Year 11 OCR French: Quick Reference Grammar Handbook | Year 11 OCR 法语：公式定理速查手册

📚 Year 11 OCR French: Quick Reference Grammar Handbook | Year 11 OCR 法语：公式定理速查手册

In mathematics and science, formulas and theorems provide the essential patterns for solving problems. For Year 11 OCR French, the ‘formulas’ are the reliable grammar rules that let you construct accurate sentences, conjugate verbs correctly, and manipulate word order. This handbook gathers the most important structures you need for the Reading, Writing, Listening and Speaking exams – all presented as concise ‘formula–theorem’ pairs so you can revise and check them quickly.

在数学和科学中，公式定理提供了解决问题的基本模式。对于 Year 11 OCR 法语来说，“公式”就是那些让你能准确造句、正确变位和掌控语序的可靠语法规则。这本手册整理了你为阅读、写作、听力和口语考试所需的最重要结构，全部以简洁的“公式—定理”形式呈现，方便你快速复习和查阅。

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1. Present Tense – Regular ‑er Verbs | 现在时——规则 ‑er 动词

Formula: Remove ‑er → add endings ‑e, ‑es, ‑e, ‑ons, ‑ez, ‑ent.

公式：去掉 ‑er → 加上词尾 ‑e, ‑es, ‑e, ‑ons, ‑ez, ‑ent。

Example / 例子: parler → je parle, tu parles, il/elle parle, nous parlons, vous parlez, ils/elles parlent.

Theorem: Over 80% of French verbs follow this pattern; once you master the ‑er endings, you can produce the present tense for the vast majority of verbs.

定理：超过 80% 的法语动词遵循这个模式；一旦掌握 ‑er 结尾的规律，你就能造出绝大多数动词的现在时。

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2. Present Tense – Regular ‑ir and ‑re Verbs | 现在时——规则 ‑ir 和 ‑re 动词

Formula (‑ir): Remove ‑ir → add ‑is, ‑is, ‑it, ‑issons, ‑issez, ‑issent. Formula (‑re): Remove ‑re → add ‑s, ‑s, —, ‑ons, ‑ez, ‑ent.

公式 (‑ir)：去掉 ‑ir → 加上 ‑is, ‑is, ‑it, ‑issons, ‑issez, ‑issent。公式 (‑re)：去掉 ‑re → 加上 ‑s, ‑s, —, ‑ons, ‑ez, ‑ent。

Examples: finir → je finis, tu finis, il finit, nous finissons, vous finissez, ils finissent. vendre → je vends, tu vends, il vend, nous vendons, vous vendez, ils vendent.

Theorem: These two smaller families function like ‘minor formulas’ — they follow fixed patterns but each verb group has only a handful of irregular members.

定理：这两类较小的动词群体如同“次要公式”——它们遵循固定模式，但每组只有少数不规则成员。

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3. Core Irregular Verbs: Être, Avoir, Aller, Faire | 核心不规则动词：être, avoir, aller, faire

Formula: No single formula — learn as four distinct patterns.

公式：无单一公式——作为四个独立模式记背。

Verb	je	tu	il/elle	nous	vous	ils/elles
être	suis	es	est	sommes	êtes	sont
avoir	ai	as	a	avons	avez	ont
aller	vais	vas	va	allons	allez	vont
faire	fais	fais	fait	faisons	faites	font

Theorem: These four verbs act as ‘axioms’ — they are the building blocks for compound tenses (avoir/être), the near future (aller + infinitive), and countless fixed expressions (faire).

定理：这四个动词如同“公理”——它们是复合时态（avoir/être）、最近将来时（aller + 不定式）及无数固定表达（faire）的构成基石。

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4. Reflexive Verbs in the Present Tense | 现在时的代词式动词

Formula: Reflexive pronoun + conjugated verb. Pronouns: me, te, se, nous, vous, se. Place the pronoun before the verb: je me lave, tu te laves, il se lave, etc.

公式： 自反代词 + 变位动词。代词：me, te, se, nous, vous, se。将代词置于动词之前：je me lave, tu te laves, il se lave 等。

In the negative: ne + reflexive pronoun + verb + pas → je ne me lève pas.

Theorem: Always make the reflexive pronoun agree with the subject. In the infinitive form after another verb, the pronoun stays with the infinitive: je vais me coucher.

定理：始终让自反代词与主语保持一致。当不定式跟在另一个动词后面时，代词随不定式：je vais me coucher。

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5. The Near Future (Futur Proche) | 最近将来时

Formula: Present tense of aller + infinitive of the main verb.

