CIE AS Geography Key Terminology Quick Revision Guide | CIE AS地理核心术语速记指南

📚 CIE AS Geography Key Terminology Quick Revision Guide | CIE AS地理核心术语速记指南

This guide provides essential key terms for Year 12 CIE AS Geography, with clear English explanations followed by corresponding Chinese translations. Mastering these concepts will strengthen your command of the syllabus and improve exam performance.

本指南为CIE AS地理（Year 12）提供核心术语，每个术语先给出英文解析，再配以对应的中文解释。掌握这些概念将加深你对考纲的理解，提升应试能力。

1. Population Core Terms | 人口核心术语

Crude birth rate (CBR): The number of live births per 1000 people in a population per year. This measure does not account for the age structure of the population.

粗出生率：某一年每千人口中的活产婴儿数。该指标不考虑人口的年龄结构。

Crude death rate (CDR): The number of deaths per 1000 people in a population per year. Like CBR, it is affected by the age composition of a population.

粗死亡率：某一年每千人口中的死亡人数。与粗出生率一样，它受人口年龄构成的影响。

Rate of natural increase: Calculated as birth rate minus death rate, usually expressed as a percentage.

RNI = CBR − CDR (per 1000) ÷ 10

自然增长率：出生率减死亡率，通常以百分比表示。RNI = (CBR – CDR) ÷ 10

Fertility rate: The average number of children a woman is expected to have during her reproductive years (usually ages 15-49). Total fertility rate (TFR) is a key indicator of population growth potential.

生育率：一名妇女在其育龄期（通常为15–49岁）预期生育的平均子女数。总和生育率（TFR）是衡量人口增长潜力的关键指标。

Infant mortality rate (IMR): The number of deaths of infants under one year of age per 1000 live births in a given year. A high IMR often reflects poor healthcare and nutrition.

婴儿死亡率：某一年每千名活产婴儿中一岁前死亡的人数。高婴儿死亡率通常反映较差的医疗和营养条件。

Life expectancy: The average number of years a person can expect to live, based on current mortality patterns. It is strongly influenced by healthcare, diet, and living standards.

预期寿命：根据当前死亡率模式，一个人预期能活的平均年数。它受医疗、饮食和生活水平的强烈影响。

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2. Migration and Demographic Transition | 迁移与人口过渡

Migration: The permanent or semi-permanent movement of people from one place to another. It can be internal (within a country) or international (across borders).

迁移：人们从一个地方到另一个地方的永久性或半永久性移动。可分为国内迁移和国际迁移。

Push factors: Negative conditions in the origin area that encourage people to leave, such as unemployment, natural disasters, or political instability.

推拉因素中的推力：原居地促使人们离开的负面条件，如失业、自然灾害或政治动荡。

Pull factors: Positive attributes of a destination that attract migrants, including job opportunities, better education, or a safer environment.

拉力因素：目的地吸引移民的积极特征，包括就业机会、更好的教育或更安全的环境。

Demographic Transition Model (DTM): A model that describes population change over time through five stages, linking birth and death rates to levels of economic development.

人口过渡模型：描述人口随时间变化，通过五个阶段将出生率、死亡率与经济发展水平联系起来的模型。

Stage 2 of the DTM: Characterized by a rapidly falling death rate but a persistently high birth rate, leading to a rapid population increase. Many developing countries are in this stage.

人口过渡模型第二阶段：特征是死亡率迅速下降但出生率居高不下，导致人口快速增长。许多发展中国家处于此阶段。

Stage 4 of the DTM: Both birth and death rates are low and roughly balanced, resulting in a stable or slowly growing population. Typical of most developed countries.

人口过渡模型第四阶段：出生率和死亡率都低且大致平衡，人口稳定或缓慢增长。常见于多数发达国家。

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3. Settlement Hierarchy and Urbanization | 聚落等级与城市化

Settlement hierarchy: The ranking of settlements according to their size, population, and the range of services they provide. A hamlet has few services, while a conurbation has many high-order functions.

