📚 Year 10 CCEA Physics Vocabulary Quick Memory Guide | CCEA 物理词汇术语速记指南
Mastering physics terminology is the first step to excelling in your CCEA examinations. This guide provides a structured, bilingual approach to memorise key terms quickly using mnemonics, visual associations, and straightforward definitions. Perfect for Year 10 students beginning their GCSE Physics journey.
掌握物理术语是在CCEA考试中脱颖而出的第一步。本指南提供结构化、双语的方法，通过助记符、视觉联想和清晰的定义，帮助你快速记住关键术语。非常适合刚开始学习GCSE物理的10年级学生。
1. Scalar and Vector Quantities | 标量与矢量
A scalar quantity is a physical measurement that has only magnitude (size), such as distance, speed, mass, time, and temperature. You do not need to specify a direction.
标量是仅有大小（量值）的物理量，如距离、速率、质量、时间和温度。不需要指定方向。
A vector quantity has both magnitude and direction. Examples include displacement, velocity, acceleration, force, and momentum. When describing a vector, always state the direction.
矢量既有大小又有方向。例如位移、速度、加速度、力和动量。描述矢量时，必须说明方向。
Memory trick: Scalar = Single (magnitude only); Vector = Very direction-sensitive. Imagine a car’s speedometer shows speed (scalar), but a GPS gives velocity (vector) with direction.
记忆技巧：Scalar（标量）联想到 Single（单一），只有大小；Vector（矢量）联想到 Very direction（非常方向敏感）。想象汽车速度表显示速率（标量），而导航给出的是带方向的速度（矢量）。
2. Motion Terminology | 运动术语
Distance is the total path length travelled by an object, a scalar quantity. Displacement is the straight-line distance in a given direction from start to finish, a vector.
距离是物体运动路径的总长度，是标量。位移是从起点到终点的直线距离并带有方向，是矢量。
Speed is the rate of change of distance (scalar), while velocity is the rate of change of displacement (vector). The formula for average speed is:
速率是距离变化的快慢（标量），而速度是位移变化的快慢（矢量）。平均速率公式为：
average speed = total distance ÷ total time
Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity. It can be positive (speeding up) or negative (slowing down, sometimes called deceleration).
加速度是速度变化的快慢。可为正（加速）或负（减速，也称减速度）。
a = (v – u) ÷ t
(where v = final velocity, u = initial velocity, t = time taken). Remember: de-celeration = decrease in speed.
（v = 末速度，u = 初速度，t = 所用时间）。记住：deceleration 联想到 decrease（减速）。
3. Forces and Newton’s Laws | 力与牛顿定律
A force is a push or pull that can change an object’s shape, speed, or direction. It is a vector measured in newtons (N).
力是推或拉，能改变物体的形状、速度或方向。它是矢量，单位是牛顿 (N)。
Newton’s First Law (Inertia): An object remains at rest or moves with constant velocity unless a resultant (net) external force acts on it. Inertia is the tendency to resist changes in motion.
牛顿第一定律（惯性）： 除非有合外力作用，物体将保持静止或匀速直线运动状态。惯性是物体抵抗运动状态改变的性质。
Newton’s Second Law: The resultant force on an object is equal to its mass times its acceleration:
牛顿第二定律： 物体所受合外力等于质量乘以加速度：
F = m × a
For a given force, less mass means greater acceleration.
一定力下，质量越小加速度越大。
Newton’s Third Law: For every action force there is an equal and opposite reaction force. These forces act on different objects.
牛顿第三定律： 每一个作用力都有一个大小相等、方向相反的反作用力，且作用在不同物体上。
Mnemonic: “Newton’s 1-2-3: Inertia, F=ma, Action-Reaction”. Picture a rocket: exhaust pushes down (action), rocket moves up (reaction).
助记：“牛顿一二三：惯性，F=ma，作用与反作用”。想象火箭：燃气向下喷（作用力），火箭向上飞（反作用力）。
4. Mass, Weight and Gravity | 质量、重量与重力
Mass is the amount of matter in an object, a scalar measured in kilograms (kg). It does not change with location.
质量是物体所含物质的多少，是标量，单位是千克 (kg)。不随位置改变。
Weight is the gravitational force acting on an object, a vector measured in newtons (N). Weight = mass × gravitational field strength:
重量是作用在物体上的重力，是矢量，单位是牛顿 (N)。重量 = 质量 × 重力场强度：
W = m × g
On Earth, g ≈ 9.8 N/kg (often 10 N/kg for calculations). Do not confuse mass and weight! An astronaut’s mass is the same on the Moon, but weight is about 1/6 of that on Earth because the Moon’s g is smaller.
地球表面 g ≈ 9.8 N/kg（计算时常取10 N/kg）。不要混淆质量和重量！宇航员在月球上质量不变，但重量约为地球的1/6，因为月球引力场强度更小。
Memory aid: “Mass is your stuff, Weight is the pull.” Remember that scales measure weight (in newtons) but often display mass (kg) by dividing by g.
记忆提示：“质量是含有的物质，重量是受的引力”。记住秤测量的是重量（牛顿），但通过除以g显示质量（千克）。
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