📚 Year 11 CCEA Philosophy: Key Terms & Quick Memorisation Guide | CCEA Year 11 哲学核心术语速记指南
This guide is designed for Year 11 students following the CCEA philosophy specification, helping you master the essential terminology for the Introduction to Philosophy of Religion unit. You will find paired English and Chinese explanations, memory hooks, and connections to key thinkers, making revision more efficient and less overwhelming.
本指南专为修读 CCEA 哲学大纲的 Year 11 学生设计，帮助你掌握宗教哲学导论单元的基础术语。你会看到成对的英中解释、记忆窍门以及关键思想家的关联，让复习更高效，不再无所适从。
1. Basic Concepts in Philosophy of Religion | 宗教哲学基本概念
Philosophy of Religion is the branch of philosophy that examines questions about religion, including the nature of God, arguments for God’s existence, the problem of evil, and religious experience. It does not assume any religious faith but uses reason to explore these questions.
宗教哲学是哲学的一个分支，它审视关于宗教的问题，包括上帝的本质、上帝存在的论证、恶的问题以及宗教体验。它不预设任何宗教信仰，而是用理性探讨这些问题。
A ‘theist’ believes in at least one God. ‘Atheism’ is the absence of belief in any deity. ‘Agnosticism’ holds that we cannot know whether God exists or not. These three positions form the starting point for many CCEA exam questions.
“有神论者”相信至少有一位神。“无神论”是不信仰任何神明。“不可知论”认为我们无法知道神是否存在。这三种立场是许多 CCEA 考试题的出发点。
‘Faith’ and ‘reason’ are often contrasted in philosophy of religion. Faith is trust or belief without proof, while reason relies on logic and evidence. Many thinkers, like Aquinas, argue that faith and reason can work together.
在宗教哲学中，“信仰”和“理性”常被对比。信仰是没有证据的信任或信念，而理性依赖逻辑和证据。许多思想家，如阿奎那，认为信仰与理性可以协同工作。
CCEA’s specification expects you to define key terms precisely and apply them in arguments. Using flashcards with the English term on one side and a one-sentence definition on the other is a proven memory strategy.
CCEA 大纲要求你准确定义关键术语并在论证中应用。使用抽认卡，一面写英文术语，另一面写一句话定义，是行之有效的记忆策略。
2. The Nature of God – Core Attributes | 上帝的本质——核心属性
Omnipotence means ‘all-powerful’. God is traditionally believed to be able to do anything that is logically possible. For instance, God cannot create a square circle because that is a logical contradiction, not a real power.
全能意味着“无所不能”。传统上认为上帝能够做任何逻辑上可能的事情。例如，上帝不能创造一个方形的圆，因为这是逻辑矛盾，不是真正的能力。
Omniscience refers to being ‘all-knowing’. God knows the past, present and future perfectly. This raises questions about human free will: if God already knows all our decisions, can they truly be free?
全知指“无所不知”。上帝完全知晓过去、现在和未来。这引出了人类自由意志的问题：如果上帝早已知道我们所有的决定，它们还能是真正自由的吗？
Omnibenevolence describes God as ‘all-loving’ and perfectly good. This attribute is central to Christian belief, but it creates a sharp tension with the existence of evil, which is the focus of theodicy.
全善描述上帝为“全然慈爱”且完美善良。这一属性是基督教信仰的核心，但它与恶的存在形成尖锐张力，这成为神义论的焦点。
Eternal means God exists outside of time, without beginning or end. ‘Everlasting’ means God exists within time but without end. Both concepts appear in philosophical debates about God’s relationship with creation.
永恒指上帝存在于时间之外，无始无终。“永续”指上帝存在于时间之内，但没有终点。这两个概念都出现在关于上帝与造物关系的哲学辩论中。
3. The Design Argument (Teleological Argument) | 设计论论证（目的论论证）
The Design Argument claims that the order, complexity and purpose seen in the natural world imply an intelligent designer, God. It is an a posteriori argument, meaning it is based on observation.
设计论论证主张，自然界中的秩序、复杂性和目的暗示着一位智能的设计者，即上帝。它是一个后天论证，意味着其基于观察。
William Paley’s famous watch analogy states that if you find a watch on a heath, its intricate parts clearly point to a watchmaker. Similarly, the human eye or a bird’s wing suggests a divine designer.
威廉·佩利著名的钟表类比称，如果你在荒野发现一块手表，其精密部件显然指向一位钟表匠。同样，人眼或鸟翼也暗示着一位神圣的设计者。
The Anthropic Principle argues that the universe’s physical constants are ‘fine-tuned’ for life. If gravity or the strong nuclear force were slightly different, life could not exist. This looks like purposeful design.
人择原理主张，宇宙的物理常数被“精细调节”以适应生命。如果引力或强核力稍有不同，生命便不可能存在。这看起来像是有目的的设计。
David Hume criticised the argument: the analogy between the universe and a machine may be weak; the universe could be the result of chance over infinite time; and even if there is a designer, it may not be the all-perfect God of Christianity.
