📚 Year 11 Edexcel Music: Formula & Theorem Quick-Reference Handbook | 11 年级 Edexcel 音乐：公式定理速查手册
This quick-reference handbook compiles the essential formulas, rules, and theoretical concepts every Year 11 Edexcel Music student needs to master. From scale construction to chord progressions, dynamics to texture, use this guide to reinforce your understanding and prepare for your GCSE exam.
这本速查手册汇集了每位 11 年级 Edexcel 音乐学生必须掌握的核心公式、规则和理论概念。从音阶构建到和弦进行，从力度到织体，请使用本指南巩固理解并为您的 GCSE 考试做好准备。
1. Scale Formulas | 音阶公式
Scales are the foundation of melody and harmony. Remember the pattern of tones (T) and semitones (S) for each type. The major scale follows a fixed sequence; natural, harmonic and melodic minors each have distinct interval structures.
音阶是旋律与和声的基础。记住每种音阶的全音 (T) 和半音 (S) 模式。大调遵循固定顺序；自然小调、和声小调与旋律小调各有独特的音程结构。
Major: T–T–S–T–T–T–S Natural Minor: T–S–T–T–S–T–T
和声小调: T–S–T–T–S–T+S–S 旋律小调 (上行): T–S–T–T–T–T–S
| English Description | 中文描述 |
|---|---|
| Major Scale: pattern T-T-S-T-T-T-S. Example: C major – C D E F G A B C. | 大调音阶：全-全-半-全-全-全-半。示例：C大调 – C D E F G A B C。 |
| Natural Minor: T-S-T-T-S-T-T. Example: A natural minor – A B C D E F G A. | 自然小调：全-半-全-全-半-全-全。示例：a自然小调 – A B C D E F G A。 |
| Harmonic Minor: T-S-T-T-S-T+S-S (augmented 2nd between 6th and 7th degrees). Example: A harmonic minor – A B C D E F G♯ A. | 和声小调：全-半-全-全-半-增二度-半。示例：a和声小调 – A B C D E F G♯ A。 |
| Melodic Minor (ascending): T-S-T-T-T-T-S. Descending: natural minor. Example: A melodic minor ascending – A B C D E F♯ G♯ A. | 旋律小调（上行）：全-半-全-全-全-全-半；下行用自然小调。示例：a旋律小调上行 – A B C D E F♯ G♯ A。 |
2. Interval Quick-Reference | 音程速查
Intervals are measured in semitones. Knowing the number of semitones between two notes helps you identify both the quality (perfect, major, minor, etc.) and the number (unison, second, third, etc.).
音程以半音为单位丈量。掌握两音之间的半音数，就能判断音程的性质（纯、大、小等）与度数（一度、二度、三度等）。
| Interval (from C) | Semitones | 中文音程（从C起） |
|---|---|---|
| Perfect Unison (C–C) | 0 | 纯一度 (C–C) |
| Minor 2nd (C–D♭) | 1 | 小二度 (C–D♭) |
| Major 2nd (C–D) | 2 | 大二度 (C–D) |
| Minor 3rd (C–E♭) | 3 | 小三度 (C–E♭) |
| Major 3rd (C–E) | 4 | 大三度 (C–E) |
| Perfect 4th (C–F) | 5 | 纯四度 (C–F) |
| Augmented 4th / Diminished 5th (C–F♯/G♭) | 6 | 增四度 / 减五度 (C–F♯/G♭) |
| Perfect 5th (C–G) | 7 | 纯五度 (C–G) |
| Minor 6th (C–A♭) | 8 | 小六度 (C–A♭) |
| Major 6th (C–A) | 9 | 大六度 (C–A) |
| Minor 7th (C–B♭) | 10 | 小七度 (C–B♭) |
| Major 7th (C–B) | 11 | 大七度 (C–B) |
| Perfect Octave (C–C) | 12 | 纯八度 (C–C) |
3. Chord Construction Rules | 和弦构建规则
Chords are built by stacking thirds. The combination of major and minor thirds determines the chord quality. Always count from the root and know the basic triads and seventh chords.
和弦通过三度叠置构建。大三度与小三度的组合决定了和弦性质。务必从根音开始计算，并掌握基本三和弦与七和弦。
| Chord Type | Formula / Example (C) | 中文和弦类型与公式 |
|---|---|---|
| Major Triad | Root + Major 3rd + Perfect 5th (C–E–G) | 大三和弦：根音 + 大三度 + 纯五度 (C–E–G) |
| Minor Triad | Root + Minor 3rd + Perfect 5th (C–E♭–G) | 小三和弦：根音 + 小三度 + 纯五度 (C–E♭–G) |
| Augmented Triad | Root + Major 3rd + Augmented 5th (C–E–G♯) | 增三和弦：根音 + 大三度 + 增五度 (C–E–G♯) |
| Diminished Triad | Root + Minor 3rd + Diminished 5th (C–E♭–G♭) | 减三和弦：根音 + 小三度 + 减五度 (C–E♭–G♭) |
| Dominant 7th | Major Triad + Minor 7th (C–E–G–B♭) | 属七和弦：大三和弦 + 小七度 (C–E–G–B♭) |
| Major 7th | Major Triad + Major 7th (C–E–G–B) | 大七和弦：大三和弦 + 大七度 (C–E–G–B) |
| Minor 7th | Minor Triad + Minor 7th (C–E♭–G–B♭) | 小七和弦：小三和弦 + 小七度 (C–E♭–G–B♭) |
4. Basic Chord Progressions & Cadences | 基本和弦进行与终止式
Cadences are the musical equivalent of punctuation. Recognising perfect, plagal, imperfect and interrupted cadences is essential for both listening and composing. Common progressions like I–IV–V–I form the backbone of tonal music.
终止式相当于音乐中的标点符号。辨认完全终止、变格终止、不完全终止与阻碍终止对于听辨与作曲都至关重要。常见进行如 I–IV–V–I 是调性音乐的骨架。
| Cadence / Progression | Chords (C major) | 中文终止式 / 进行 |
|---|---|---|
| Perfect (V–I) | G – C | 完全终止 (V–I) |
| Plagal (IV–I) | F – C | 变格终止 (IV–I，阿门终止) |
| Imperfect (I–V, ii–V, IV–V, etc.) | C – G | 不完全终止 (如 I–V, ii–V, IV–V) |
| Interrupted (V–vi) | G – Am | 阻碍终止 (V–vi) |
| I–IV–V–I | C – F – G – C | I–IV–V–I 进行 |
| ii–V–I | Dm – G – C | ii–V–I 进行 |
5. Key Signatures & Circle of Fifths | 调号与五度圈
Key signatures indicate the sharps or flats that consistently appear throughout a piece. The circle of fifths shows the relationship between keys. For each major key, the relative minor starts on the sixth degree.
调号标示了作品中持续出现的升号或降号。五
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