📚 Year 11 CAIE Biology: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick-Memorization Guide | Year 11 CAIE 生物：词汇术语速记指南
In CAIE IGCSE Biology, a strong command of specialised vocabulary is the key to answering both theory and application questions with confidence. This guide provides quick-memorisation strategies, linking tricky terms to mnemonics, word roots, and everyday analogies so you can recall them effortlessly under exam pressure.
在 CAIE IGCSE 生物学中，扎实掌握专业词汇是自信回答理论和应用类题目的关键。本篇速记指南提供快速记忆策略，将难记的术语与助记符、词根和日常类比联系起来，帮助你在考试紧张状态下轻松回忆。
1. Cell Structure Vocabulary | 细胞结构术语速记
Cells are the basic building blocks of life. Understanding organelles begins with recognising what each part does. The nucleus stores DNA and acts like a command centre; the cell membrane is a selective gatekeeper; mitochondria are the powerhouses carrying out aerobic respiration; and ribosomes build proteins. Plant cells have additional features: chloroplasts absorb light for photosynthesis, a large permanent vacuole stores cell sap, and a rigid cell wall made of cellulose provides support.
细胞是生命的基本单位。理解细胞器从认识各部分功能开始。细胞核储存 DNA，如同指挥中心；细胞膜是选择性守门员；线粒体是有氧呼吸的“发电厂”；核糖体负责制造蛋白质。植物细胞还有额外结构：叶绿体吸收光进行光合作用，中央大液泡储存细胞液，而由纤维素构成的坚固细胞壁提供支撑。
Memorise ‘nucleus’ by linking it to ‘nucleic acid’. ‘Nucle’ appears in both, reminding you the nucleus contains DNA.
把 “nucleus” 与 “nucleic acid” 联系起来记忆。“nucle” 词根相同，暗示细胞核含有核酸。
For ‘mitochondrion’ (plural mitochondria), remember ‘Mighty Mitochondria’ because they release energy from glucose. The inner folded membrane is the site for ATP production.
对于“线粒体”，记住“Mighty Mitochondria（强大的线粒体）”，因为它们从葡萄糖释放能量。内部折叠的嵴是 ATP 生成的场所。
Recall ‘ribosome’ with ‘RIBO’ from ribonucleic acid and ‘SOME’ meaning body – a tiny body making proteins using RNA.
用“ribo”（核糖）和“some”（体）记忆核糖体，它是利用 RNA 制造蛋白质的小体。
| Term | Definition | 记忆技巧 |
|---|---|---|
| Nucleus | Contains chromosomes made of DNA; controls cell activités. | Nucle- = nucleic acid |
| Mitochondrion | Site of aerobic respiration, releasing energy. | Mighty Mitochondria |
| Ribosome | Site of protein synthesis. | RIBO + SOME = RNA body |
| Chloroplast | Contains chlorophyll; absorbs light for photosynthesis. | Chloro- = green, plast = particle |
| Vacuole | Large permanent sac in plant cells, storing cell sap. | Like a vacuum space |
When comparing animal and plant cells, remember ‘Both have cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria and ribosomes’ – often tested for common features.
比较动植物细胞时，记住“两者都有细胞膜、细胞核、细胞质、线粒体和核糖体”——常考的共同结构。
2. Biological Molecules | 生物分子词汇速记
Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids are organic molecules built from smaller units. Starch and glycogen are polysaccharides made of glucose units. Proteins are chains of amino acids, folded into specific shapes. Lipids (fats and oils) are composed of fatty acids and glycerol. Remember the simple formula: glucose → starch (in plants) or glycogen (in animals) for storage.
碳水化合物、蛋白质和脂质是由更小单元构成的有机分子。淀粉和糖原是葡萄糖单元组成的多糖。蛋白质是由氨基酸链折叠而成的特定形状。脂质（脂肪和油）由脂肪酸和甘油组成。记住简单公式：葡萄糖 → 淀粉（植物）或糖原（动物）用于储存。
To recall ‘polymer’, think ‘poly’ = many, ‘mer’ = parts; a polymer is a long chain of monomers. Starch is a polymer of glucose.
记忆“聚合物”：poly = 多，mer = 部分；聚合物是由单体组成的长链。淀粉就是葡萄糖的聚合物。
For the test for starch, iodine solution turns blue-black. Mnemonic: ‘Starch = iodine → black-blue’.