大卫·休谟批评该论证：宇宙与机器之间的类比可能薄弱；宇宙可能是无限时间中的偶然产物；即便有设计者，也未必是基督教中全善全美的上帝。
4. The Cosmological Argument | 宇宙论论证
The Cosmological Argument asserts that everything that exists has a cause. An infinite chain of causes seems impossible; therefore, there must be a First Cause, which people call God.
宇宙论论证主张，存在的一切都有其原因。无限的因果链似乎不可能；因此，必有一个第一因，人们称之为上帝。
Thomas Aquinas offered three ‘ways’: the argument from motion (an unmoved mover), from causation (a first efficient cause), and from contingency (a necessary being upon which all contingent beings depend).
托马斯·阿奎那提出了“三路”：从运动出发的论证（不动的推动者）、从动力因出发的论证（第一作用因），以及从偶然性出发的论证（一切偶然存在所依赖的必然存在）。
The Kalam Cosmological Argument states: everything that begins to exist has a cause; the universe began to exist; therefore, the universe has a cause, which is God. It is popular in modern debates.
卡拉姆宇宙论论证称：一切开始存在的事物都有原因；宇宙开始存在；因此宇宙有一个原因，那就是上帝。它在现代辩论中很流行。
Critics like Bertrand Russell argue that the universe itself may be the necessary being, or that the concept of ’cause’ might not apply to the universe as a whole. Hume questioned why a series of causes cannot go back infinitely.
罗素等批评者认为，宇宙自身可能就是必然存在，或者“原因”的概念可能不适用于整个宇宙。休谟质疑为什么因果序列不能无限回溯。
5. The Moral Argument | 道德论证
The Moral Argument holds that the existence of objective moral values and duties points to a divine Lawgiver. If right and wrong are real and universal, a transcendent source seems necessary.
道德论证主张，客观道德价值和义务的存在指向一位神圣立法者。如果对与错是真实且普遍的，那么似乎需要一个超越的源头。
Immanuel Kant argued that moral duty requires a fair outcome where happiness matches virtue. Since this does not happen in this life, Kant postulated God as the guarantor of the summum bonum (highest good).
康德论证道，道德义务要求一个公平的结局，使幸福与德行相称。既然这在今世不会发生，康德便假设上帝为至善的保证者。
The Euthyphro dilemma poses the question: is something good because God commands it, or does God command it because it is good? The first option makes morality arbitrary; the second suggests morality is independent of God.
尤西弗罗困境提出了这样的问题：某事是善的因为上帝命令它，还是上帝命令它因为它本身就是善的？前者使道德变得任意；后者表明道德独立于上帝。
Many critics explain morality through evolution, empathy and social contracts, arguing that we do not need a God to account for our sense of right and wrong. Nevertheless, the argument remains a key part of the CCEA syllabus.
许多批评者通过进化、共情和社会契约来解释道德，认为我们不需要上帝也能说明是非感。尽管如此，该论证仍是 CCEA 大纲的重要部分。
6. The Problem of Evil | 恶的问题
The Problem of Evil is the strongest challenge to belief in an all-powerful, all-knowing and all-loving God. If such a God exists, why is there so much evil and suffering? The logical problem says these cannot coexist.
恶的问题是对信奉全能、全知、全善上帝的最大挑战。如果这样的上帝存在，为何还有如此多的邪恶与苦难？逻辑上的恶的问题称这两者不能共存。
The evidential problem focuses on the sheer quantity and distribution of pointless suffering, which makes God’s existence seem highly unlikely. Events like the Holocaust are often cited as examples.
证据性恶的问题着眼于无意义苦难的巨大数量和分布，这使得上帝存在显得极不可能。纳粹大屠杀等事件常被引为例证。
The Free Will Defence argues that God gave humans genuine freedom, and evil is the price of that freedom. A world with free beings who sometimes sin is better than a world of pre-programmed robots.
自由意志辩护认为，上帝赋予了人类真正的自由，而恶是自由的代价。一个拥有有时犯罪的自由人的世界，胜过充满预设程序机器人的世界。
Two key theodicies: Augustine claimed evil is a privation of good, the result of the Fall. Irenaeus taught that suffering enables spiritual growth and soul-making, helping humans become the children of God.
两种关键神义论：奥古斯丁声称恶是善的缺失，是堕落的结果。爱任纽教导苦难能带来灵性成长和灵魂塑造，帮助人成为上帝的儿女。
7. Religious Experience | 宗教体验
A religious experience is a subjective encounter with the divine, often described as a feeling of presence, awe or unity. It can be mystical, numinous, or a conversion experience that changes a person’s life.
宗教体验是与神的主观相遇，常被描述为一种临在、敬畏或合一的感觉。它可以是奥秘性的、令人敬畏的，或是改变人生命的皈依体验。
William James identified four characteristics: ineffability (hard to describe), noetic quality (gives deep insight), transiency (lasts a short time), and passivity (the person feels taken over by a higher power).
威廉·詹姆斯指出四个特征：不可言喻（难以描述）、给予深层洞见、短暂性（持续时间短）、被动性（感觉被更高力量掌控）。
Richard Swinburne’s principle of credulity says we should normally trust our experiences unless we have good reason to doubt them. Since so many people report religious experiences, they provide evidence for God.
斯温伯恩的轻信原则认为，我们通常应相信自己的体验，除非有充分理由怀疑。既然这么多人报告宗教
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