📚 Year 10 SQA Music: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | Year 10 SQA 音乐：公式定理速查手册
This handbook is your go-to resource for all the essential formulas, patterns, and theoretical rules you need to master for the Year 10 SQA Music course. From reading pitches and rhythms to building scales, chords, and cadences, these concise ‘formulas’ will help you understand the building blocks of music quickly and accurately. Keep this guide handy for revision, homework, and exam preparation.
这本手册是你掌握 Year 10 SQA 音乐课程所有核心公式、模式和理论规则的必备资源。从识读音高、节奏到构建音阶、和弦与终止式，这些简洁的“公式”将帮助你快速准确地理解音乐的构建模块。请将本指南放在手边，用于复习、作业和备考。
1. The Musical Alphabet and Accidentals | 音乐字母与变音记号
The musical alphabet consists of only seven letters: A, B, C, D, E, F, G. After G, the sequence repeats. Pitches are altered by accidentals: a sharp (♯) raises a note by one semitone, a flat (♭) lowers it by one semitone, and a natural (♮) cancels any previous accidental. On a keyboard, the distance between any two immediately adjacent keys is a semitone (half step). Two semitones make a whole tone (whole step).
音乐字母仅包含七个字母：A、B、C、D、E、F、G。在 G 之后，序列重复。音高由变音记号改变：升号 (♯) 将音符升高一个半音，降号 (♭) 将音符降低一个半音，还原号 (♮) 取消之前的任何变音记号。在键盘上，任意两个相邻琴键之间的距离为一个半音（半音程）。两个半音构成一个全音（全音程）。
- Sharp formula: Original pitch + 1 semitone → Note♯
- Flat formula: Original pitch − 1 semitone → Note♭
- Natural formula: Note♯ or Note♭ → Note♮ (returns to unaltered pitch)
- 升号公式： 原音高 + 1 半音 → 音符♯
- 降号公式： 原音高 − 1 半音 → 音符♭
- 还原号公式： 音符♯ 或 音符♭ → 音符♮ （回到未变化音高）
2. Note Values and Rests | 音符时值与休止符
Rhythm is built from a hierarchy of note durations, each representing a fraction of a semibreve (whole note). In SQA examinations you must be able to recognise and write these symbols and their equivalent rests. The following table shows the primary note values and their relative lengths.
节奏由一系列音符时值构成，每个时值代表全音符（semibreve）的若干分之一。在 SQA 考试中，你必须能够识别和书写这些符号及其等值的休止符。下表显示了主要的音符时值及其相对长度。
| Note Name (UK) | Symbol | Rest Symbol | Relative Duration |
|---|---|---|---|
| Semibreve | 𝄝 | 𝄼 | 1 (whole) |
| Minim | 𝅗 | 𝄽 | 1/2 |
| Crotchet | ♪ | 𝄾 | 1/4 |
| Quaver | ♫ (single ♪) | 𝄿 | 1/8 |
| Semiquaver | ♬ (single 𝅘𝅥𝅯) | 𝅀 | 1/16 |
Dotted note formula: A dot after a note adds half of its original value. Dotted minim = minim + crotchet = 3 beats. Dotted crotchet = crotchet + quaver = 1.5 beats.
附点音符公式： 音符后的附点增加该音符原有时值的一半。附点二分音符 = 二分音符 + 四分音符 = 3 拍。附点四分音符 = 四分音符 + 八分音符 = 1.5 拍。
3. Time Signatures: Simple and Compound | 拍号：单拍子与复拍子
A time signature appears at the start of a piece and tells you how many beats are in each bar and what type of note gets one beat. In simple time, each beat divides into two equal parts. In compound time, each beat divides into three equal parts. The top number indicates beats per bar in simple time, and the number of sub-beats (dotted note division) in compound time.
