Year 11 CAIE Physical Education: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference | Year 11 CAIE 体育：公式定理速查手册

📚 Year 11 CAIE Physical Education: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference | Year 11 CAIE 体育：公式定理速查手册

This quick-reference handbook summarises all essential formulas, equations, and theorems required for the CAIE IGCSE Physical Education syllabus. Use it to reinforce your theoretical knowledge and boost exam performance.

本速查手册总结了 CAIE IGCSE 体育课程要求的所有核心公式、方程和定理。用它巩固理论知识，在考试中取得更好成绩。

1. Cardiovascular Formulas | 心血管公式

The maximum heart rate (MHR) is estimated using the simple formula: MHR = 220 minus age (in years). This gives the upper limit of heart rate during maximal exercise.

最大心率 (MHR) 用简单公式估算：MHR = 220 减去年龄（岁）。这代表极限运动时心率的理论上限。

MHR = 220 – age

To calculate a training heart rate zone with greater accuracy, use the Karvonen formula: Target HR = ((MHR – RHR) × % intensity) + RHR, where RHR is resting heart rate.

要更精确地计算训练心率区，可使用卡沃宁公式：目标心率 = ((MHR – RHR) × 强度百分比) + RHR，其中 RHR 为静息心率。

Target HR = [(MHR – RHR) × % intensity] + RHR

Cardiac output (Q) is the volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute: Q = Stroke Volume (SV) × Heart Rate (HR). Stroke volume is the amount of blood ejected per beat.

心输出量 (Q) 是心脏每分钟泵出的血量：Q = 每搏输出量 (SV) × 心率 (HR)。每搏输出量是每搏射出的血量。

Q = SV × HR

2. Respiratory Measurements & Equations | 呼吸系统测量与方程

Minute ventilation (VE) is the volume of air inhaled or exhaled in one minute: VE = Tidal Volume (TV) × Breathing Rate (f). TV is the volume per breath, and f is breaths per minute.

每分通气量 (VE) 是一分钟吸入或呼出的气体量：VE = 潮气量 (TV) × 呼吸频率 (f)。TV 是每次呼吸的气量，f 为每分钟呼吸次数。

VE (L/min) = TV (L) × f (breaths/min)

A decrease in tidal volume must be compensated by an increase in breathing frequency to maintain adequate oxygen delivery during exercise.

运动时潮气量若下降，必须通过呼吸频率的增加来代偿，以保证氧气供应充足。

3. Energy System Equations | 能量系统方程

Aerobic respiration uses oxygen to break down glucose completely, providing sustained energy: C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + Energy (ATP). This system dominates in prolonged, lower-intensity activities.

有氧呼吸利用氧气完全分解葡萄糖，提供持续能量：C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + 能量 (ATP)。该系统在长时间低强度运动中占主导。

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + Energy

Anaerobic glycolysis (lactic acid system) breaks down glucose without oxygen, producing energy quickly: C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₃H₆O₃ + Energy (ATP). This fuels high-intensity efforts lasting 10–90 seconds.

无氧糖酵解（乳酸系统）在无氧条件下分解葡萄糖，快速产能：C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₃H₆O₃ + 能量 (ATP)。该系统为持续10–90秒的高强度运动供能。

C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₃H₆O₃ + Energy

The ATP-PC system provides immediate energy through the breakdown of phosphocreatine: Phosphocreatine → Phosphate + Creatine + Energy. This replenishes ATP for explosive movements lasting up to 10 seconds.

ATP-PC 系统通过磷酸肌酸的分解提供即时能量：磷酸肌酸 → 磷酸 + 肌酸 + 能量。这为持续最多10秒的爆发性动作再合成 ATP。

Phosphocreatine → Phosphate + Creatine + Energy

4. Linear Motion Formulas | 直线运动公式

Speed (v) is the rate of change of distance: v = d ÷ t, where d is distance travelled and t is time taken. It is a scalar quantity measured in m/s.

速度 (v) 是距离的变化率：v = d ÷ t，其中 d 是移动距离，t 是所用时间。它是标量，单位为 m/s。

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