📚 Year 11 Eduqas Physics: Core Knowledge Checklist | Year 11 Eduqas 物理：核心知识点梳理
This article is your ultimate revision checklist for Year 11 Eduqas GCSE Physics. It covers every major topic, from energy stores to space physics, with concise explanations and must-know equations. Use it to test your recall and spot any gaps before your exams.
本文是专为 Year 11 Eduqas GCSE 物理设计的终极复习清单。涵盖从能量储存到空间物理的每一个重要专题，附有简洁的解释和必背方程。用它来检验自己的记忆，找出所有知识漏洞，为考试做好充分准备。
1. Energy Stores and Transfers | 能量储存与转移
A system has energy stored in various forms: kinetic, gravitational potential, elastic potential, thermal, and chemical. Energy can be transferred between these stores by heating, by doing work, or by radiation. The total energy in a closed system always remains constant.
一个系统可以以多种形式储存能量：动能、重力势能、弹性势能、内能（热）和化学能。能量可以通过加热、做功或辐射在不同储存之间转移。封闭系统中的总能量永远保持不变。
Kinetic energy is given by Ek = ½ m v². Gravitational potential energy change is ΔEp = m g Δh, where g is the gravitational field strength on Earth (9.8 N/kg, often rounded to 10 N/kg for estimation).
动能计算公式为 Ek = ½ m v²。重力势能变化量为 ΔEp = m g Δh，其中 g 是地球表面的引力场强（9.8 N/kg，估算时常取 10 N/kg）。
Ek = ½ m v² ΔEp = m g Δh
Power is the rate of energy transfer: P = E ÷ t. Efficiency is the ratio of useful output energy to total input energy, and it can never exceed 100%.
功率是能量转移的速率：P = E ÷ t。效率是指有用输出能量与总输入能量的比值，永远不可能超过 100%。
P = E / t efficiency = (useful output) / (total input)
2. Electricity: Circuits and Components | 电学：电路与元件
Electric current is the flow of charge. The size of the current is the rate of flow of charge: Q = I t. Potential difference (voltage) is the energy transferred per unit charge.
电流是电荷的流动。电流的大小等于电荷流动的速率：Q = I t。电势差（电压）是每单位电荷转移的能量。
Q = I t V = W ÷ Q
Ohm’s law states that for a resistor at constant temperature, V = I R. In a series circuit, current is the same everywhere, and the total resistance is Rtotal = R₁ + R₂ + … In a parallel circuit, the potential difference across each branch is the same, and total current splits between branches.
欧姆定律指出，在温度不变的条件下，对于电阻，V = I R。串联电路中各处的电流相等，总电阻为 R总 = R₁ + R₂ + …。并联电路中各支路两端的电压相等，总电流在各支路间分配。
V = I R Rtotal = R₁ + R₂ (series)
Electrical power can be expressed in several ways: P = I V, P = I² R, and P = V² ÷ R. The energy transferred by an appliance is E = P t = I V t. Components such as thermistors (resistance decreases with temperature) and LDRs (resistance decreases with light intensity) are often used in sensor circuits.
电功率有多种表达形式：P = I V、P = I² R 以及 P = V² ÷ R。用电器消耗的能量为 E = P t = I V t。热敏电阻（阻值随温度升高而减小）和光敏电阻 LDR（阻值随光照强度增大而减小）等元件常用于传感器电路。
3. Particle Model of Matter | 物质的粒子模型
Density is mass per unit volume: ρ = m / V. Changes of state (melting, boiling, condensing, freezing) are physical changes where mass is conserved, but the arrangement and spacing of particles differ between solids, liquids and gases.
密度是单位体积的质量：ρ = m / V。状态变化（熔化、沸腾、冷凝、凝固）属于物理变化，质量守恒，但粒子在固体、液体和气体中的排列方式和间距不同。
ρ = m / V
The internal energy of a system is the total kinetic and potential energy of its particles. Heating raises this internal energy either by raising the temperature or by causing a change of state. Specific heat capacity tells us the energy needed to raise 1 kg of a substance by 1 °C: ΔE = m c Δθ.
系统的内能是组成它的所有粒子的动能与势能之和。加热可以通过升高温度或引发状态变化来增加内能。比热容表示将 1 kg 物质升高 1 °C 所需的能量：ΔE = m c Δθ。
ΔE = m c Δθ
During a change of state, the temperature stays constant. The energy required is calculated using specific latent heat: E = m L. Latent heat of fusion is for melting/freezing, and latent heat of vaporisation is for boiling/condensing.