公式： aller 的现在时 + 主动词的不定式。

Example: Je vais manger (I am going to eat), nous allons partir (we are going to leave).

Theorem: This is the most reliable way to express a future event, especially in speaking and informal writing. It works for every single verb — no exceptions.

定理：这是表达将来事件最可靠的方式，尤其在口语和非正式书面语中。它适用于每一个动词——无一例外。

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6. The Perfect Tense (Passé Composé) with Avoir | 以 avoir 为助动词的复合过去时

Formula: Present tense of avoir + past participle of the main verb.

公式： avoir 的现在时 + 主动词的过去分词。

Past participle endings: ‑er → ‑é (mangé), ‑ir → ‑i (fini), ‑re → ‑u (vendu). Agreement rule: No agreement with the subject when using avoir, UNLESS a direct object comes before the verb.

Theorem: The perfect tense is the default past tense for completed actions. The past participle never changes to agree with the subject in avoir constructions — except when a preceding direct object (me, te, le, la, les, que) forces agreement. Example: Les pommes que j’ai mangées (feminine plural because que refers to les pommes and comes before the verb).

定理：复合过去时是表达已完成动作的默认过去时态。在使用 avoir 的结构中，过去分词从不与主语性数配合——除非有一个直接宾语提前（me, te, le, la, les, que）强制配合。例：Les pommes que j’ai mangées（阴性复数，因为 que 指代 les pommes 且位于动词之前）。

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7. The Perfect Tense with Être – ‘Dr & Mrs Vandertramp’ Verbs | 以 être 为助动词的复合过去时——’Dr & Mrs Vandertramp’ 动词

Formula: Present tense of être + past participle. The participle agrees in gender and number with the subject (add ‑e for feminine, ‑s for masculine plural, ‑es for feminine plural).

公式： être 的现在时 + 过去分词。过去分词与主语在性和数上配合（阴性加 ‑e，阳性复数加 ‑s，阴性复数加 ‑es）。

Key verbs: devenir, revenir, monter, rester, sortir, venir, aller, naître, descendre, entrer, rentrer, tomber, retourner, arriver, mourir, partir (and passer when used intransitively).

Theorem: These ‘movement and change-of-state’ verbs form their perfect with être; the past participle then behaves like an adjective agreeing with the subject. Reflexive verbs also use être. Example: Elle est allée (she went), nous sommes partis (we left, masculine or mixed group).

定理：这些表示“位移或状态变化”的动词用 être 构成复合过去时；此时过去分词像形容词一样与主语性数配合。自反动词同样使用 être。例：Elle est allée（她去了），nous sommes partis（我们离开了，阳性或混合群体）。

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8. The Imperfect Tense – Background and Habit | 未完成过去时——背景描写与习惯

Formula: Start with the nous form of the present tense → remove ‑ons → add endings: ‑ais, ‑ais, ‑ait, ‑ions, ‑iez, ‑aient.

公式：以现在时 nous 的形式为出发点 → 去掉 ‑ons → 加上词尾：‑ais, ‑ais, ‑ait, ‑ions, ‑iez, ‑aient。

Example: nous parl‑ons → je parlais, tu parlais, il parlait, nous parlions, vous parliez, ils parlaient. The only exception: être uses stem ét‑ (j’étais).

Theorem: The imperfect describes what was happening, used to happen, or a state in the past. When telling a story, it sets the scene, while the perfect tense marks the events that advance the plot.

定理：未完成过去时描述过去正在发生的事、过去习惯做的事或过去的状态。讲故事时，它提供背景描写，而复合过去时标记推进情节的事件。

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9. The Simple Future (Futur Simple) – Regular Stems | 简单将来时——规则词干

Formula: Infinitive of the verb (minus the final ‑e for ‑re verbs) + endings: ‑ai, ‑as, ‑a, ‑ons, ‑ez, ‑ont.

公式：动词不定式（‑re 动词去尾 ‑e）+ 词尾：‑ai, ‑as, ‑a, ‑ons, ‑ez, ‑ont。

Examples: je parlerai (I will speak), tu finiras (you will finish), il vendra (he will sell). For verbs like acheter or appeler, keep the spelling change throughout: j’achèterai, nous achèterons.

Theorem: The simple future is essentially the infinitive with avoir endings glued on. It is one of the most regular tenses once you learn the handful of irregular stems (être → ser‑, avoir → aur‑, aller → ir‑, faire → fer‑, etc.).

