Year 11 Edexcel Physics: Essential Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 11 Edexcel 物理：词汇术语速记指南

📚 Year 11 Edexcel Physics: Essential Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 11 Edexcel 物理：词汇术语速记指南

Mastering physics vocabulary is crucial for success in Year 11 Edexcel Physics. This guide pairs key terms with their Chinese meanings and memorable hints, helping you recall definitions faster and apply them in exam questions. From scalars and vectors to circuits and waves, every term is explained clearly and linked to exam-style contexts.

掌握物理词汇是 Year 11 Edexcel 物理考试成功的关键。本指南将关键术语与中文释义和记忆提示配对，帮助你快速回忆定义并在考题中灵活运用。从标量和矢量到电路和波，每个术语都结合考试情境进行了清晰解释。

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1. Kinematics and Motion Quantities | 运动学与运动量术语

Scalar – a physical quantity that has magnitude only, without direction. Examples: distance, speed, mass, time. Remember: ‘Scalar’ sounds like ‘scale’, which only shows a size.

标量 – 只有大小没有方向的物理量。例如：距离、速率、质量、时间。记忆法：’Scalar’ 像 ‘scale’ 秤，只显示大小。

Vector – a quantity that has both magnitude and direction, such as displacement, velocity, acceleration, force. Force arrows show vectors.

矢量 – 既有大小又有方向的量，如位移、速度、加速度、力。力的箭头表示矢量。

Distance – total length of the path travelled by an object, measured in metres (m). It is a scalar and does not depend on direction.

距离 – 物体运动轨迹的总长度，单位是米 (m)。它是标量，与方向无关。

Displacement – the straight-line distance from start to finish in a given direction. It can be zero if you return to the starting point. Vector.

位移 – 从起点到终点的直线距离，并带有方向。若返回起点则位移为零，是矢量。

Speed – rate of change of distance, scalar. Average speed = total distance ÷ total time. Instantaneous speed is the speed at a specific moment.

速率 – 距离的变化率，标量。平均速率 = 总距离 ÷ 总时间。瞬时速率是某一瞬间的速率。

Velocity – rate of change of displacement, vector. v = Δs / Δt. Constant velocity means both speed and direction stay the same.

速度 – 位移的变化率，矢量。v = Δs / Δt。速度不变即速率和方向都不变。

Acceleration – rate of change of velocity, vector. a = (v − u) / t. Deceleration is negative acceleration.

加速度 – 速度的变化率，矢量。a = (v − u) / t。减速是负的加速度。

Uniform acceleration – constant acceleration, e.g. free fall near Earth’s surface (g ≈ 9.8 m/s²). Equations of motion apply.

匀加速 – 恒定的加速度，如近地表面的自由落体 (g≈9.8 m/s²)。适用运动学方程。

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2. Forces and Newton’s Laws | 力与牛顿定律

Force – a push or pull that can change an object’s motion, measured in newtons (N). It is a vector.

力 – 能改变物体运动状态的推或拉，单位是牛顿 (N)，是矢量。

Weight – the gravitational force acting on an object. W = m g, where m is mass (kg) and g is gravitational field strength (N/kg).

重量 – 作用在物体上的引力。W = m g，m 是质量 (kg)，g 是引力场强度 (N/kg)。

Mass – the amount of matter in an object, measured in kg. Mass stays the same everywhere; weight changes with gravity.

质量 – 物体所含物质的多少，单位为 kg。质量处处相同，重量随引力变化。

Resultant force – the overall force acting on an object when all forces are combined. Causes acceleration according to F = m a.

合力 – 所有力合成后作用在物体上的净力。根据 F = m a 产生加速度。

Inertia – the tendency of an object to resist changes in its motion. Newton’s first law: an object stays at rest or moves at constant velocity unless a resultant force acts on it.

惯性 – 物体抵抗运动状态变化的性质。牛顿第一定律：若无合力作用，物体保持静止或匀速直线运动。

Newton’s third law – for every action force there is an equal and opposite reaction force. These forces act on different objects.