拍号出现在乐曲开头，告诉你每小节有几拍以及哪种音符为一拍。在单拍子中，每一拍均分为两份。在复拍子中，每一拍均分为三份。上方数字在单拍子中表示每小节的拍数，在复拍子中表示附点音符划分下的分拍数量。
| Time Signature | Type | Beats per bar | Beat Unit |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2/4 | Simple duple | 2 | Crotchet |
| 3/4 | Simple triple | 3 | Crotchet |
| 4/4 (C) | Simple quadruple | 4 | Crotchet |
| 6/8 | Compound duple | 2 dotted-crotchet beats | Dotted crotchet |
| 9/8 | Compound triple | 3 dotted-crotchet beats | Dotted crotchet |
| 12/8 | Compound quadruple | 4 dotted-crotchet beats | Dotted crotchet |
4. The Circle of Fifths and Key Signatures | 五度圈与调号
The circle of fifths arranges keys so that each step clockwise adds a sharp (or removes a flat) and each step anticlockwise adds a flat (or removes a sharp). The key signature is the set of sharps or flats placed at the beginning of each stave that tells you the key of the piece. For major keys, the order of sharps is F♯, C♯, G♯, D♯, A♯, E♯, B♯; the order of flats is B♭, E♭, A♭, D♭, G♭, C♭, F♭.
五度圈将调性排列成一个圆圈，顺时针每步增加一个升号（或减少一个降号），逆时针每步增加一个降号（或减少一个升号）。调号是置于谱表开头的一组升号或降号，表明乐曲的调性。对于大调，升号出现的顺序为 F♯、C♯、G♯、D♯、A♯、E♯、B♯；降号出现的顺序为 B♭、E♭、A♭、D♭、G♭、C♭、F♭。
Quick formula to find major key from key signature:
For sharps: go up one semitone from the last sharp. Example: last sharp is D♯ → key is E major.
For flats: the second-last flat is the major key. Example: flats B♭, E♭, A♭ → second-last is E♭ → key is E♭ major.
从调号找出大调的快速公式：
升号调：以最后一个升号向上一个半音。例：最后一个升号为 D♯ → 调性为 E 大调。
降号调：倒数第二个降号即为大调。例：降号 B♭、E♭、A♭ → 倒数第二个为 E♭ → 调性为 E♭ 大调。
5. Major Scale Formula | 大调音阶公式
The major scale is built from a fixed sequence of whole tones (T) and semitones (S). This pattern is the same for every major key, and it defines the bright, happy sound of the major mode. Applying this formula from any starting note will produce the correct major scale.
大调音阶由固定的全音 (T) 和半音 (S) 序列构建而成。该模式适用于每个大调，并定义了大调的明亮、快乐音响。从任意起始音应用此公式，即可得到正确的大调音阶。
Major Scale Formula: T – T – S – T – T – T – S
Example: C major scale: C (T)→ D (T)→ E (S)→ F (T)→ G (T)→ A (T)→ B (S)→ C. In semitone steps: 2, 2, 1, 2, 2, 2, 1.
示例：C 大调音阶：C (T)→ D (T)→ E (S)→ F (T)→ G (T)→ A (T)→ B (S)→ C。以半音步数表示：2, 2, 1, 2, 2, 2, 1。
6. Minor Scale Formulas | 小调音阶公式
There are three main minor scale forms used in SQA Music: natural minor, harmonic minor, and melodic minor. Each has a distinct interval pattern. The natural minor shares the same key signature as its relative major (starting on the 6th degree). The harmonic minor raises the 7th degree by a semitone, creating a distinctive augmented second between the 6th and 7th. The melodic minor raises both the 6th and 7th degrees when ascending, but reverts to the natural minor when descending.
SQA 音乐中主要使用三种小调音阶：自然小调、和声小调和旋律小调。每种都有独特的音程模式。自然小调与其关系大调（从第六级开始）共享相同的调号。和声小调将第七级音升高半音，从而在六级和七级之间形成一个特有的增二度。旋律小调在上行时升高六级和七级音，下行时则还原为自然小调。
Natural Minor Formula: T – S – T – T – S – T – T
Harmonic Minor Formula: T – S – T – T – S – T+S (augmented 2nd) – S
Melodic Minor Ascending: T – S – T – T – T – T – S
Melodic Minor Descending = Natural Minor
Example in A minor: natural: A B C D E F G A; harmonic: A B C D E F G♯ A; melodic ascending: A B C D E F♯ G♯ A.