定理：简单将来时本质上是在不定式后附上 avoir 的现在时词尾。一旦记下少数几个不规则词干（être → ser‑，avoir → aur‑，aller → ir‑，faire → fer‑ 等），它便成为最规则的时态之一。

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10. The Conditional Mood – ‘Would’ in French | 条件式——法语的“would”

Formula: Use the same stem as the simple future + imperfect endings: ‑ais, ‑ais, ‑ait, ‑ions, ‑iez, ‑aient.

公式：使用与简单将来时相同的词干 + 未完成过去时的词尾：‑ais, ‑ais, ‑ait, ‑ions, ‑iez, ‑aient。

Examples: je voudrais (I would like), tu pourrais (you could), nous aimerions (we would like). The conditional of polite requests is frequently tested: Je voudrais un café, s’il vous plaît.

Theorem: The conditional is a ‘future-in-the-past’ form. In ‘si’ clauses, it partners with the imperfect: Si j’avais de l’argent, j’achèterais une voiture (If I had money, I would buy a car).

定理：条件式是“过去的将来”。在 si 从句中，它与未完成过去时搭配使用：Si j’avais de l’argent, j’achèterais une voiture（如果我有钱，我会买辆车）。

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11. Object Pronouns – Order and Placement | 宾语代词——顺序与位置

Formula: When more than one pronoun appears, the order is:
 me/te/se/nous/vous → le/la/les → lui/leur → y → en
(except in the affirmative imperative, where the order changes and pronouns are attached with hyphens).

公式：当出现多个代词时，顺序为：
 me/te/se/nous/vous → le/la/les → lui/leur → y → en
（在肯定命令式中除外，此时顺序变化且代词用连字符附着）。

Example / 例子：Je le lui donne (I give it to him/her). Affirmative imperative: Donne‑le‑moi !

Theorem: French object pronouns follow a strict, fixed order. Mastering this sequence eliminates word-order errors in both writing and speaking, especially in the Role‑play and Photo card tasks.

定理：法语宾语代词遵循严格固定的顺序。掌握顺序能消除写作和口语中的语序错误，尤其在角色扮演和图片卡任务中。

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12. Adjective Agreement and Position | 形容词的配合与位置

Formula: Add ‑e for the feminine, ‑s for the masculine plural, ‑es for the feminine plural. Most descriptive adjectives follow the noun, but a common handful precede it: beau, bon, grand, gros, haut, jeune, joli, mauvais, nouveau, petit, vieux (BAGS adjectives).

公式：阴性加 ‑e，阳性复数加 ‑s，阴性复数加 ‑es。多数描述性形容词放在名词之后，但少数常用形容词前置：beau, bon, grand, gros, haut, jeune, joli, mauvais, nouveau, petit, vieux（BAGS 形容词）。

Example / 例子：une belle maison blanche (a beautiful white house — belle before, blanche after; both agree in feminine).

Theorem: Every adjective must agree with the noun it describes in gender and number. Position depends on specific meaning; as an OCR candidate you can keep most adjectives after the noun and only memorize the BAGS list for correct placement.

定理：每个形容词都必须在性和数上与其修饰的名词配合。位置取决于特定含义；作为 OCR 考生，你可以将大多数形容词放在名词之后，仅记住 BAGS 列表以确保正确前置。

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13. The Subjunctive – Formation and Triggers | 虚拟式——构成与触发语

Formula: For regular verbs, take the ils/elles form of the present tense → remove ‑ent → add endings: ‑e, ‑es, ‑e, ‑ions, ‑iez, ‑ent. Irregular verbs: être → soit series, avoir → ait series, aller → aille series, faire → fasse series.

公式：对规则动词，取现在时 ils/elles 形式 → 去掉 ‑ent → 加上词尾：‑e, ‑es, ‑e, ‑ions, ‑iez, ‑ent。不规则动词：être → soit 系列，avoir → ait 系列，aller → aille 系列，faire → fasse 系列。

Trigger expressions: Il faut que, bien que, pour que, avant que, vouloir que, je ne pense pas que, etc. Use the indicative after croire que or penser que when affirmative, subjunctive when negative/interrogative.

Theorem: The subjunctive is needed when the main clause expresses necessity, doubt, emotion, or a wish about something in the subordinate clause. For the OCR exam, recognising these triggers and applying the formation rules guarantees top marks in the writing and translation tasks.

定理：当主句表达必要性、怀疑、情感或愿望并涉及从句内容时，需要使用虚拟式。在 OCR 考试中，识别这些触发语并应用构成规则，可确保在写作和翻译任务中获得高分。

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