牛顿第三定律 – 每一个作用力都有一个大小相等、方向相反的反作用力，且作用在不同物体上。

Friction – a force that opposes motion between two surfaces in contact. Can be reduced by lubrication.

摩擦力 – 阻碍接触面相对运动的力，可用润滑减少。

Drag – resistive force when an object moves through a fluid (air or liquid). Increases with speed.

阻力 – 物体在流体（空气或液体）中运动时受到的阻碍力，随速度增大。

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3. Energy and Power | 能量和功率

Energy – the capacity to do work, measured in joules (J). It can be stored (potential) or due to motion (kinetic).

能量 – 做功的能力，单位是焦耳 (J)。可分为储存能（势能）和运动能（动能）。

Kinetic energy – energy of a moving object. Eₖ = ½ m v², where m is mass, v is speed.

动能 – 物体由于运动而具有的能量。Eₖ = ½ m v²，m 为质量，v 为速率。

Gravitational potential energy – energy stored due to an object’s position in a gravitational field. Eₚ = m g h.

重力势能 – 物体因在引力场中的位置而储存的能量。Eₚ = m g h。

Work done – energy transferred when a force moves an object. W = F d, where d is distance moved in the direction of the force.

做功 – 力使物体移动时传递的能量。W = F d，d 是沿力方向移动的距离。

Power – the rate of doing work or transferring energy. P = W / t, measured in watts (W). 1 W = 1 J/s.

功率 – 做功或能量转移的速率。P = W / t，单位为瓦特 (W)，1 W = 1 J/s。

Efficiency – ratio of useful output energy to total input energy. Efficiency = (useful output ÷ total input) × 100%.

效率 – 有用输出能量与总输入能量之比。效率 = (有用输出 ÷ 总输入) × 100%。

Conservation of energy – energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred, stored or dissipated.

能量守恒 – 能量既不能产生也不能消灭，只能转移、储存或耗散。

Specific heat capacity – the energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 °C. ΔE = m c Δθ.

比热容 – 使 1 kg 物质升温 1 °C 所需的能量。ΔE = m c Δθ。

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4. Waves and Sound | 波与声音

Wave – a disturbance that transfers energy without transferring matter. Mechanical waves need a medium; electromagnetic waves do not.

波 – 传递能量而不传递物质的扰动。机械波需要介质，电磁波不需要。

Amplitude – the maximum displacement of a wave from its rest position. Related to energy and loudness in sound.

振幅 – 波偏离平衡位置的最大位移，与能量和声音的响度相关。

Wavelength – the distance between two consecutive peaks or troughs, symbol λ, measured in metres.

波长 – 相邻两个波峰或波谷间的距离，符号为 λ，单位米。

Frequency – number of complete waves passing a point per second, measured in hertz (Hz). f = 1 / T.

频率 – 每秒通过某点的完整波的数量，单位为赫兹 (Hz)。f = 1 / T。

Period – time taken for one complete wave cycle. T = 1 / f, measured in seconds.

周期 – 完成一个完整波所需的时间。T = 1 / f，单位秒。

Wave speed – how fast the wave travels. v = f λ.

波速 – 波传播的快慢。v = f λ。

Transverse wave – oscillations are perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer, e.g. light, water waves.

横波 – 振动方向与能量传递方向垂直，例如光波、水波。

Longitudinal wave – oscillations are parallel to the direction of energy transfer, e.g. sound waves. Shows compressions and rarefactions.

纵波 – 振动方向与能量传递方向平行，例如声波。显示出疏密部分。

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5. Light and Electromagnetic Spectrum | 光和电磁波谱

Law of reflection – the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection, measured from the normal.

反射定律 – 入射角等于反射角，均从法线量起。

Refraction – bending of light when it passes from one medium to another due to a change in speed. Described by Snell’s law: n₁ sin θ₁ = n₂ sin θ₂.

折射 – 光由一种介质进入另一种介质时因速度变化而发生的弯曲。遵循斯涅尔定律。

Critical angle – the angle of incidence in a denser medium for which the angle of refraction is 90°. sin c = 1 / n.

