Year 11 Cambridge French: Quick Reference Formula & Rulebook | 剑桥IGCSE法语:公式定理速查手册

📚 Year 11 Cambridge French: Quick Reference Formula & Rulebook | 剑桥IGCSE法语:公式定理速查手册

Welcome to your essential IGCSE French grammar formula booklet. Just like maths has its theorems, French has its own set of reliable structural “formulas” that unlock correct sentence building, verb conjugation, and accurate writing. Whether you are revising for Paper 4 (Writing) or sharpening your accuracy for the speaking exam, these formulas will help you internalize the key patterns tested at Year 11 Cambridge level. Each section presents a concise rule in formula form, followed by examples and tips to avoid common pitfalls.

欢迎使用你的IGCSE法语语法公式手册。就像数学有定理一样,法语也有一套可靠的“公式”,可以帮助你正确构建句子、变化动词和准确书写。无论你是在备考卷四(写作),还是为口语考试提高准确性,这些公式都能帮你内化剑桥Year 11阶段考核的核心句型。每个部分都以公式的形式总结一条规则,并配有示例和避免常见错误的提示。

1. Present Tense Formula: –ER Verbs | 现在时公式:以–ER结尾的动词

The largest group of French verbs follows a regular –ER pattern. Remove the –ER and add the present tense endings: –e, –es, –e, –ons, –ez, –ent. The formula is: STEM + ENDING.

最大的一组法语动词遵循以–ER结尾的规则变化。去掉–ER,加上现在时词尾:–e, –es, –e, –ons, –ez, –ent。公式为:词干 + 词尾

  • je parle (I speak / 我说) – parler → parl– + –e
  • tu parles (you speak / 你说)
  • il/elle parle (he/she speaks / 他/她说)
  • nous parlons (we speak / 我们说)
  • vous parlez (you speak / 您/你们说)
  • ils/elles parlent (they speak / 他们说)

Pronunciation tip: the –ent ending is silent, so parlent sounds identical to parle and parles. This helps you focus on the spoken stem.

发音提示:词尾–ent不发音,因此parlent与parle、parles发音相同。这有助于你在口语中专注于词干的发音。


2. Past Tense Formula: Passé Composé with Avoir | 过去时公式:以avoir为助动词的复合过去时

To express a completed action in the past, use the formula: AVOIR (present) + PAST PARTICIPLE. Most verbs form the past participle by replacing –ER with –é, –IR with –i, and –RE with –u.

要表达一个已完成的动作,使用公式:avoir (现在时) + 过去分词。大多数动词的过去分词形式为:–ER结尾改为–é,–IR结尾改为–i,–RE结尾改为–u。

  • j’ai parlé (I spoke / 我说了) – parler → parl + é
  • tu as fini (you finished / 你完成了) – finir → fin + i
  • il a vendu (he sold / 他卖了) – vendre → vend + u
  • nous avons choisi (we chose / 我们选择了)
  • vous avez attendu (you waited / 您/你们等了)

For être verbs (DR & MRS VANDERTRAMP), use ÊTRE + PAST PARTICIPLE, and the participle agrees with the subject: elle est allée, ils sont partis.

对于用être作助动词的动词(DR & MRS VANDERTRAMP),使用être + 过去分词,且分词要与主语性数一致:elle est allée, ils sont partis。


3. Near Future Formula: Aller + Infinitive | 最近将来时公式:aller + 动词原形

To talk about what is going to happen, use the formula: ALLER (present) + INFINITIVE. This is the most straightforward way to express future plans and is extremely common in spoken French.

要谈论即将发生的事,使用公式:aller (现在时) + 动词原形。这是表达将来计划最直接的方式,在法语口语中极为常用。

  • je vais manger (I am going to eat / 我要去吃饭)
  • tu vas étudier (you are going to study / 你要去学习)
  • on va visiter (we are going to visit / 我们要去参观)
  • ils vont arriver (they are going to arrive / 他们要到了)

Note: the infinitive remains unchanged, which makes this formula very easy to apply once you know the present tense of aller.

注意:动词原形保持不变,所以只要掌握了aller的现在时,这个公式很容易使用。


4. Imperfect Tense Formula: Background & Habitual Past | 未完成过去时公式:背景与习惯性过去

Use the formula: NOUS form of present tense (minus –ons) + IMPERFECT ENDINGS (–ais, –ais, –ait, –ions, –iez, –aient). This tense describes ongoing states, weather, time, and repeated actions in the past.