状态变化过程中，温度保持不变。所需的能量用比潜热计算：E = m L。熔化/凝固对应的比潜热称为熔化潜热，沸腾/冷凝对应的称为汽化潜热。
E = m L
4. Atomic Structure and Radioactivity | 原子结构与放射性
Atoms consist of a tiny, positively charged nucleus surrounded by electrons. The nucleus contains protons and neutrons. Isotopes of an element have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
原子由一个极小的带正电的原子核以及绕核运动的电子组成。原子核包含质子和中子。一种元素的同位素具有相同的质子数，但中子数不同。
Some isotopes are unstable and decay by emitting radiation. Alpha particles (α) are helium nuclei, highly ionising but stopped by a few cm of air or a sheet of paper. Beta particles (β) are fast electrons, moderately ionising, stopped by a few mm of aluminium. Gamma rays (γ) are electromagnetic waves, weakly ionising but highly penetrating, reduced by thick lead or concrete.
某些同位素不稳定，会通过发出辐射衰变。α 粒子是氦原子核，电离能力很强，但能被几厘米空气或一张纸挡住。β 粒子是高速电子，电离能力中等，几毫米铝片即可阻挡。γ 射线是电磁波，电离能力弱但穿透力极强，需要厚铅板或混凝土才能阻挡。
Radioactive decay is random and measured by activity (becquerels). Half-life is the time for the activity of a sample to halve. Nuclear equations must balance mass number and atomic number.
放射性衰变是随机的，用活度（贝克勒尔）衡量。半衰期是指样品的活度减半所需的时间。核方程必须满足质量数和原子序数的守恒。
Nuclear fission is the splitting of a heavy nucleus, releasing energy; nuclear fusion is the joining of light nuclei. Fusion requires very high temperatures and is the process that powers the Sun.
核裂变是一个重原子核分裂，释放能量；核聚变是轻原子核结合。聚变需要极高的温度，是太阳的能量来源。
5. Forces and Motion | 力与运动
Forces can be contact forces or non-contact forces (gravity, magnetism, electrostatic). A force can change an object’s shape, speed, or direction. Newton’s second law states that resultant force = mass × acceleration: F = m a.
力可以分为接触力和非接触力（如引力、磁力、静电力）。力可以改变物体的形状、速度或方向。牛顿第二定律指出，合力 = 质量 × 加速度：F = m a。
F = m a W = m g
Momentum is the product of mass and velocity: p = m v. In a closed system, total momentum before an event equals total momentum afterwards – the principle of conservation of momentum.
动量等于质量与速度的乘积：p = m v。在封闭系统中，事件前的总动量等于事件后的总动量——这就是动量守恒定律。
p = m v total p before = total p after
Work done equates to energy transferred: W = F s. The stopping distance of a vehicle is the sum of thinking distance and braking distance. Thinking distance is affected by reaction time; braking distance increases with speed and is influenced by road conditions and tyre grip.
功等于转移的能量：W = F s。车辆的停车距离等于反应距离与制动距离之和。反应距离受反应时间影响；制动距离随车速增大而增大，并且受路面条件和轮胎抓地力的影响。
W = F s sstop = sthink + sbrake
6. Waves: Properties and Behaviour | 波的性质与行为
Waves transfer energy without transferring matter. In transverse waves (e.g. light, seismic S-waves), oscillations are perpendicular to the direction of travel. In longitudinal waves (e.g. sound, seismic P-waves), oscillations are parallel to the direction of travel.
波传递能量而不传递物质。在横波（如光、地震 S 波）中，振动方向与传播方向垂直。在纵波（如声、地震 P 波）中，振动方向与传播方向平行。
The wave equation links speed, frequency, and wavelength: v = f λ. Frequency is measured in hertz (Hz). The amplitude of a wave is linked to the energy it carries.
波速、频率和波长之间的关系由波动方程给出：v = f λ。频率以赫兹 (Hz) 为单位。波的振幅与其携带的能量有关。
v = f λ
The electromagnetic spectrum, in order of increasing frequency and decreasing wavelength, is: radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays. Each region has specific uses and hazards – for example, radio waves for communication, X-rays for medical imaging, and gamma rays for sterilising equipment.
