Year 11 CCEA PE: Quick Guide to Key Terms | Year 11 CCEA 体育：词汇术语速记指南

📚 Year 11 CCEA PE: Quick Guide to Key Terms | Year 11 CCEA 体育：词汇术语速记指南

Mastering the key terminology in CCEA GCSE Physical Education is essential for exam success. This guide breaks down must-know terms by topic, offering simple definitions and memorable tricks to help you recall them fast. From skeletal movements to sports psychology, you will find clear English and Chinese pairings that cut revision time.

掌握 CCEA GCSE 体育中的关键术语是考试成功的基础。本指南按主题拆解必背词汇，提供简洁定义和记忆技巧，帮助你快速回想。从骨骼运动到运动心理学，清晰的中英对照将大大缩短你的复习时间。

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1. Skeletal System Key Terms | 骨骼系统关键术语

The skeletal system provides the framework for movement. Get to know the terms that describe how bones move at joints to score highly in anatomy questions.

骨骼系统为运动提供支撑。熟悉描述关节运动的术语，在解剖学题目中稳稳拿分。

Flexion – decreasing the angle between two bones, such as bending the elbow. Think ‘flex your bicep’ to remember the angle gets smaller.

屈曲 – 减小两骨之间的角度，如弯肘。想象”屈臂秀肌肉”，角度变小。

Extension – increasing the angle at a joint, straightening a limb. Opposite of flexion.

伸展 – 增大关节角度，伸直肢体。与屈曲相反。

Abduction – moving a limb away from the body’s midline. ‘Abduct’ means to take away, so the limb goes outwards.

外展 – 肢体远离身体中线的运动。联想”外展”即向外展开。

Adduction – moving a limb towards the midline. ‘Add’ the limb back to the body.

内收 – 肢体靠向中线的运动。把手臂”添加”回身体侧方。

Rotation – twisting movement around a bone’s long axis, like turning the head left or right.

旋转 – 绕骨长轴扭转，如头左右转动。

Circumduction – a circular movement combining flexion, extension, abduction and adduction, e.g. shoulder circles.

环转 – 包含屈、伸、外展、内收的环形运动，如肩环绕。

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2. Muscular System Key Terms | 肌肉系统关键术语

Muscles work in teams to produce movement. Knowing the roles of agonist, antagonist and contraction types will help you analyse any sporting action.

肌肉协同工作产生动作。理解主动肌、拮抗肌和收缩类型，能帮你分析任何运动动作。

Agonist (prime mover) – the muscle that contracts to create the desired movement. For elbow flexion, the biceps brachii is the agonist.

主动肌 – 收缩产生目标动作的肌肉。弯肘时，肱二头肌是主动肌。

Antagonist – the muscle that relaxes or lengthens to allow movement, opposing the agonist. When bending the elbow, the triceps is the antagonist.

拮抗肌 – 放松或被拉长以允许动作的肌肉，与主动肌作用相反。弯肘时肱三头肌是拮抗肌。

Fixator – a muscle that stabilises a joint or bone to allow the agonist to work efficiently. The rotator cuff muscles act as fixators during shoulder movement.

固定肌 – 稳定关节或骨骼使主动肌高效工作的肌肉。肩袖肌群在肩部运动时充当固定肌。

Isometric contraction – muscle tension develops but the muscle length stays the same, e.g. holding a plank. No visible movement at the joint.

等长收缩 – 肌肉产生张力但长度不变，如平板支撑。关节处无可见运动。

Isotonic contraction – muscle changes length while producing force. Includes concentric (muscle shortens, e.g. lifting phase of bicep curl) and eccentric (muscle lengthens under tension, e.g. lowering phase).

等张收缩 – 肌肉长度改变同时产生力。包括向心收缩（肌肉缩短，如弯举上举阶段）和离心收缩（肌肉在张力下拉长，如下放阶段）。

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3. Cardiovascular System Key Terms | 心血管系统关键术语

The heart and blood vessels deliver oxygen and nutrients during exercise. These terms define performance limits and training effects.

心脏和血管在运动中输送氧气和营养。以下术语界定着表现极限和训练效果。

Heart rate (HR) – the number of heart beats per minute (bpm). Resting HR is typically 60–80 bpm for a fit teenager.

心率 – 每分钟心跳次数（bpm）。健康青少年的安静心率通常为60–80 bpm。

Stroke volume (SV) – the volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per beat. Trained athletes have a higher stroke volume.

每搏输出量 – 左心室每搏泵出的血量。训练有素的运动员每搏输出量更大。

Cardiac Output (Q) = Heart Rate × Stroke Volume

心输出量 = 心率 × 每搏输出量

Cardiac output (Q) – the total volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute. Increases with exercise intensity.

心输出量 – 心脏每分钟泵出的血液总量。随运动强度增加。

Arteries, veins and capillaries – arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart (except pulmonary artery); veins return deoxygenated blood; capillaries are tiny vessels where gaseous exchange occurs. Remember ‘A for Away’.

动脉、静脉和毛细血管 – 动脉将含氧血运离心脏（肺动脉除外）；静脉将去氧血运回；毛细血管是发生气体交换的微小血管。记住”A代表离开(Artery=Away)”。

Blood pressure – the force of blood against vessel walls. Expressed as systolic/diastolic (e.g. 120/80 mmHg). Aerobic training can help lower resting blood pressure.