以 A 小调为例：自然：A B C D E F G A；和声：A B C D E F G♯ A；旋律上行：A B C D E F♯ G♯ A。
7. Interval Formulas | 音程公式
An interval is the distance in pitch between two notes, measured in semitones. Intervals are described by a quality (major, minor, perfect, augmented, diminished) and a number (unison, 2nd, 3rd, etc.). In the SQA exam you are expected to identify and write intervals up to an octave. The following formulas are calculated from the lower note upwards.
音程是两个音之间的音高距离，以半音为单位进行度量。音程由性质（大、小、纯、增、减）和度数（一度、二度、三度等）来描述。在 SQA 考试中，你需要识别并写出不超过八度的音程。以下公式均从低音向上计算。
| Interval | Semitone formula | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Perfect Unison | 0 | C – C |
| Major 2nd | 2 | C – D |
| Major 3rd | 4 | C – E |
| Perfect 4th | 5 | C – F |
| Perfect 5th | 7 | C – G |
| Major 6th | 9 | C – A |
| Major 7th | 11 | C – B |
| Perfect Octave | 12 | C – C’ |
General rules: A minor interval is one semitone smaller than a major. Diminished is one semitone smaller than minor or perfect. Augmented is one semitone larger than major or perfect.
通用规则： 小音程比大音程少一个半音。减音程比小音程或纯音程少一个半音。增音程比大音程或纯音程多一个半音。
8. Triad Chord Formulas | 三和弦公式
A triad is a three-note chord consisting of a root, a third, and a fifth. The quality of the triad is determined by the intervals between these notes. By stacking two thirds from the root you can build the four main types: major, minor, diminished, and augmented. These formulas are essential for harmonising melodies and for chord recognition in listening exams.
三和弦是由根音、三音和五音构成的三个音的和弦。三和弦的性质由这些音之间的音程决定。从根音向上叠加两个三度，你可以构建四种主要类型：大、小、减、增。这些公式对于旋律配和声以及听力考试中的和弦识别至关重要。
- Major triad: Root + major 3rd (4 semitones) + perfect 5th (7 semitones). Formula: R + 4 + 3.
- Minor triad: Root + minor 3rd (3 semitones) + perfect 5th (7 semitones). Formula: R + 3 + 4.
- Diminished triad: Root + minor 3rd (3 semitones) + diminished 5th (6 semitones). Formula: R + 3 + 3.
- Augmented triad: Root + major 3rd (4 semitones) + augmented 5th (8 semitones). Formula: R + 4 + 4.
- 大三和弦： 根音 + 大三度（4 个半音）+ 纯五度（7 个半音）。公式：R + 4 + 3。
- 小三和弦： 根音 + 小三度（3 个半音）+ 纯五度（7 个半音）。公式：R + 3 + 4。
- 减三和弦： 根音 + 小三度（3 个半音）+ 减五度（6 个半音）。公式：R + 3 + 3。
- 增三和弦： 根音 + 大三度（4 个半音）+ 增五度（8 个半音）。公式：R + 4 + 4。
9. Seventh Chord Formulas | 七和弦公式
Seventh chords add a fourth note, the seventh above the root, to a triad. The most common types tested at Year 10 level are the dominant 7th and the major 7th. Being able to spell these chords from any root is a key skill for composition and analysis.
七和弦在三和弦基础上增加了第四个音——根音上方的七度音。Year 10 水平最常考的类型是属七和弦和大七和弦。能够从任意根音拼写出这些和弦是作曲与分析的关键技能。
- Dominant 7th: Major triad + minor 7th (10 semitones from root). Formula: R + 4 + 3 + 3. Example: C7 = C E G B♭.
- Major 7th: Major triad + major 7th (11 semitones from root). Formula: R + 4 + 3 + 4. Example: Cmaj7 = C E G B.
- Minor 7th: Minor triad + minor 7th. Formula: R + 3 + 4 + 3. Example: Cm7 = C E♭ G B♭.
- Diminished 7th: Diminished triad + diminished 7th (9 semitones). Formula: R + 3 + 3 + 3. Example: C°7 = C E♭ G♭ B♭♭/A.
