于速度比。若 MA 为 4，你只需 100 N 的动力即可抬起 400 N 的重物。由于摩擦，实际的 MA 始终较低。
5. Electronics and Circuits | 电子与电路
Voltage (V) is the electrical pressure that pushes charge around a circuit, measured in volts (V). Current (I) is the rate of flow of charge, measured in amperes (A). Resistance (R) opposes the flow, measured in ohms (Ω). A simple analogy is water in a pipe: voltage is pressure, current is flow rate, resistance is pipe narrowness.
电压 (V) 是推动电荷在回路中流动的 “电压力”，单位为伏特 (V)。电流 (I) 是电荷的流动速率，单位为安培 (A)。电阻 (R) 阻碍电流，单位为欧姆 (Ω)。一个简单类比是水管：电压相当于水压，电流相当于流量，电阻相当于管道粗细。
Ohm’s law states that the current through a conductor is directly proportional to the voltage across it, provided temperature remains constant: V = I × R. To find R, rearrange as R = V / I. To remember, draw a triangle with V at the top, I and R below.
欧姆定律 指出，在温度恒定的条件下，通过导体的电流与两端电压成正比：V = I × R。求 R 时改写为 R = V / I。可用三角形速记：V 在上端，I 和 R 分列左下和右下。
Series and parallel circuits behave differently. In series, current is the same everywhere, but voltage divides; total resistance R_total = R₁ + R₂ + … In parallel, voltage is the same across each branch, current splits; total resistance is found via 1/R_total = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + … Use mnemonics: “Series – same current” and “Parallel – splits the path”.
串联与并联电路 行为不同。串联电路中各处电流相同，电压分配；总电阻 R_total = R₁ + R₂ + … 。并联电路中各支路电压相同，电流分流；总电阻由 1/R_total = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + … 求得。速记：”串联电流一模样，并联两路分两旁”。
6. Manufacturing Processes | 制造工艺
Casting involves pouring molten metal into a mould and letting it solidify. It is ideal for complex shapes but may leave a rough surface. Forging shapes metal by compressive force, often while hot, producing tough, high-strength parts. Machining removes material using tools like lathes and mills to achieve precise dimensions and fine finishes.
铸造 将熔融金属浇入模具并使其凝固，适合制作复杂形状，但表面可能粗糙。锻造 通过压力（通常加热）使金属成形，可制造出韧性好、强度高的零件。机械加工 用车床、铣床等切除材料，以获得精确尺寸和良好表面光洁度。
Additive manufacturing, often called 3D printing, builds objects layer by layer from materials such as plastic filament or metal powder. It allows complex geometries that subtractive methods cannot easily produce, reduces waste, and enables rapid prototyping. Key terms include FDM, SLA and SLS.
增材制造，常称 3D 打印，通过逐层叠加塑料丝或金属粉末等材料来构建物体。它能实现传统减材方法难以加工的复杂几何形状，减少浪费，并支持快速原型制作。常见术语包括 FDM、SLA 和 SLS。
Surface finishing techniques such as painting, anodising or plating protect materials from corrosion and improve appearance. Anodising aluminium creates a hard, protective oxide layer. Designers choose finishes based on environment, cost and aesthetic requirements.
表面处理 技术如喷涂、阳极氧化或电镀，可保护材料免受腐蚀并提升外观。铝的阳极氧化会生成一层坚硬的保护性氧化膜。设计师根据环境、成本和美观要求选择饰面。
7. Energy and Power | 能量与功率
Work is done when a force moves an object. Work (W) is calculated as W = F × d, where F is the force applied in the direction of motion, and d is the distance moved. Its unit is the joule (J). If you push a box with 50 N over 2 m, you have done 100 J of work.
功 是力使物体移动时所做的能量转移。功 (W) 的计算公式为 W = F × d，其中 F 是沿运动方向施加的力，d 是移动距离，单位为焦耳 (J)。若你用 50 N 的力推箱子前进了 2 m，你就做了 100 J 的功。
Power is the rate of doing work or transferring energy. Power (P) = Work / time = W / t, measured in watts (W). One watt is one joule per second. A 60 W lamp transfers 60 J of electrical energy every second into light and heat. Power indicates how quickly a task can be done.
功率 是做功或能量转移的速率。功率 (P) = 功 / 时间 = W / t，单位为瓦特 (W)。1 W 等于每秒 1 J。一盏 60 W 的灯泡每秒钟将 60 J 电能转化为光和热。功率表明一项任务完成的快慢。
Efficiency compares useful output energy or power to total input energy or power. Efficiency (η) = (Useful output / Total input) × 100%. No machine is 100% efficient due to friction and heat loss. For example, an electric motor may have an efficiency of 85%, meaning 15% of input energy is lost as heat and sound.
效率 比较有用输出能量（或功率）与总输入能量（或功率）之比。效率 (η) = (有用输出 / 总输入) × 100%。因摩擦和热损失，任何机器都无法达到 100% 的效率。例如，一台电动机的效率可能为 85%，意味着 15% 的输入能量以热和声音的形式损耗。
8. Design and Evaluation | 设计与评估
A design brief is a clear statement outlining the problem to be solved, the target user and the key objectives. It sets the direction without dictating the solution. The specification then lists measurable criteria the final product must meet (e.g. mass less than 2 kg, cost under £20). Always refer back to both during evaluation.
设计简章 是一份清晰描述待解决问题、目标用户和关键目标的陈述，它指明方向但不限定方案。规格说明 则列出最终产品必须满足的可测量标准（如质量低于 2 kg、成本低于 20 英镑
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