📚 Year 11 CAIE Engineering: Vocabulary Quick Memorisation Guide | 11年级CAIE工程：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the precise terminology of engineering is not just about passing the CAIE IGCSE exam – it is about learning to think and communicate like an engineer. Each word carries a specific technical meaning that helps you analyse problems, describe systems and justify design choices. This guide groups essential Year 11 engineering terms into thematic sections, offering concise definitions and bilingual explanations to speed up your memorisation.
掌握精准的工程术语不仅仅是为了通过CAIE IGCSE考试，更是为了学会像工程师一样思考与沟通。每个词语都承载着特定的技术含义，能够帮助你分析问题、描述系统以及论证设计决策。本指南将11年级工程核心术语按主题分组，提供简洁的定义与中英双解，帮助你快速记忆。
1. Materials and Properties | 材料与性能
Density (ρ): mass per unit volume of a material, normally expressed in kg/m³. A high density often indicates a heavy, compact structure.
密度 (ρ)：单位体积材料的质量，通常以kg/m³表示。高密度通常表明结构较沉重且致密。
Hardness: the ability of a material to resist indentation, scratching or surface deformation. Diamond is extremely hard, while lead is soft.
硬度：材料抵抗压痕、划痕或表面变形的能力。钻石极硬，而铅则很软。
Toughness: the capacity of a material to absorb energy and plastically deform without fracturing. Tough materials can withstand impact loads.
韧性：材料吸收能量并发生塑性变形而不致断裂的能力。韧性材料能承受冲击载荷。
Ductility: the extent to which a material can be drawn into a wire under tensile stress. Copper exhibits excellent ductility.
延展性：材料在拉伸应力下能被拉制成金属丝的程度。铜展现了极好的延展性。
Malleability: the ability of a substance to be hammered or rolled into thin sheets without cracking. Gold is highly malleable.
可锻性：物质在锤打或轧制下能变成薄片而不破裂的能力。金具有很高的可锻性。
2. Forces, Moments and Stress | 力、力矩与应力
Force (F): a push or pull acting on an object, measured in newtons (N). It can cause acceleration, deformation or a change in direction.
力 (F)：作用在物体上的推或拉，单位为牛顿 (N)。它能引起加速度、变形或方向改变。
Moment (Torque): the turning effect of a force about a pivot, calculated as force × perpendicular distance (N m). It is fundamental to levers and rotating systems.
力矩 (扭矩)：力绕轴心产生的转动效应，计算为力 × 垂直距离 (N m)。它是杠杆及旋转系统的基础。
Tensile stress: the internal force per unit cross‑sectional area experienced by a material being stretched, symbol σ, units N/m² or Pa.
拉应力：材料被拉伸时单位横截面积所受的内力，符号σ，单位N/m²或Pa。
Strain: the measure of deformation representing the displacement between particles in the material relative to a reference length. It has no units, often expressed as a percentage.
应变：衡量材料变形的量，表示材料内微粒相对于参考长度的位移。无量纲，通常以百分比表示。
Factor of safety: the ratio of the ultimate (failing) stress to the working stress, used to ensure that a component can support loads beyond the expected maximum safely.
安全系数：极限破坏应力与工作应力之比，用以确保部件能够安全地承受超过预期最大值的载荷。
3. Mechanisms and Motion | 机构与运动
Lever: a rigid bar pivoted on a fulcrum, used to amplify an input force to provide a greater output force. Three classes of lever exist, depending on the relative positions of load, effort and fulcrum.
杠杆：绕支点转动的刚性杆件，用于放大输入力以获得更大的输出力。根据载荷、施力点和支点的相对位置，可分为三类杠杆。
Gear ratio: the relationship between the number of teeth on two meshing gears, determining the output speed and torque relative to the input.
齿轮比：两个啮合齿轮齿数之间的关系，决定了输出转速和扭矩相对于输入的变化。
Pulley system: an assembly of wheels and ropes used to change the direction of a force and, with multiple pulleys, gain a mechanical advantage. A block and tackle is a common example.
滑轮系统：由滑轮和绳索组成的装置，用于改变力的方向，并通过多股滑轮获得机械效益。滑车组是常见的例子。
Crank and slider: a mechanism converting rotary motion into linear reciprocating motion (or vice versa). Found in engines and pumps.
曲柄滑块机构：将旋转运动转换为直线往复运动（或反之）的机构，常见于发动机和泵中。
Mechanical advantage (MA): the ratio of output force to input force for a mechanism. An MA greater than 1 means the mechanism amplifies the applied force.
机械效益 (MA)：机构输出力与输入力之比。MA 大于 1 表示该机构放大了所施加的力。
4. Manufacturing Processes | 制造工艺
Casting: pouring molten metal into a mould where it solidifies into the desired shape. Sand casting and die casting are common variants.
铸造：将熔融金属浇注到模具中，使其凝固成所需形状的工艺。砂型铸造和压铸是常见的变体。
Forging: shaping metal using compressive forces, often with a hammer or press, while the material is hot. It improves grain structure and strength.
锻造：在材料处于高温状态时，用锤或压力机施加压缩力使金属成形的工艺。它能改善晶粒结构并提高强度。
Turning (lathe work): a machining process in which a cutting tool removes material from a rotating workpiece to create cylindrical parts.
车削（车床加工）：一种利用切削刀具从旋转的工件上去除材料，以制造圆柱形零件的加工工艺。
Milling: a machining process using rotating multi‑point cutters to remove material from a stationary workpiece, capable of producing flat surfaces, slots and complex shapes.
铣削：使用旋转多刃刀具从固定工件上去除材料的加工工艺，可加工平面、槽和复杂形状。
Welding: a fabrication process that joins materials, usually metals, by causing fusion with heat and sometimes pressure, often with a filler material.
