📚 Year 11 Edexcel Computer Science Key Terms Memory Guide | 爱德思11年级计算机：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering computer science begins with a solid grasp of its terminology. This guide breaks down the most important terms you will encounter in Year 11 Edexcel GCSE Computer Science, pairing each concept with a straightforward explanation and memory tip. The terms are grouped into logical topic clusters, helping you build connections rather than just memorise word lists. Use this guide alongside your revision to reinforce your understanding and boost your exam confidence.
掌握计算机科学首先需要对术语有扎实的理解。本指南将你在 Edexcel 11年级GCSE计算机科学中会遇到的最重要的术语逐一拆解，每个概念都配以通俗的解释和记忆技巧。所有术语按主题分组，帮助你在脑中建立联系，而不是死记硬背词表。配合复习使用本指南，能巩固理解并增强考试信心。
1. Systems Architecture | 系统架构
Central Processing Unit (CPU) – The brain of the computer that fetches, decodes and executes instructions. It contains the control unit, arithmetic logic unit and registers.
中央处理器 (CPU) – 计算机的大脑，负责取指、译码、执行指令。它包含控制器、算术逻辑单元和寄存器。
Von Neumann architecture – A design where both program instructions and data are stored in the same memory, sharing the same data bus. Most modern computers follow this model.
冯·诺依曼架构 – 一种程序指令和数据存储在同一内存中、共用数据总线的设计。大多数现代计算机都采用此模型。
Clock speed – Measured in Hz, it determines how many fetch-decode-execute cycles the CPU can perform per second. 1 GHz = 1 billion cycles per second.
时钟速度 – 以赫兹为单位，决定 CPU 每秒能执行多少个取指—译码—执行周期。1 GHz = 每秒 10 亿个周期。
2. Memory and Storage | 内存与存储
RAM (Random Access Memory) – Volatile main memory used to store data and instructions currently being processed. Contents are lost when the power is turned off.
RAM（随机存取存储器） – 易失性主存，用于存储当前正处理的数据和指令，断电后内容丢失。
ROM (Read Only Memory) – Non‑volatile memory that holds the boot program (BIOS). Its contents cannot be altered easily by the user.
ROM（只读存储器） – 非易失性存储器，存放启动程序 (BIOS)，用户通常无法修改其内容。
Virtual memory – A section of the hard disk or SSD used as temporary RAM when the main memory is full. It is slower than physical RAM.
虚拟内存 – 当主存不足时，用硬盘或固态硬盘的一部分充当临时 RAM，速度比物理 RAM 慢。
3. Data Representation | 数据表示
Binary – Base‑2 number system using only 0 and 1. All computer data is stored and processed in binary form.
二进制 – 基数为 2 的数制，只用 0 和 1。所有计算机数据均以二进制形式存储和处理。
Denary / Decimal – Base‑10 number system we use in everyday life, using digits 0–9.
十进制 – 我们日常生活中使用的基数为 10 的数制，使用数字 0–9。
Hexadecimal – Base‑16 system using digits 0–9 and letters A–F. It is a compact way of representing binary, as one hex digit represents four bits (a nibble).
十六进制 – 基数为 16 的数制，使用 0–9 和 A–F。它是二进制的紧凑表示法，因为一位十六进制数代表四个二进制位（一个半字节）。
Bitmap image – A grid of pixels, where each pixel’s colour is stored as a binary number. Colour depth determines how many bits per pixel.
位图图像 – 由像素网格组成，每个像素的颜色以二进制数存储。颜色深度 决定每个像素占用的位数。
4. Networks and Communication | 网络与通信
LAN (Local Area Network) – A network covering a small geographical area, such as a school or office building. Devices are usually connected using Ethernet or Wi‑Fi.
LAN（局域网） – 覆盖较小地理区域（如学校或办公楼）的网络，设备通常通过以太网或 Wi‑Fi 连接。
WAN (Wide Area Network) – A network that spans large geographical distances, often connecting multiple LANs. The internet is the largest WAN.