聚落等级：根据规模、人口和提供的服务范围对聚落进行排序。小村服务少，大都市区则拥有许多高级职能。

Threshold population: The minimum number of people required to support a particular service or business so that it remains profitable.

门槛人口：维持某项服务或商业盈利所需的最低人口数。

Sphere of influence: The area from which a settlement draws its customers or users. For a large shopping centre, this may cover many kilometres.

服务范围：一个聚落吸引顾客或用户的区域。对于大型购物中心，其服务范围可能覆盖数公里。

Urbanisation: An increase in the proportion of a country’s population living in towns and cities. This is a hallmark of industrialisation and economic development.

城市化：一国居住在城市和城镇的人口比例增加的过程。这是工业化和经济发展的标志。

Suburbanisation: The outward growth of towns and cities into surrounding rural areas, often driven by improved transport and a desire for more living space.

郊区化：城镇和城市向周围乡村地区向外扩展，通常由交通改善和追求更大的生活空间所驱动。

Megacity: A metropolitan area with a total population of over 10 million people. Examples include Tokyo, Mumbai, and Mexico City.

巨型城市：总人口超过1000万的大都市区，如东京、孟买和墨西哥城。

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4. Hydrology and River Processes | 水文与河流过程

Hydrological cycle: The continuous movement of water on, above, and below the Earth’s surface through processes like evaporation, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, and runoff.

水文循环：水在地球表面、上方和下方的持续运动，包括蒸发、凝结、降水、下渗和径流等过程。

Drainage basin: The area of land drained by a river and its tributaries, bounded by a watershed. All precipitation falling within this area eventually flows into the same river system.

流域：由一条河流及其支流排水的陆地区域，以分水岭为界。落在该区域内的所有降水最终汇入同一水系。

Infiltration: The downward movement of water from the surface into the soil. Infiltration capacity depends on soil texture, vegetation cover, and antecedent moisture.

下渗：水从地表向下进入土壤的运动。下渗能力取决于土壤质地、植被覆盖和前期水分状况。

Transportation (fluvial): The movement of sediment by a river through traction, saltation, suspension, and solution. The mode depends on particle size and flow velocity.

搬运（河流）：河流通过推移、跃移、悬移和溶移搬运沉积物。搬运方式取决于颗粒大小和流速。

Erosion (fluvial): The wearing away of the river bed and banks by hydraulic action, abrasion, attrition, and solution. Vertical erosion deepens the channel, while lateral erosion widens it.

侵蚀（河流）：通过水力作用、磨蚀、磨耗和溶蚀作用磨损河床和河岸。下蚀加深河道，侧蚀加宽河道。

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5. River Landforms | 河流地貌

Meander: A pronounced bend in a river channel, formed by both erosion on the outer bank (concave) and deposition on the inner bank (convex). Over time, meanders migrate downstream.

曲流：河道中明显的弯曲，由凹岸侵蚀和凸岸堆积共同形成。随时间推移，曲流向下游迁移。

Oxbow lake: A crescent-shaped lake formed when a meander is cut off from the main river channel, often during a flood event. The abandoned loop becomes a still-water lake.

牛轭湖：当曲流被截断（通常在洪水事件中）而形成的月牙形湖泊，废弃的河环成为静水湖。

Floodplain: The flat land adjacent to a river, built up by the deposition of alluvium during periods of flood. Floodplains are incredibly fertile and often densely populated.

洪泛平原：毗邻河流的平坦土地，由洪水期间冲积物的堆积而成。洪泛平原极其肥沃，往往人口密集。

Levees: Natural raised embankments along a river formed by the deposition of coarser sediment when the river overtops its banks. They can be reinforced artificially as flood defences.

天然堤：当河流漫溢河岸时，由较粗沉积物堆积形成的沿河天然高地。可人工加固作为防洪堤。

Waterfall: A step in the long profile of a river where water plunges vertically. Typically formed where a band of resistant rock lies over softer rock, which is undercut, creating a drop.

瀑布：河流纵剖面中水流垂直跌落的台阶。通常形成于坚硬岩层覆盖在较软岩层之上，软岩被掏蚀形成落差。

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6. Atmosphere and Weather Elements | 大气与天气要素

Atmospheric pressure: The weight of the atmosphere pressing down on the Earth’s surface, measured in millibars (mb). Low pressure is associated with rising air and unsettled weather; high pressure with sinking air and stable conditions.