焊接：通过加热和有时加压，使材料（通常是金属）熔合，并常使用填充材料将它们连接在一起的制造工艺。
5. Electronic Components and Circuits | 电子元器件与电路
Resistor: a passive electrical component that opposes current flow, providing a precise resistance measured in ohms (Ω). Ohm’s law (V = IR) relates voltage, current and resistance.
电阻器：一种阻碍电流流动的无源电子元件，提供精确的电阻值，单位为欧姆 (Ω)。欧姆定律 (V = IR) 描述了电压、电流与电阻之间的关系。
Capacitor: a component that stores electric charge and energy in an electric field, characterised by capacitance (farads). It blocks DC but passes AC, used for smoothing and timing.
电容器：一种能在电场中储存电荷和能量的元件，以电容（法拉）为其特征。它隔断直流但允许交流通过，常用于滤波和定时。
Diode: a semiconductor device that allows current to flow in one direction only. LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes) emit light when forward biased.
二极管：一种只允许电流单向导通的半导体器件。发光二极管 (LED) 在正向偏置时会发光。
Transistor: a semiconductor component used as a switch or amplifier. A small current at the base can control a much larger current between collector and emitter.
晶体管：一种用作开关或放大器的半导体器件。基极的小电流可以控制集电极与发射极之间大得多的电流。
Potential divider: a circuit with two or more resistors in series, providing a fraction of the input voltage at the junction. Used widely in sensor circuits.
分压器：由两个或更多串联电阻组成的电路，能在连接点提供输入电压的一部分。广泛用于传感器电路。
6. Engineering Drawing and Standards | 工程图与标准
Orthographic projection: a method of representing a 3D object in two dimensions using multiple views (usually front, top and side). Each view is aligned with the others.
正投影：一种使用多个视图（通常为正视图、俯视图和侧视图）将三维物体表现在二维平面上的方法，各视图相互对正。
Dimensioning: the process of adding sizes, distances and angles to a drawing. Dimensions must be clear, accurate and conform to international standards.
尺寸标注：在图纸上添加尺寸、距离和角度的过程。尺寸必须清晰、准确并符合国际标准。
Tolerance: the permissible limit of variation in a physical dimension. A tight tolerance ensures parts fit together correctly during assembly.
公差：物理尺寸所允许的偏差极限。严格的公差能确保零件在装配时正确配合。
Scale: the ratio of the size of a drawn object to its actual size. For example, a 1:2 scale means the drawing is half the real dimensions.
比例：绘图对象的尺寸与实物尺寸之比。例如，1:2 的比例表示图纸尺寸为实际尺寸的一半。
CAD (Computer Aided Design): the use of computer software to create, modify and optimise 2D or 3D designs. It improves precision and speeds up iterative changes.
CAD (计算机辅助设计)：使用计算机软件创建、修改和优化二维或三维设计。它提高了精度并加快了设计迭代。
7. Energy, Power and Efficiency | 能量、功率与效率
Work done (W): the energy transferred when a force moves an object over a distance, calculated as W = F × d (J). It is measured in joules.
做功 (W)：一个力使物体移动一段距离时所传递的能量，计算为 W = F × d (J)，单位为焦耳。
Power (P): the rate at which work is done or energy converted, expressed as P = W/t (W), where 1 watt equals 1 joule per second.
功率 (P)：做功或转换能量的速率，表示为 P = W/t (W)，1瓦特等于1焦耳每秒。
Velocity ratio (VR): the ratio of the distance moved by the effort to the distance moved by the load in a mechanism. It is purely geometric and independent of friction.
速比 (VR)：在机构中，施力点移动的距离与负载移动的距离之比。它纯粹由几何关系决定，与摩擦无关。
Efficiency (η): the ratio of useful work output to total work input, usually expressed as a percentage: η = (MA / VR) × 100%. Real machines are always less than 100% efficient due to friction.
效率 (η)：有用输出功与总输入功之比，通常表示为百分比：η = (MA / VR) × 100%。由于摩擦，实际机器的效率始终低于100%。
Kinetic energy: the energy possessed by a body due to its motion, given by ½mv². Heavier or faster objects carry more kinetic energy.
动能：物体由于运动而具有的能量，公式为 ½mv²。更重或更快的物体具有更大的动能。
8. Systems, Control and Safety | 系统、控制与安全
Open‑loop system: a control system in which the output has no influence on the input. It follows a fixed sequence without automatic adjustment, e.g. a simple toaster.
开环系统：一种输出对输入没有影响的控制系统，其按照固定顺序运行而不进行自动调节，例如简单的烤面包机。
Closed‑loop (feedback) system: a system that monitors its output, compares it with the desired value and makes automatic corrections. A thermostat‑controlled heater is a classic example.
闭环（反馈）系统：一种能够监测输出、将其与期望值比较并自动进行校正的系统。恒温控制的加热器是典型例子。
Sensor: a device that detects a physical quantity (such as temperature, light or pressure) and converts it into a signal that can be read by an observer or instrument.
传感器：一种检测物理量（如温度、光线或压力）并将其转换为可供观测者或仪表读取的信号的装置。
Actuator: a component that converts an input signal (often electrical) into a physical action, such as a motor, solenoid or hydraulic cylinder.
执行器：将输入信号（通常为电信号）转换为物理动作的部件，例如电机、螺线管或液压缸。
Risk assessment: the systematic process of identifying hazards, evaluating the likelihood and severity of harm, and implementing control measures to reduce risk to an acceptable level.
风险评估：识别危险、评估伤害发生的可能性及严重程度，并实施控制措施将风险降至可接受水平的系统过程。
Published by TutorHao | Engineering Revision Series | aleveler.com
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