血压 – 血液对血管壁的压力。表示为收缩压/舒张压（如120/80 mmHg）。有氧训练有助于降低安静血压。

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4. Respiratory System Key Terms | 呼吸系统关键术语

Breathing brings oxygen in and removes carbon dioxide. Mastering lung volumes and mechanics earns marks on gas exchange and long-term effects of exercise.

呼吸吸入氧气并呼出二氧化碳。掌握肺容量和呼吸力学，可在气体交换与长期运动效果题中得分。

Tidal volume – the amount of air inhaled or exhaled during a normal breath at rest. Think of the tide moving in and out gently.

潮气量 – 安静时每次正常呼吸吸入或呼出的气量。像潮汐轻柔地涨落。

Vital capacity – the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation. Larger vital capacity supports endurance.

肺活量 – 最大吸气后能呼出的最大气量。肺活量大有利于耐力运动。

Minute Ventilation (VE) = Tidal Volume × Breathing Rate

每分通气量 = 潮气量 × 呼吸频率

Minute ventilation – total air moved into and out of the lungs per minute. Rises sharply during intense exercise.

每分通气量 – 每分钟进出肺的气体总量。高强度运动时急剧上升。

Gaseous exchange – the diffusion of oxygen from alveoli into the blood and carbon dioxide from blood into the alveoli. Occurs across thin capillary walls.

气体交换 – 氧气从肺泡扩散入血液，二氧化碳从血液扩散入肺泡。通过极薄的毛细血管壁进行。

Diaphragm and intercostal muscles – the diaphragm contracts and flattens, while the external intercostals lift the ribs to draw air in. These are the primary muscles of inspiration.

膈肌和肋间肌 – 膈肌收缩变平，外肋间肌提起肋骨，将空气吸入。它们是主要的吸气肌。

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5. Components of Health-Related Fitness | 健康体适能成分

These five components are directly linked to health and reduced disease risk. You must be able to define each and give relevant fitness tests.

这五个成分与健康及疾病风险降低直接相关。你必须能定义每一项并举例相应的体能测试。

Cardiovascular endurance – the ability of the heart, lungs and blood vessels to deliver oxygen to working muscles during sustained activity. Tested by the multi-stage fitness test or Cooper 12-minute run.

心血管耐力 – 心脏、肺和血管在持续运动中向工作肌供氧的能力。可用多级往返跑测试或库珀12分钟跑测试。

Muscular strength – the maximum force a muscle or muscle group can exert in a single contraction. Measured by a one-rep max (1RM) or handgrip dynamometer.

肌肉力量 – 肌肉或肌群单次收缩产生的最大力。通过最大一次重复(1RM)或握力计测量。

Muscular endurance – the ability to sustain repeated contractions over time without tiring. Tested by the sit-up or press-up bleep test.

肌肉耐力 – 长时间重复收缩而不疲劳的能力。用仰卧起坐或俯卧撑蜂鸣测试衡量。

Flexibility – the range of movement available at a joint. Assessed by the sit and reach test.

柔韧性 – 关节可达到的活动范围。用坐位体前屈测试。

Body composition – the proportion of fat mass to lean mass (muscle, bone, organs) in the body. Measured via skinfold callipers or BMI.

身体成分 – 体内脂肪质量与去脂体重（肌肉、骨骼、器官）的比例。用皮褶卡尺或BMI测量。

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6. Components of Skill-Related Fitness | 技能体适能成分

Agility, balance and coordination are the building blocks of successful sports performance. Understanding these will elevate your analysis in practical scenarios.

敏捷、平衡和协调是成功运动表现的基石。理解它们能提升你在实践场景中的分析能力。

Agility – the ability to change direction quickly and control movement of the whole body. Think of a rugby player side-stepping a tackle.

敏捷性 – 快速改变方向并控制全身运动的能力。想象橄榄球运动员侧身闪避扑搂。

Balance – maintaining the body’s centre of mass over the base of support, either static (still) or dynamic (moving). A gymnast on a beam uses static balance.

平衡 – 将身体重心维持在支撑面之内的能力，分为静态（静止）或动态（移动）。平衡木体操运动员运用静态平衡。

Coordination – the ability to use two or more body parts smoothly and efficiently together, such as hand-eye coordination in catching a ball.

协调性 – 流畅高效地同时运用两个或多个身体部位的能力，如接球时的手眼协调。

Power – the product of strength and speed; the ability to exert maximal force quickly. A sprinter driving out of the blocks uses power. Formula: Power = Force × Velocity.

爆发力 – 力量与速度的结合；快速发挥最大力的能力。短跑选手蹬起跑器时爆发力十足。公式：爆发力 = 力 × 速度。

Reaction time – the time taken from the presentation of a stimulus to the start of a response. A sprinter reacting to the starter’s gun.

反应时 – 从刺激出现到开始反应之间的时间。短跑选手听到发令枪的反应。

Speed – the ability to move the body or body parts quickly. Measured by a 30-metre sprint test. Speed = Distance ÷ Time.

速度 –

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