使用公式:现在时nous形式(去掉–ons)+ 未完成过去时词尾(–ais, –ais, –ait, –ions, –iez, –aient)。这个时态用于描述过去的持续状态、天气、时间和重复动作。

  • je parlais (I was speaking / 我那时在说话) – nous parlons → parl– + ais
  • tu finissais (you were finishing / 你那时在完成)
  • il pleuvait (it was raining / 当时在下雨)
  • nous allions (we used to go / 我们过去常去)

The only exception: être has an irregular stem ét– (j’étais, tu étais, il était…).

唯一的例外是:être的词干不规则,为ét–(j’étais, tu étais, il était…)。


5. Negation Formula: Ne … Pas & Variants | 否定公式:ne … pas 及其变体

The basic negation sandwich places the conjugated verb between ne and pas. If the verb begins with a vowel, ne becomes n’. In the passé composé, the ne…pas wraps around the auxiliary verb.

基本的否定结构将变位动词夹在nepas之间。如果动词以元音开头,ne变为n’。在复合过去时中,ne…pas包围助动词。

Affirmative / 肯定 Negation / 否定
je parle je ne parle pas
il a fini il n’a pas fini
nous allons nous n’allons pas

Other negations include ne…jamais (never), ne…rien (nothing), ne…plus (no longer), ne…que (only). Note: the second word replaces pas.

其他否定结构包括:ne…jamais(从不), ne…rien(没有什么), ne…plus(不再), ne…que(仅仅)。注意:这些词会替换掉pas。


6. Question Formulas: Inversion & Est-ce Que | 疑问句公式:倒装与est-ce que

There are three main question formulas in French. Formula 1: EST-CE QUE + STATEMENT. Formula 2: INVERSION (verb–subject hyphenated). Formula 3: intonation (statement with rising pitch).

法语的疑问句主要有三种公式。公式1:est-ce que + 陈述句。公式2:倒装(动词-主语用连字符连接)。公式3:语调(陈述句尾音上扬)。

  • Est-ce que tu aimes le sport ? (Do you like sport? / 你喜欢运动吗?)
  • Aimes-tu le sport ? (Do you like sport? – inversion / 倒装形式)
  • Tu aimes le sport ? (rising intonation / 上扬语调)

Inversion often adds a –t– between third-person singular verbs ending in a vowel and il/elle/on: Parle-t-il français ? A-t-elle un chien ?

倒装时,如果动词以元音结尾且主语为il/elle/on,常常插入一个–t–:Parle-t-il français ? A-t-elle un chien ?


7. Pronoun Placement Formula: One Verb & Two Verbs | 代词位置公式:单一动词与双动词结构

In a simple tense, object pronouns (me, te, le, la, nous, vous, les) go immediately before the conjugated verb. In an infinitive construction, they go before the infinitive.

在简单时态中,宾语代词(me, te, le, la, nous, vous, les)紧靠在变位动词之前。在有动词原形的结构中,代词放在动词原形之前。

Structure / 结构 Example / 示例
single verb / 单一动词 Je le vois. (I see him/it / 我看见他/它)
infinitive / 动词原形 Je vais le faire. (I am going to do it / 我要去做)
passé composé / 复合过去时 Je l’ai vu. (I saw him/it / 我看见过)

Double object pronoun order: me/te/se/nous/vous → le/la/les → lui/leur → y → en before the verb. Example: Je le lui donne. (I give it to him / 我把它给他)。

双宾语代词顺序:me/te/se/nous/vous → le/la/les → lui/leur → y → en,放在动词之前。例如:Je le lui donne.


8. Comparative and Superlative Formulas | 比较级与最高级公式

To compare qualities, use plus/moins/aussi + ADJECTIVE + que. For quantities, use plus de / moins de / autant de + NOUN + que.

比较品质时,使用plus/moins/aussi + 形容词 + que。比较数量时,使用plus de / moins de / autant de + 名词 + que

  • Marie est plus grande que Luc. (Marie is taller than Luc / 玛丽比吕克高)
  • J’ai moins de livres que toi. (I have fewer books than you / 我的书比你的少)
  • Il court aussi vite que moi. (He runs as fast as me / 他跑得和我一样快)

The superlative takes le/la/les plus/moins + ADJECTIVE, often followed by de. Example: C’est la plus belle ville de France. (It’s the most beautiful city in France / 这是法国最美的城市)。

最高级使用le/la/les plus/moins + 形容词,后面常跟de。例如:C’est la plus belle ville de France.


9. Adjective Agreement Formula | 形容词配合公式

Most adjectives add –e for feminine and –s for plural. The formula: MASCULINE STEM + ending according to gender and number. Irregular adjectives must be memorised.