气压：大气压在地球表面的重量，以毫巴（mb）计量。低压与上升气流和不稳定天气相关；高压与下沉气流和稳定天气相关。

Relative humidity: The amount of water vapour present in the air expressed as a percentage of the maximum amount the air can hold at that temperature. Warm air can hold more moisture than cold air.

相对湿度：空气中实际水汽含量占该温度下空气所能容纳的最大水汽量的百分比。暖空气比冷空气能容纳更多水汽。

Dew point: The temperature at which air becomes saturated and water vapour begins to condense into liquid water. When dew point is reached, clouds or fog may form.

露点温度：空气达到饱和、水汽开始凝结成液态水的温度。达到露点时可能形成云或雾。

Precipitation: Any form of water falling from the atmosphere to the Earth’s surface, including rain, snow, hail, and sleet. It occurs when cloud droplets grow large enough to overcome updrafts.

降水：从大气降落到地表的各种形式的水，包括雨、雪、冰雹和雨夹雪。当云滴增大到足以克服上升气流时发生降水。

Frontal rainfall: Precipitation caused when a warm, moist air mass meets a cold air mass. The warm air is forced to rise over the cold air, cools, and condenses, producing rain.

锋面雨：当暖湿气团与冷气团相遇时，暖空气被迫抬升到冷空气之上，冷却凝结形成的降雨。

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7. Humid Tropical and Desert Climates | 湿热和沙漠气候

Equatorial climate: Found near the Equator (e.g. Amazon Basin, Congo Basin), characterised by high temperatures (around 27°C) throughout the year and heavy convectional rainfall exceeding 2000 mm annually with no dry season.

赤道气候：分布于赤道附近（如亚马孙盆地、刚果盆地），全年高温（约27°C），对流雨丰沛，年降水量超过2000毫米，无旱季。

Convectional rainfall: Caused by intense heating of the ground, which warms the air above. The warm air rises rapidly, cools, and forms towering cumulonimbus clouds, leading to heavy afternoon thunderstorms.

对流雨：地面强烈受热后加热上方空气，暖空气迅速上升，冷却形成高耸的积雨云，导致强烈的午后雷阵雨。

Tropical desert climate: Found roughly at latitudes 15°-30° (e.g. Sahara, Arabian Desert), with extremely low and erratic rainfall (less than 250 mm annually), high daytime temperatures, and large diurnal temperature ranges.

热带沙漠气候：大致位于纬度15°–30°（如撒哈拉、阿拉伯沙漠），降水极少且不定（年降水量低于250毫米），白天气温极高，昼夜温差大。

Aridity index: A measure of water deficiency. A region is classified as hyper-arid when the ratio of mean annual precipitation to potential evapotranspiration is less than 0.05.

干旱指数：衡量水分亏缺的指标。当年均降水量与潜在蒸散量之比小于0.05时，该地区被划分为极度干旱区。

Xerophyte: A plant adapted to survive in very dry conditions. Adaptations may include thick waxy cuticles, deep taproots, or reduced leaves to minimise water loss.

旱生植物：适应在极干条件下生存的植物。适应性包括厚蜡质角质层、深主根或缩小叶片以减少水分损失。

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8. Plate Tectonics and Volcanoes | 板块构造与火山

Plate boundary: The margin where two lithospheric plates meet. The main types are divergent (constructive), convergent (destructive), and conservative (transform). Earthquakes and volcanic activity are concentrated along these boundaries.

板块边界：两个岩石圈板块相遇的边缘。主要类型有分离型（建设性）、聚合型（破坏性）和保守型（转换型）。地震和火山活动集中沿这些边界分布。

Subduction zone: An area where a denser oceanic plate sinks beneath a less dense continental or oceanic plate, often forming a deep ocean trench. The descending plate melts, producing magma that feeds volcanic arcs.

