📚 Core Knowledge Points for Year 11 CAIE Physics | Year 11 CAIE 物理核心知识点梳理
This article gathers all the fundamental definitions, formulas and concepts you need to master for the Year 11 CAIE Physics exam. Use it as a quick revision checklist and make sure you can explain every point clearly.
本文汇总了 Year 11 CAIE 物理考试必须掌握的所有基本定义、公式和概念。建议作为快速自查清单,确保能够清晰解释每一个要点。
1. Measurement and Motion | 测量与运动
Displacement is the straight‑line distance from the start point in a specified direction (vector). Distance is the total path length travelled (scalar).
位移是起点沿指定方向的直线距离（矢量）。距离是所经过路径的总长度（标量）。
Speed is the rate of change of distance (scalar), while velocity is speed in a given direction (vector).
速率是距离对时间的变化率（标量），而速度是给定方向上的速率（矢量）。
The average speed can be found from total distance divided by total time.
平均速率等于总路程除以总时间。
v = d / t
Acceleration tells you how quickly velocity is changing. It is also a vector.
加速度表示速度变化的快慢，同样是一个矢量。
a = (v − u) / t
The three equations of motion work when acceleration is constant: v = u + at, s = ut + ½ at² and v² = u² + 2as. (u = initial velocity, v = final velocity, a = acceleration, t = time, s = displacement)
三个运动学方程适用于加速度恒定的情况：v = u + at, s = ut + ½ at² 和 v² = u² + 2as。（u—初速度，v—末速度，a—加速度，t—时间，s—位移）
| Distance‑time graph | 距离‑时间图 |
| Gradient = speed | 斜率 = 速率 |
| Speed‑time graph | 速度‑时间图 |
| Gradient = acceleration | 斜率 = 加速度 |
| Area under graph = distance travelled | 图线下方面积 = 经过的距离 |
Free fall near Earth’s surface has a constant acceleration g ≈ 9.8 m/s², assuming negligible air resistance.
地球表面附近的自由落体加速度恒为 g ≈ 9.8 m/s²，假设空气阻力可忽略。
2. Forces and Newton’s Laws | 力与牛顿定律
Newton’s first law states that an object remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted on by a resultant force.
牛顿第一定律指出：除非受到合力作用，物体将保持静止或匀速直线运动。
Newton’s second law links resultant force, mass and acceleration.
牛顿第二定律将合力、质量和加速度联系在一起。
F = m × a
Weight is the force of gravity on a mass and differs from mass itself.
重量是重力作用在物体上的力，与质量本身不同。
W = m g
Newton’s third law tells us that when one object exerts a force on another, the second exerts an equal and opposite force on the first.
牛顿第三定律告诉我们，当一个物体对另一物体施加力时，另一物体会同时施加大小相等、方向相反的力。
Hooke’s law applies to springs and elastic materials within their limit of proportionality: extension is directly proportional to the applied force.
胡克定律适用于在其比例极限内的弹簧和弹性材料：伸长量与所受拉力成正比。
F = k x
A moment measures the turning effect of a force. It depends on the force and the perpendicular distance from the pivot.
力矩度量力的转动效应，取决于力和到支点的垂直距离。
M = F × d (perpendicular)
For an object in equilibrium, the sum of clockwise moments equals the sum of anticlockwise moments about any pivot.
物体平衡时，对任意支点，顺时针力矩之和等于逆时针力矩之和。
3. Energy, Work and Power | 能量、功和功率
Energy is the capacity to do work. It can be stored (potential, kinetic, thermal etc.) or transferred.
能量是做功的本领，可被储存（势能、动能、热能等）或转移。
Work is done when a force moves an object in the direction of the force.
当力沿其方向移动物体时，力就做了功。
W = F d
Kinetic energy depends on mass and speed.
动能取决于质量和速率。
Eₖ = ½ m v²
Gravitational potential energy gained when lifting an object depends on height.
举升物体获得的重力势能取决于高度。
ΔEₚ = m g Δh
The principle of conservation of energy says energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or stored.
能量守恒定律指出，能量既不能被创造也不能被消灭，只能被转移或储存。
Power is the rate at which work is done or energy is transferred.
功率是做功或能量转移的速率。
P = W / t or P = ΔE / t
Efficiency compares useful output energy (or power) to total input.
效率将有用的输出能量（或功率）与总输入做比较。
η = (useful output ÷ total input) × 100%
4. Thermal Physics | 热物理
Temperature tells us how hot an object is and determines the direction of thermal energy transfer.
温度表明物体的冷热程度，并决定热能传递的方向。
The kinetic particle model explains that particles in solids, liquids and gases have different arrangements and energies.
粒子动理论解释固体、液体和气体中粒子的排列与能量各不相同。
When a substance is heated without changing state, the energy supplied raises its temperature. The specific heat capacity c measures how much energy is needed to raise 1 kg by 1 °C.
当物质被加热而状态不变时，供给的能量使温度升高。比热容 c 衡量使 1 kg 物质温度升高 1 °C 所需的能量。
Q = m c Δθ
During melting or boiling, the temperature stays constant while latent heat is absorbed. The specific latent heat L is the energy needed to change the state of 1 kg without temperature change.