大多数形容词在阴性时加–e,复数时加–s。公式:阳性词干 + 根据性数变化的词尾。不规则的形容词需要单独记忆。

Masculine / 阳性 Feminine / 阴性 Masculine plural / 阳性复数 Feminine plural / 阴性复数
petit petite petits petites
bon bonne bons bonnes
heureux heureuse heureux heureuses

Position: most adjectives go after the noun, but a small group (beauty, age, goodness, size – BAGS) comes before: une belle maison, un vieux château, une bonne idée, une grande ville.

位置:多数形容词放在名词之后,但一小部分(表示美丑、年龄、好坏、大小 – BAGS)放在名词之前:une belle maison, un vieux château, une bonne idée, une grande ville。


10. Si Clauses: Conditional & Future Formulas | si 从句:条件式与将来时的搭配公式

Si clauses follow strict tense sequences. Formula 1 (likely condition): si + present → future. Formula 2 (hypothetical): si + imperfect → conditional. Formula 3 (past regret): si + pluperfect → past conditional.

si 从句遵循严格的时态搭配。公式1(可能实现的条件):si + 现在时 → 将来时。公式2(假设性条件):si + 未完成过去时 → 条件式现在时。公式3(对过去的遗憾):si + 愈过去时 → 条件式过去时

  • Si j’ai du temps, je t’aiderai. (If I have time, I will help you / 如果我有时间,我会帮你)
  • Si j’avais de l’argent, j’achèterais une voiture. (If I had money, I would buy a car / 如果我有钱,我就买辆车)
  • Si j’avais su, je serais venu. (If I had known, I would have come / 如果我当时知道,我就来了)

In formal writing, remember that the conditional and future are never used in the si clause itself. This formula prevents a very common IGCSE error.

在正式写作中,si从句本身绝不能使用条件式或将来时。这个公式能避免IGCSE考试中一个非常常见的错误。


11. Subjunctive Trigger Formula: QUE + Subjunctive | 虚拟式触发公式:que + 虚拟式

The subjunctive mood is required after certain expressions of emotion, doubt, necessity, and desire, always introduced by que. Formula: TRIGGER EXPRESSION + que + SUBJUNCTIVE. To form the present subjunctive, take the ils/elles form of the present tense, remove –ent, add endings: –e, –es, –e, –ions, –iez, –ent.

在表达情感、怀疑、必要性和愿望的某些短语后,需要使用虚拟式,总是由que引导。公式:触发短语 + que + 虚拟式。构成现在虚拟式的方法是:取现在时第三人称复数ils/elles形式,去掉–ent,加上词尾:–e, –es, –e, –ions, –iez, –ent。

  • Il faut que tu fasses attention. (You must be careful / 你必须小心)
  • Je suis content qu’elle vienne. (I’m happy that she is coming / 我很高兴她来了)
  • Bien que ce soit difficile… (Although it is difficult… / 尽管很难…)

Common triggers: il faut que, pour que, bien que, à condition que, vouloir que, douter que. At IGCSE, recognising and using a few subjunctive clauses can boost your grade.

常见触发词:il faut que, pour que, bien que, à condition que, vouloir que, douter que。在IGCSE考试中,能识别并使用一些虚拟式从句会让你得分更高。


12. The Relative Pronoun Formula: Qui, Que, Dont, Où | 关系代词公式:qui, que, dont, où

Choose the relative pronoun based on its grammatical function in the relative clause. Qui = subject; Que = direct object; Dont = object of de; = time or place.

根据关系代词在从句中的语法功能选择。 Qui = 主语; Que = 直接宾语; Dont = de的宾语; = 时间或地点。

Pronoun / 代词 Function / 功能 Example / 示例
qui subject / 主语 La fille qui parle est ma sœur. (The girl who is speaking is my sister / 正在说话的女孩是我妹妹)
que direct object / 直接宾语 Le livre que j’ai acheté est intéressant. (The book that I bought is interesting / 我买的书很有趣)
dont object of de / de的宾语 Le film dont tu parles est célèbre. (The film you are talking about is famous / 你提到的电影很有名)
time or place / 时间地点 La ville où je suis né est belle. (The town where I was born is beautiful / 我出生的城市很美)

Remember: que becomes qu’ before a vowel, and the verb after qui agrees with its subject. Mastering these four pronouns will make your writing much more coherent.

记住:que在元音前变成qu’,qui后面的动词要与主语一致。掌握这四个代词能大大提升你写作的连贯性。

Published by TutorHao | French Revision Series | aleveler.com

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