电磁波谱按频率递增（波长递减）的顺序排列为：无线电波、微波、红外线、可见光、紫外线、X 射线和 γ 射线。每个波段都有特定的用途和危害——例如，无线电波用于通信，X 射线用于医学成像，γ 射线用于设备消毒。
When waves meet a boundary, they can be reflected, refracted, or absorbed. The law of reflection states that angle of incidence = angle of refraction? Wait, reflection: angle i = angle r. Refraction is described by Snell’s law. Use n = sin i / sin r.
当波遇到界面时，可能发生反射、折射或吸收。反射定律指出，入射角等于反射角。折射由斯涅耳定律描述，折射率 n = sin i / sin r。
angle i = angle r n = sin i / sin r
7. Magnetism and Electromagnetism | 磁学与电磁学
A magnetic field exists around a magnet. The field lines go from north to south. An electromagnet is created when current flows through a coil of wire; its strength can be increased by increasing the current or adding an iron core.
磁体周围存在磁场。磁感线从北极指向南极。当电流通过线圈时，就形成了一个电磁铁；增大电流或加入铁芯都可以增强其磁场强度。
The motor effect describes the force experienced by a current-carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field. Fleming’s left-hand rule predicts the direction of force, magnetic field, and current. The force size depends on F = B I L (where B is magnetic flux density).
电动机效应描述了通电导体在磁场中受到的力。弗莱明左手定则可以判断力、磁场和电流的方向。力的大小取决于 F = B I L（B 为磁通量密度）。
F = B I L
Electromagnetic induction: when a conductor cuts magnetic field lines, a potential difference is induced. This is the generator effect and is the principle behind dynamos and alternators. The size of the induced p.d. increases with the speed of movement and strength of the magnetic field.
电磁感应：当导体切割磁感线时，会产生感应电动势。这就是发电机效应，也是直流发电机和交流发电机的基本原理。感应电动势的大小随切割速度和磁场强度的增大而增大。
Transformers change the size of an alternating voltage. For an ideal transformer, Vₚ / Vₛ = Nₚ / Nₛ and Pₚ = Pₛ, so Iₚ Vₚ = Iₛ Vₛ. They are essential for the national grid, where high voltages are used to minimise energy lost as heat in transmission lines.
变压器可以改变交流电压的大小。对于理想变压器，Vₚ / Vₛ = Nₚ / Nₛ，且 Pₚ = Pₛ，因此 Iₚ Vₚ = Iₛ Vₛ。变压器在国家电网中至关重要，因为利用高电压输电能够最大限度减少导线发热造成的能量损失。
Vₚ / Vₛ = Nₚ / Nₛ Iₚ Vₚ = Iₛ Vₛ
8. Space Physics | 空间物理
The Solar System contains the Sun, planets, dwarf planets, moons, asteroids, and comets. The force of gravity provides the centripetal force that keeps planets and satellites in orbit. A stable orbit requires the object to move at just the right speed.
太阳系包括太阳、行星、矮行星、卫星、小行星和彗星。引力提供了使行星和卫星保持在轨运动的向心力。稳定的轨道要求天体具有恰当的速度。
Stars form from clouds of gas and dust (nebulae) that collapse under gravity. Fusion of hydrogen into helium in the core releases vast amounts of energy. The life cycle of a star depends on its mass; more massive stars may end as supernovae and become neutron stars or black holes, while stars like our Sun become red giants and finally white dwarfs.
恒星由气体与尘埃云（星云）在引力作用下坍缩形成。核心中氢聚变为氦的过程释放巨大能量。恒星的寿命周期取决于它的质量；大质量恒星可能变成超新星并形成中子星或黑洞，而像太阳这样的恒星会变成红巨星，最终成为白矮星。
Observations of distant galaxies show a redshift in their light, meaning the wavelengths are stretched. This indicates that galaxies are moving away from us. The redshift supports the Big Bang theory, which states that the Universe began from a very hot, dense point and has been expanding ever since.
对遥远星系的观测显示它们发出的光发生了红移，即波长被拉长。这表明星系正在远离我们。红移证据支持了大爆炸理论，该理论认为宇宙起源于一个极热、极密的奇点，此后一直在膨胀。
The relationship between the recessional velocity of a galaxy and its distance is given by Hubble’s law: v = H₀ d, where H₀ is the Hubble constant. Cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) is another key piece of evidence for the Big Bang.
星系退行速度与其距离之间的关系由哈勃定律描述：v = H₀ d，其中 H₀ 是哈勃常数。宇宙微波背景辐射 (CMBR) 是支持大爆炸理论的另一项关键证据。
v = H₀ d z = Δλ / λ₀
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