俯冲带：较密的大洋板块沉入较不密的大陆或大洋板块之下的区域，常形成深海沟。下沉板块熔化产生岩浆，滋养火山弧。

Shield volcano: A broad, gently sloping volcano built up by successive flows of low-viscosity basaltic lava. Examples include Mauna Loa in Hawaii. Eruptions are generally effusive, not explosive.

盾形火山：由低粘度玄武岩熔岩流逐层堆积而成的宽缓火山，如夏威夷的冒纳罗亚火山。喷发一般为溢流式，而非爆炸式。

Stratovolcano (composite cone): A steep, conical volcano composed of alternating layers of lava, ash, and pyroclastic material. It is associated with explosive eruptions and viscous andesitic magma, e.g. Mount Fuji.

层状火山（复合锥）：由熔岩、火山灰和火山碎屑物质交替堆积而成的陡峭锥形火山，与爆炸性喷发和粘性安山岩浆有关，如富士山。

Pyroclastic flow: A fast-moving, extremely hot mixture of gases, ash, and rock fragments that travels down the slopes of a volcano during a violent eruption. It is one of the deadliest volcanic hazards.

火山碎屑流：在猛烈喷发时，由气体、火山灰和岩石碎屑组成的快速移动、极高温的混合物，沿火山坡而下。这是最致命的火山灾害之一。

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9. Coastal Processes and Landforms | 海岸过程与地貌

Swash and backwash: Swash is the movement of water up the beach after a wave breaks; backwash is the return flow of water down the beach under gravity. Constructive waves have stronger swash, destructive waves have stronger backwash.

冲流与回流：冲流是波浪破碎后水向海滩上方运动；回流是在重力作用下水沿海滩向下回流。建设性波浪冲流强，破坏性波浪回流强。

Longshore drift: The transport of sediment along a coast by wave action approaching at an angle. Sediment is moved in a zigzag pattern along the shore, a key process in building spits and beaches.

沿岸漂移：波浪以斜角接近海岸时，沉积物沿海岸被搬运的过程。沉积物以锯齿形沿海岸移动，是形成沙嘴和海滩的关键过程。

Cliff and wave-cut platform: A steep rock face formed by marine erosion at the base of a cliff. As erosion undercuts the cliff, it retreats, leaving a gently sloping rock platform at its foot, visible at low tide.

海蚀崖与海蚀平台：由波浪侵蚀在海崖基部形成的陡峭岩面。当侵蚀掏蚀崖脚，崖壁后退，在其基部留下一个平缓的岩质平台，低潮时可见。

Spit: A long, narrow accumulation of sand or shingle extending from the coastline into the sea, formed by longshore drift. The end of the spit often curves due to wave refraction or changes in current direction.

沙嘴：由沿岸漂移形成的从海岸线向海中延伸的狭长沙或砾石堆积体。沙嘴末端常因波浪折射或流向变化而弯曲。

Tombolo: A sand or shingle bar connecting an island to the mainland or linking two islands. It forms when wave energy is reduced behind the island, allowing deposition.

陆连岛：连接岛屿与大陆或连接两岛的沙或砾石坝，当岛屿背后的波能减弱，沉积物堆积而形成。

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10. Mass Movement and Slope Stability | 块体运动与坡面稳定

Mass movement: The downslope movement of soil, regolith, and rock under the influence of gravity, without the direct action of transporting agents like water or ice. It ranges from slow creep to rapid landslides.

块体运动：在重力影响下，土壤、风化层和岩石的向下运动，没有水或冰等搬运介质的直接作用。其范围从缓慢蠕变到快速滑坡。

Shear strength: The internal resistance of a material to sliding along a plane. Stability on a slope depends on the balance between shear strength and shear stress. Water saturation reduces shear strength.

抗剪强度：材料内部抵抗沿某一平面滑动的能力。坡面稳定性取决于抗剪强度与剪应力的平衡。水饱和会降低抗剪强度。

Soil creep: The slowest and most widespread type of mass movement, where individual soil particles are lifted perpendicular to the slope by wetting or freezing and then settle slightly downslope under gravity.