临界角 – 光密介质中使折射角为 90° 的入射角。sin c = 1 / n。

Total internal reflection – occurs when the angle of incidence exceeds the critical angle and all light is reflected back into the denser medium.

全内反射 – 入射角大于临界角时，光全部反射回光密介质的现象。

Electromagnetic spectrum – a family of waves with different wavelengths, all travelling at 3×10⁸ m/s in a vacuum. Order: radio, microwave, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-ray, gamma.

电磁波谱 – 一组不同波长的波，在真空中均以 3×10⁸ m/s 传播。顺序：无线电波、微波、红外线、可见光、紫外线、X 射线、伽马射线。

Dispersion – splitting of white light into its constituent colours because different colours travel at different speeds in a medium. Remember ROYGBIV.

色散 – 白光因不同颜色在介质中速度不同而分离成各色光的现象。记住红橙黄绿蓝靛紫。

Optical fibre – a thin glass fibre that uses total internal reflection to transmit light signals for communication.

光纤 – 利用全内反射传输光信号进行通信的细玻璃纤维。

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6. Electricity | 电学

Current – the rate of flow of electric charge. I = Q / t, measured in amperes (A). Direction is from positive to negative.

电流 – 电荷流动的速率。I = Q / t，单位为安培 (A)。方向从正到负。

Potential difference (voltage) – energy transferred per unit charge. V = W / Q, measured in volts (V). Also called voltage.

电势差（电压） – 每单位电荷转移的能量。V = W / Q，单位为伏特 (V)。

Resistance – opposition to current, measured in ohms (Ω). R = V / I (Ohm’s law for ohmic conductors).

电阻 – 对电流的阻碍，单位为欧姆 (Ω)。欧姆定律：R = V / I（用于欧姆导体）。

Series circuit – components connected end to end. Current is the same everywhere, voltage splits. R_total = R₁ + R₂.

串联电路 – 元件首尾相连。电流处处相等，电压分配。总电阻 R_total = R₁ + R₂。

Parallel circuit – components connected on separate branches. Voltage is the same across branches, current splits. 1/R_total = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂.

并联电路 – 元器件连接在不同支路。各支路电压相同，电流分流。1/R_total = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂。

Power in circuits – rate of energy transfer. P = I V = I² R = V² / R.

电路功率 – 能量转移速率。P = I V = I² R = V² / R。

Energy transferred – E = I V t or E = Q V. Measured in joules or kilowatt-hours (kWh) for domestic electricity.

能量转移 – E = I V t 或 E = Q V，单位焦耳或家庭用电的千瓦时 (kWh)。

Live, neutral and earth wires – in a mains plug, live carries alternating current, neutral completes the circuit, earth is a safety wire to prevent shocks.

火线、零线和地线 – 插头中火线承载交流电，零线构成回路，地线是防止触电的安全线。

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7. Magnetism and Electromagnetism | 磁与电磁

Magnetic field – region around a magnet where magnetic forces act. Field lines point from north to south.

磁场 – 磁体周围磁力作用的区域。磁感线方向从北极指向南极。

Electromagnet – a coil of wire (solenoid) with an iron core that becomes magnetic when current flows. Strength increases with more turns, higher current, or iron core.

电磁铁 – 包含铁芯的线圈，通电时产生磁性。增加匝数、电流或加铁芯可增强磁场。

Motor effect – a current-carrying wire in a magnetic field experiences a force. Direction given by Fleming’s left‑hand rule.

电动机效应 – 通电导线在磁场中会受到力。方向由弗莱明左手定则判定。

Generator effect – a voltage is induced when a conductor moves through a magnetic field or when a magnetic field changes around a conductor. This is electromagnetic induction.

发电机效应 – 导体在磁场中运动或磁场变化时，会感应出电压，即电磁感应。

Transformer – a device that changes the voltage of alternating current. Consists of two coils wound on an iron core. Vₚ / Vₛ = Nₚ / Nₛ.

变压器 – 改变交流电压的装置，由绕在铁芯上的两个线圈组成。Vₚ / Vₛ = Nₚ / Nₛ。

Induced voltage – can be increased by moving the magnet faster, using a stronger magnet, or adding more

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