WAN（广域网） – 跨越较大地理区域的网络，常连接多个局域网。互联网是最大的广域网。
Protocol – A set of rules that allows devices to communicate. Examples: TCP/IP (transmission), HTTP/HTTPS (web), FTP (file transfer), SMTP (email).
协议 – 允许设备相互通信的一组规则。例如：TCP/IP（传输）、HTTP/HTTPS（网页）、FTP（文件传输）、SMTP（电子邮件）。
Encryption – Scrambling data using an algorithm and a key so that only authorised parties can read it. HTTPS uses SSL/TLS encryption.
加密 – 用算法和密钥对数据进行置乱，使得只有授权方才能读取。HTTPS 使用 SSL/TLS 加密。
5. Network Topologies and Hardware | 网络拓扑与硬件
Star topology – All devices connect to a central switch or hub. If one cable fails, only that node is affected, but the central device is a single point of failure.
星型拓扑 – 所有设备连接到中央交换机或集线器。一条电缆故障只影响该节点，但中央设备是单点故障。
Mesh topology – Every device is connected to every other device, providing excellent redundancy but requiring a lot of cabling.
网状拓扑 – 每台设备与其他所有设备直连，冗余性极佳但所需线缆极多。
Router – Forwards data packets between different networks, often connecting a home LAN to the internet. It uses IP addresses to determine the best path.
路由器 – 在不同网络间转发数据包，常用于将家庭局域网连接到互联网，利用 IP 地址决定最佳路径。
Switch – Connects devices within a LAN and forwards data frames to the correct device using MAC addresses, reducing unnecessary traffic.
交换机 – 连接局域网内的设备，利用 MAC 地址将数据帧转发至正确设备，减少不必要的流量。
6. Algorithms | 算法
Algorithm – A step‑by‑step set of instructions to solve a problem or complete a task. It can be expressed in pseudocode or flowcharts.
算法 – 解决一个问题或完成一项任务的一套分步骤指令，可用伪代码或流程图表示。
Binary search – An efficient search algorithm that works on sorted lists. It repeatedly divides the list in half, comparing the middle item with the target.
二分查找 – 一种高效的搜索算法，仅适用于已排序的列表。它反复将列表对半分，比较中间项与目标。
Bubble sort – A simple sorting algorithm that repeatedly steps through a list, compares adjacent items and swaps them if they are in the wrong order. It has O(n²) time complexity in the worst case.
冒泡排序 – 简单的排序算法，多次遍历列表，比较相邻元素并在顺序错误时交换。最坏情况时间复杂度 O(n²)。
Merge sort – A divide‑and‑conquer algorithm that splits a list into individual elements, then merges them back in order. Worst‑case complexity is O(n log n).
归并排序 – 分治算法，将列表拆分为单个元素，再有序地合并回来。最坏情况时间复杂度 O(n log n)。
7. Programming Fundamentals | 编程基础
Variable – A named storage location in memory that holds a value which can change while the program is running. Each variable has a data type (e.g., integer, string, Boolean).
变量 – 内存中有名称的存储位置，其值在程序运行时可改变。每个变量都有数据类型（如整型、字符串、布尔型）。
Sequence, selection, iteration – The three building blocks of programming. Sequence is executing instructions in order; selection uses IF statements; iteration uses loops (FOR, WHILE).
顺序、选择、迭代 – 编程的三大构造块。顺序是按序执行指令；选择使用 IF 语句；迭代使用循环（FOR、WHILE）。
Array (list) – A data structure that stores a collection of elements of the same type, accessed by an index (starting from 0 in many languages).
数组（列表） – 存储相同类型元素集合的数据结构，通过索引访问（许多语言中从 0 开始）。
Subroutine / Function / Procedure – A named block of reusable code. Functions return a value; procedures do not.
子程序 / 函数 / 过程 – 可重用的有名字的代码块。函数返回值，过程不返回值。
8. Data Structures and Types | 数据结构与类型
String – A sequence of characters, often enclosed in quotation marks. Strings can be concatenated, sliced and manipulated using built‑in methods.