淀粉检验：碘液变蓝黑色。助记：“淀粉遇碘变蓝黑”。
Protein is tested with Biuret reagent, turning purple. Link: ‘Biuret purple’ sounds like ‘beautiful purple protein’.
蛋白质用双缩脲试剂检测，变为紫色。联想：“双缩脲紫色就是美丽的紫色蛋白质”。
Lipids show a translucent spot on filter paper: ‘Lipid = transparent grease spot’.
脂质在滤纸上呈现半透明斑点：“脂质 = 透明油斑”。
3. Enzymes | 酶术语速记
Enzymes are biological catalysts made of protein. They speed up reactions without being used up. The ‘lock-and-key’ model describes how a substrate fits into the enzyme’s active site. Factors affecting enzyme action include temperature, pH, and substrate concentration. Denaturation occurs when the active site shape is permanently changed by high temperature or extreme pH.
酶是由蛋白质构成的生物催化剂，能加速反应而自身不被消耗。“锁钥”模型描述底物如何与酶的活性部位结合。影响酶作用的因素包括温度、pH 和底物浓度。高温或极端 pH 会永久改变活性部位形状，导致变性。
Remember ‘substrate’ as the ‘substance’ that fits into the enzyme. Think of the enzyme as a glove and substrate as the hand.
把 “substrate” 记忆为进入酶的“物质”。想象酶是手套，底物是手。
‘Active site’ sounds like ‘active sight’ – the spot where the reaction happens. The shape must be complementary.
“Active site” 如同“活动的场所”——反应发生的位置，形状必须互补。
Denaturation: prefix ‘de-‘ means removal, and ‘nature’ means natural shape – the enzyme loses its natural shape and cannot function.
变性：前缀“de-”表示去除，“nature”表示天然形状——酶失去天然形状而无法工作。
4. Movement Across Membranes | 跨膜运输词汇速记
Diffusion is the net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration, down a concentration gradient. Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules through a partially permeable membrane. Active transport moves substances against the concentration gradient, requiring energy from ATP. Remember ‘Diffusion = Downhill’, ‘Osmosis = Only Water’, ‘Active = Against + ATP’.
扩散是粒子从高浓度区域向低浓度区域的净移动，顺浓度梯度进行。渗透是水分子通过部分透性膜的扩散。主动运输逆浓度梯度运输物质，需要 ATP 供能。记住“扩散 = 下坡”，“渗透 = 仅水”，“主动 = 逆梯度 + 需能”。
Link ‘osmosis’ to ‘OS’ for water (H₂O) and ‘mosis’ like movement. Osmosis is the special water movement.
把 “osmosis” 与水的符号 H₂O 联想，os- 可视为 O，强调水的移动。
In a plasmolysed plant cell, the membrane pulls away from the cell wall when water leaves by osmosis. Think ‘Plasmolyse = Pulls away’.
质壁分离的植物细胞中，水分因渗透离开时细胞膜与细胞壁分离。联想“plasmolyse”就像“拉开”。
Turgid cells are swollen with water; ‘turgid’ sounds like ‘turbo’ – full of pressure, providing support.
膨压细胞充满水而肿胀；“turgid” 听起来像“turbo”，充满压力提供支撑。
5. Nutrition & Digestion | 营养与消化术语
Ingestion is taking in food; digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble molecules into small soluble ones. Mechanical digestion involves chewing and churning, while chemical digestion uses enzymes. Absorption occurs in the small intestine, where villi increase surface area. Egestion is the removal of undigested waste as faeces. Do not confuse egestion with excretion.
摄食是摄入食物；消化是将大分子不溶性物质分解为小分子可溶性物质。物理消化包括咀嚼和搅拌，化学消化利用酶。吸收在小肠进行，绒毛增大了表面积。排遗是以粪便形式排出未消化的废物。不要混淆排遗和排泄。
Villus (plural villi) – think ‘villi’ rhymes with ‘silly hair’, because they are tiny finger-like projections absorbing nutrients.
绒毛：“villi” 读音像“silly hair”，它们是手指状微小突起，负责吸收营养。
Peristalsis is the wave-like muscle contraction pushing food along the gut. ‘Peri’ = around, ‘stalsis’ = contraction – like squeezing a tube of toothpaste.