- 属七和弦： 大三和弦 + 小七度（距根音 10 个半音）。公式：R + 4 + 3 + 3。例：C7 = C E G B♭。
- 大七和弦： 大三和弦 + 大七度（距根音 11 个半音）。公式：R + 4 + 3 + 4。例：Cmaj7 = C E G B。
- 小七和弦： 小三和弦 + 小七度。公式：R + 3 + 4 + 3。例：Cm7 = C E♭ G B♭。
- 减七和弦： 减三和弦 + 减七度（9 个半音）。公式：R + 3 + 3 + 3。例：C°7 = C E♭ G♭ B♭♭/A。
10. Perfect Cadence and Other Cadence Formulas | 完美终止与其他终止式公式
A cadence is a chord progression that ends a phrase. Cadences are defined by the movement from one chord to another, most commonly involving chords I, IV, and V. Understanding the formula for each cadence allows you to recognise and write them effectively, an important skill for both literacy and listening sections.
终止式是结束一个乐句的和弦进行。终止式由一个和弦到另一个和弦的进行来定义，最常涉及 I、IV 和 V 级和弦。理解每种终止式的公式有助于你有效地识别和书写它们，这对乐理和听力部分都是重要技能。
Perfect Cadence: V (or V7) → I. Sounds complete and final. In C major: G (or G7) → C.
Plagal Cadence: IV → I. Often sounds like ‘Amen’. In C major: F → C.
Imperfect Cadence: Any chord → V. It sounds unfinished. Common: I → V, ii → V, IV → V.
Interrupted Cadence: V → vi (usually minor). Surprises the ear. In C major: G (or G7) → Am.
完美终止： V（或 V7）→ I。听感完满，有结束感。C 大调中：G（或 G7）→ C。
变格终止： IV → I。常似“阿们”的音响。C 大调中：F → C。
不完全终止： 任意和弦 → V。听感未完成。常见：I → V、ii → V、IV → V。
阻碍终止： V → vi（通常为小三和弦）。出乎意料。C 大调中：G（或 G7）→ Am。
11. Ornaments and Symbols | 装饰音与符号
Ornaments are decorative notes that embellish a melody. SQA candidates need to identify common ornaments by sound and symbol. Each ornament follows a specific pattern, which can be remembered as a formula of motion between the printed note and its upper or lower auxiliary notes.
装饰音是对旋律进行装饰的音符。SQA 考生需要通过声音和符号识别常见的装饰音。每种装饰音都遵循特定的模式，可将其记为主音符与其上方或下方辅助音之间的运动公式。
- Trill (tr): Rapid alternation between the written note and the note above. Formula: written note ↔ upper note.
- Turn (𝄐): Four notes: upper, written, lower, written. Symbol placed above the note.
- Mordent (𝄞): Short alternation: written, upper, written. (Upper mordent). Lower mordent has a vertical line through the symbol.
- Acciaccatura: A crushed note, played very quickly before the main note (small note with a slash).
- Appoggiatura: A leaning note, taking half the main note’s value (small note without slash).
- 颤音 (tr)： 在记谱音符与上方音符之间快速交替。公式：主音符 ↔ 上方音符。
- 回音 (𝄐)： 四个音：上方音、主音符、下方音、主音符。符号置于音符上方。
- 波音 (𝄞)： 短交替：主音符、上方音、主音符。（上波音）。下波音符号中间带一竖线。
- 碎音： 挤压音，在主音符前非常快速地演奏（带斜线的小音符）。
- 倚音： 靠音，占用主音符一半的时值（不带斜线的小音符）。
12. Dynamics and Italian Terms Quick Reference | 力度与意大利术语速查
Italian terms and symbols are a vital part of the SQA Music course. They describe the tempo, dynamics, and expression of the music. The following table summarises the most frequently examined terms and their abbreviations, providing a quick formula for interpretation.
意大利术语和符号是 SQA 音乐课程的重要组成部分。它们描述音乐的速度、力度和表情。下表总结了最常考查的术语及其缩写，为解读提供快速公式。
| Term | Meaning |
|---|---|
| pp (pianissimo) | Very quiet |
| p (piano) | Quiet |
| mp (mezzo piano) | Moderately quiet |
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