字符串 – 字符序列，通常用引号括起。字符串可使用内置方法进行拼接、切片和操作。
Integer and Float – Integer is a whole number (e.g., 5), float (or real) is a number with a decimal point (e.g., 3.14).
整型与浮点型 – 整型是整数（如 5），浮点型（或称实数）是带小数点的数（如 3.14）。
Boolean – A data type that can hold only two values: TRUE or FALSE. It is fundamental to conditional logic.
布尔型 – 只能取 TRUE（真）或 FALSE（假）两种值的数据类型，是条件逻辑的基础。
Record / Struct – A composite data type that groups variables of different types under one name (e.g., a student record with name, age and grade).
记录 / 结构体 – 将不同类型的变量组合在一个名称下的复合数据类型（例如含有姓名、年龄和成绩的学生记录）。
9. Software Development | 软件开发
Software – Programs that run on a computer. Divided into system software (operating system, utilities) and application software (word processor, browser).
软件 – 在计算机上运行的程序，分为系统软件（操作系统、工具软件）和应用软件（文字处理软件、浏览器）。
Source code – The human‑readable program code written in a high‑level language. It must be translated into machine code by a compiler or interpreter.
源代码 – 用高级语言编写的人类可读的程序代码，必须由编译器或解释器翻译为机器代码。
Compiler vs Interpreter – A compiler translates the entire program into machine code at once, creating an executable file. An interpreter translates and executes line by line, without producing a standalone executable.
编译器与解释器 – 编译器一次性将整个程序翻译为机器代码，生成可执行文件；解释器逐行翻译执行，不产生独立可执行文件。
Integrated Development Environment (IDE) – A software suite that includes a code editor, debugger, compiler/interpreter and other tools to support programming.
集成开发环境 (IDE) – 包含代码编辑器、调试器、编译器/解释器及其他工具的软件套装，用于支持编程。
10. Cybersecurity | 网络安全
Malware – Malicious software designed to damage, disrupt or gain unauthorised access to computer systems. Includes viruses, worms, trojans and ransomware.
恶意软件 – 意图损坏、破坏或未经授权访问计算机系统的恶意软件，包括病毒、蠕虫、特洛伊木马和勒索软件。
Phishing – A social engineering attack where fraudulent emails or messages trick users into revealing personal information or clicking malicious links.
网络钓鱼 – 一种社会工程攻击，通过欺诈性邮件或信息诱骗用户泄露个人信息或点击恶意链接。
Denial of Service (DoS) attack – Flooding a server or network with useless traffic so that it cannot respond to legitimate requests.
拒绝服务 (DoS) 攻击 – 用无用的流量淹没服务器或网络，使其无法响应合法请求。
Penetration testing – Authorised simulated attacks on a system to identify security weaknesses before real attackers can exploit them.
渗透测试 – 经授权的模拟攻击，用于在真实攻击者利用之前发现系统的安全弱点。
11. Ethical, Legal and Environmental Issues | 伦理、法律与环境影响
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) – EU/UK regulation that governs how personal data is collected, processed and stored, giving individuals rights over their data.
通用数据保护条例 (GDPR) – 欧盟/英国的法规，管理个人数据的收集、处理和存储方式，赋予个人对其数据的权利。
Copyright and intellectual property – Legal protection for creators of original works, including software code, preventing unauthorised copying or distribution.
版权与知识产权 – 对原创作品（包括软件代码）创作者的法律保护，防止未经授权的复制或分发。
Digital divide – The gap between those who have access to modern digital technology and those who do not, often due to economic or geographical factors.
数字鸿沟 – 能接触现代数字技术的人与不能接触者之间的差距，通常由经济或地理因素造成。
E‑waste – Discarded electronic devices. The growing volume of e‑waste raises environmental concerns because of toxic materials and the challenge of responsible disposal.
电子垃圾 – 废弃的电子设备。电子垃圾日益增多，因其含有毒物质且负责任的处理难度大，引发环境担忧。
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