土壤蠕变：最缓慢、分布最广的块体运动类型，在干湿或冻融作用下土壤颗粒被垂直于坡面抬升，然后在重力下略微顺坡沉降。

Rotational slumping (slump): A type of slide where a mass of material rotates backward along a curved failure surface. It often occurs on weak clay slopes and can produce a stepped back-tilted profile.

旋转滑动（崩塌）：块体沿曲面破裂面向后旋转的一种滑动。常发生在软弱的粘土坡上，可形成阶梯状后倾地形。

Mudflow: A rapid, fluid mixture of water and fine-grained sediment that flows down a channel. Mudflows are common in arid areas after heavy rain and on slopes with little vegetation.

泥流：水与细粒沉积物的快速流体混合物沿沟道下流。泥流常见于暴雨后的干旱区和植被稀少的坡面。

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11. Economic Activities and Globalisation | 经济活动与全球化

Primary activities: Industries that extract raw materials directly from the Earth or sea, such as farming, fishing, forestry, and mining. These are often dominant in low-income countries.

第一产业：直接从陆地或海洋提取原材料的行业，如农业、渔业、林业和采矿业。这些产业通常在低收入国家占主导地位。

Secondary activities: Manufacturing and processing industries that transform raw materials into finished or semi-finished goods, for example, steel production, car assembly, and food processing.

第二产业：将原材料转化为成品或半成品的制造业和加工业，如钢铁生产、汽车装配和食品加工。

Deindustrialisation: The decline in the relative importance of manufacturing in an economy, often replaced by service sector growth. This process is evident in many advanced economies like the UK.

去工业化：制造业在经济中相对重要性的下降，通常由服务业增长所替代。这一过程在英国等许多发达经济体中十分明显。

Globalisation: The increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of countries through flows of goods, services, capital, people, and information. It is driven by advances in transport, technology, and trade liberalisation.

全球化：通过货物、服务、资本、人员和信息的流动，各国之间日益增强的相互联系和相互依存。其驱动力是交通、技术进步和贸易自由化。

Transnational corporation (TNC): A large company that operates in at least two countries, with headquarters often in one country and production facilities in others. TNCs are key agents of globalisation, e.g. Nike, Toyota.

跨国公司：至少在两个国家经营的大公司，总部通常在一个国家，生产设施在其他国家。跨国公司是全球化的关键推动者，如耐克、丰田。

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12. Geographical Skills: Graphs and Data | 地理技能：图表与数据

Scatter graph: A diagram that displays two sets of variables as points on a Cartesian plane. It is used to identify correlations or relationships between variables. A line of best fit may be drawn to summarise the trend.

散点图：在笛卡尔平面上将两组变量显示为点的图表，用于识别变量之间的相关关系。可绘制最佳拟合线来概括趋势。

Choropleth map: A thematic map where areas are shaded or patterned in proportion to the value of a statistical variable, such as population density or GDP per capita. Density of shading reflects data classes.

等值区域图：一种专题地图，其区域根据统计变量值（如人口密度或人均GDP）进行着色或填充图案，阴影密度反映数据分级。

Proportional symbol map: Uses symbols of different sizes to represent the magnitude of data values at particular locations. Larger symbols indicate higher values, e.g. circles scaled to show city populations.

比例符号地图：使用不同大小的符号表示特定位置数据值的大小。符号越大表示数值越高，如用比例圆表示城市人口。

Triangular graph: A ternary plot used to represent data with three components that sum to a constant (often 100%). It is commonly applied to show soil texture (sand, silt, clay) or employment structure (primary, secondary, tertiary).

三角图表：一种三元图，用于表示三个成分总和为常数（常为100%）的数据。常用于显示土壤质地（砂、粉砂、粘土）或就业结构（第一、第二、第三产业）。

Spearman’s rank correlation: A statistical test used to measure the strength and direction of a monotonic relationship between two ranked variables. The coefficient (rₛ) ranges from −1 (perfect negative) to +1 (perfect positive).

斯皮尔曼等级相关：一种统计检验，用于衡量两个等级变量之间单调关系的强度和方向。系数(rₛ)范围从−1（完全负相关）到+1（完全正相关）。

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