在熔化或沸腾过程中，温度保持不变，同时吸收潜热。比潜热 L 是改变 1 kg 物质状态而不改变温度所需的能量。
Q = m L
Thermal energy can be transferred by conduction (in solids), convection (in fluids) and radiation (via electromagnetic waves, no medium needed).
热能可以通过热传导（固体）、对流（流体）和热辐射（通过电磁波，无需介质）传递。
5. Waves | 波
Waves transfer energy without transferring matter. Mechanical waves require a medium; electromagnetic waves do not.
波传递能量而不传递物质。机械波需要介质，电磁波无需介质。
Transverse waves have oscillations perpendicular to the direction of energy travel. Longitudinal waves have oscillations parallel to the direction of travel.
横波的振动方向与能量传播方向垂直。纵波的振动方向与传播方向平行。
The wave equation links speed, frequency and wavelength.
波速方程联系波速、频率和波长。
v = f λ
Reflection occurs when waves bounce off a surface, obeying the law of reflection (angle of incidence = angle of reflection).
反射发生时，波从表面弹回，遵循反射定律（入射角 = 反射角）。
Refraction arises when waves change speed as they cross a boundary, causing a change in direction unless the wave hits along the normal.
折射产生的原因是波越过边界时速度改变，若不以法线方向入射，传播方向会发生偏折。
Sound waves are longitudinal and require a medium. They are caused by vibrating objects and detected by our ears.
声波是纵波，需要介质，由振动体产生并由耳朵检测。
The electromagnetic spectrum ranges from radio waves to gamma rays, all travelling at 3.0 × 10⁸ m/s in a vacuum. Order: radio, microwave, infrared, visible (red to violet), ultraviolet, X‑rays, gamma rays.
电磁波谱从无线电波到伽马射线，在真空中都以 3.0 × 10⁸ m/s 传播。顺序：无线电波、微波、红外线、可见光（红到紫）、紫外线、X 射线、伽马射线。
6. Electricity and Magnetism | 电与磁
Electric current is the rate of flow of charge. In a metal wire, current is carried by electrons.
电流是电荷流动的速率。在金属导线中，电流由电子携带。
I = Q / t
Voltage (potential difference) is the energy transferred per unit charge.
电压（电势差）是每单位电荷转移的能量。
V = W / Q
Resistance slows down the flow of charge. Ohm’s law states that for many conductors, the current is directly proportional to the voltage across them at constant temperature.
电阻阻碍电荷的流动。欧姆定律指出，对于许多导体，在温度不变的条件下，电流与两端电压成正比。
V = I R
| Series circuit | 串联电路 |
| Current is the same everywhere | 各处电流相等 |
| Total resistance: Rₜ = R₁ + R₂ + … | 总电阻：Rₜ = R₁ + R₂ + … |
| Parallel circuit | 并联电路 |
| Current splits; branch currents add | 电流分流；支路电流相加 |
| 1/Rₜ = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + … | 1/Rₜ = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + … |
Electrical power can be expressed in three useful forms.
电功率可以用三种常用形式表示。
P = I V | P = I² R | P = V² / R
Magnets have north and south poles; unlike poles attract, like poles repel. An electromagnet is produced by passing a current through a coil, often with a soft iron core to strengthen the field.
磁铁有北极和南极，异极相吸、同极相斥。电磁铁是通过线圈通电产生的，常加入软铁芯以增强磁场。
7. Electromagnetic Effects | 电磁效应
A current‑carrying conductor in a magnetic field experiences a force (motor effect). Use Fleming’s left‑hand rule to predict the direction.
通电导体在磁场中会受到力（电动机效应）。可用弗莱明左手定则判断方向。
F = B I L
When a conductor moves through a magnetic field (or a field changes around a conductor), an e.m.f. is induced. This is electromagnetic induction.
当导体在磁场中运动（或导体周围的磁场变化）时，会产生感应电动势。这就是电磁感应。
A simple generator produces alternating current (a.c.) by rotating a coil in a magnetic field. The induced e.m.f. depends on the rate of cutting field lines.
简单发电机通过线圈在磁场中旋转产生交流电。感应电动势的大小取决于切割磁感线的速率。
Transformers change the size of an alternating voltage. The turns ratio determines the voltage change.
变压器可改变交流电压的大小。匝数比决定电压的变化。
Vₚ / Vₛ = Nₚ / Nₛ
For an ideal transformer, input power equals output power: Vₚ Iₚ = Vₛ Iₛ. Step‑up transformers increase voltage and decrease current; step‑down transformers do the opposite.
对于理想变压器，输入功率等于输出功率：Vₚ Iₚ = Vₛ Iₛ。升压变压器升高电压、减小电流；降压变压器则相反。
8. Atomic Physics | 原子物理
Atoms contain a tiny central nucleus of protons and neutrons surrounded by electrons in shells. Protons are positive, electrons negative, neutrons neutral.
原子含有一个极小的中心原子核（由质子和中子组成），核外电子分层排布。质子带正电，电子带负电，中子不带电。
Nuclide notation: mass number A = protons + neutrons, atomic number Z = protons.
核素符号：质量数 A = 质子数 + 中子数，原子序数 Z = 质子
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