蠕动是推动食物沿消化道移动的波浪状肌肉收缩。“peri”表示环绕，“stalsis”收缩——像挤牙膏一样。
Emulsification: bile breaks large fat globules into smaller droplets. Remember ‘Emulsify = make tiny drops’, increasing surface area for lipase.
乳化：胆汁将大脂肪球分解为小液滴。记住“乳化让脂肪滴变小”，为脂肪酶增加表面积。
6. Transport in Plants | 植物运输词汇
Xylem transports water and mineral ions from roots upwards; phloem transports sucrose and amino acids both upwards and downwards. Transpiration is the evaporation of water from leaf surfaces, creating a tension that pulls water up the xylem. Translocation is the movement of food substances in the phloem. Think ‘Xy goes high, Phlo flows to and fro’.
木质部将水和无机盐从根向上运输；韧皮部将蔗糖和氨基酸上下运输。蒸腾作用是水分从叶片表面蒸发，产生蒸腾拉力拉动木质部中的水上升。输导作用指韧皮部中物质的移动。记住“Xy 往高处，Phlo 双向流”。
‘Xylem’ begins with X, like ‘X-ray goes up through the body’ – water rises. ‘Phloem’ starts with Ph, like ‘photo’ – food from photosynthesis flows in all directions.
“Xylem”以 X 开头，像“X 光向上穿透身体”——水向上。“Phloem”以 Ph 开头，如“光合作用（photosynthesis）”——光合产物多方运输。
Stomata (singular stoma) are tiny pores for gas exchange. Associate ‘stoma’ with ‘stomach’ but on a leaf, open and close.
气孔是微小的气体交换孔。“stoma” 联想胃（stomach）类比为叶子上开合的小口。
7. Transport in Humans | 人体运输（循环系统）术语
The heart has four chambers: right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle. Remember ‘right pumps to lungs, left pumps to body’. Arteries carry blood away from the heart at high pressure; veins return blood at low pressure; capillaries are thin-walled for exchange. Valves prevent backflow.
心脏有四个腔室：右心房、右心室、左心房、左心室。记住“右侧泵向肺，左侧泵向全身”。动脉将血液以高压带离心脏；静脉低压将血液送回；毛细血管壁薄利于交换。瓣膜防止回流。
‘Artery’ sounds like ‘Arterial road’ – thick and muscular, carrying blood Away. ‘Vein’ sounds like ‘Vain’, carrying blood In.
“Artery” 像“动脉干道”，壁厚有弹性，将血液运走（Away）；“Vein” 联想“Vain”，将血液送回（in）。
Red blood cells contain haemoglobin, which binds oxygen. ‘Haem’ = blood, ‘globin’ = protein. Oxyhaemoglobin is formed in lungs.
红细胞含血红蛋白，能结合氧气。“Haem” = 血，“globin” = 蛋白。在肺部形成氧合血红蛋白。
White blood cells fight infection; lymphocytes produce antibodies, phagocytes engulf pathogens. ‘Phago’ = eat, ‘cyte’ = cell – eating cell.
白细胞抵抗感染；淋巴细胞产生抗体，吞噬细胞吞噬病原体。“Phago” = 吃，“cyte” = 细胞，即吞噬细胞。
8. Nervous System & Coordination | 神经系统与协调术语
A neurone is a nerve cell that transmits electrical impulses. The reflex arc is the pathway taken by an impulse to produce a rapid automatic response, bypassing the conscious brain. The synapse is a junction between neurones where transmitter chemicals diffuse across.
神经元是传递电冲动的神经细胞。反射弧是冲动产生快速自动反应所经过的路径，不经过大脑意识。突触是神经元之间的连接点，递质化学物质在此扩散传递。
‘Axon’ and ‘dendrite’: axon carries impulses away, dendrites receive. ‘Axon = Away’, ‘Dendrite = Detect’.
轴突传递冲动离开，树突接收信号。“Axon = Away（离开）”，“Dendrite = Detect（探测）”。
Synapse: the gap is very small; remember ‘Synapse = Send Across a Gap’.
突触：间隙很小；记住“Synapse = 跨间隙传递”。
Accommodation is the ability of the eye to focus on near and distant objects by changing the shape of the lens. ‘Ciliary muscle contracts for near objects – think ‘squeezing to see near’.
调节是眼睛通过改变晶状体形状对近处和远处物体聚焦的能力。“睫状肌收缩看近处”——想象挤压镜片看近物。
9. Reproduction | 生殖术语速记
Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote. Asexual reproduction produces genetically identical offspring from one parent. In flowering plants, pollination is the transfer of pollen from anther to stigma. Fertilisation leads to seed and fruit formation.
有性生殖涉及雄配子和雌配子融合形成受精卵。无性生殖由单一亲本产生遗传相同的后代。在开花植物中，传粉是花粉从花药转移到柱头的过程。受精后形成种子和果实。
‘Gamete’ has the same root as ‘gametes’ – think ‘game of two halves’ – male and female halves come together.
“Gamete”（配子）联想成“各半”，两半结合完成生命游戏。
‘Anther’ sounds like ‘antler’ – the male part where pollen is produced. ‘Stigma’ is sticky to catch pollen: ‘Stigma sticks’.
“Anther”（花药）像“鹿角”，是产生花粉的雄性部分。“Stigma”（柱头）具有粘性：柱头粘住花粉。
The human male gamete is the sperm; female is the ovum. Oviducts carry the ovum to the uterus. Implantation occurs when the embryo embeds into the uterus lining.
人类雄性配子是精子，雌性是卵子。输卵管将卵子输送到子宫。着床是胚胎植入子宫内膜的过程。
10. Genetics & Evolution | 遗传与进化词汇
A gene is a section of DNA coding for a protein. Alleles are different versions of the same gene. Dominant alleles are expressed even if only one copy is present; recessive alleles require two copies. Genotype is the genetic makeup; phenotype is the observable characteristics. Homozygous means having two identical alleles; heterozygous means having two different alleles.
基因是编码蛋白质的 DNA 片段。等位基因是同一基因的不同形式。显性等位基因即使只存在一个拷贝也会表达；隐性等位基因需要两个拷贝才能表达。基因型指基因组成；表现型指可观察的特征。纯合指具有两个相同等位基因，杂合指具有两个不同的等位基因。
Dominant ‘dominates’ the phenotype, like a dominant personality. Recessive ‘recedes’ – only seen when no dominant allele present.
显性“主宰”表现型，像强势性格。隐性“退缩”——没有显性等位基因时才显现。
Natural selection: individuals with advantageous alleles survive and reproduce, passing on those alleles. ‘Survival of the fittest’ means the best adapted survive.
自然选择：具有有利等位基因的个体存活并繁殖，将这些等位基因传递下去。“适者生存”意味着最适应环境的存活。
Mutation is a random change in DNA sequence. It is the source of new alleles and may be neutral, harmful, or beneficial.
突变是 DNA 序列的随机改变，它是新等位基因的来源，可能是中性、有害或有利的。
Use the phrase ‘Allele = Alternative version’ to never confuse it with gene.
用“Allele = 另类版本”决不会与基因混淆。
11. Ecology Terms for Quick Recall | 生态学术语速记
Ecosystem: a unit containing all organisms and their environment. Population: all organisms of one species in a habitat. Community: all populations in an area. Habitat: where an organism lives. Niche: the role of an organism. Food chains and webs show energy flow; arrows point in direction of energy transfer.
生态系统：包含所有生物及其环境的单位。种群：同一栖息地中同一物种的所有个体。群落：区域内所有种群。栖息地：生物居住的地方。生态位：生物的职能。食物链和食物网显示能量流动；箭头指向能量传递方向。
‘Niche’ rhymes with ‘niche’ (neesh), meaning ‘its own special place and job’. A predator hunts, prey is hunted.
“Niche” 读音类似“泥石”，代表“自己独特的地点和职责”。捕食者捕猎，猎物被捕食。
Biodiversity is the variety of living organisms. Use ‘Bio = life, diversity = variety’. High biodiversity improves ecosystem stability.
生物多样性是生物的多样性。“Bio”生命，“diversity”多样。高生物多样性增进生态系统稳定性。
Decomposers break down dead matter, recycling nutrients. ‘Decompose = break apart’. Bacteria and fungi are key decomposers.
分解者分解死物，循环营养。“Decompose”分解。细菌和真菌是关键分解者。
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