📚 Year 11 SQA Computing Science: Vocabulary Quick-Memorisation Guide | Year 11 SQA 计算机：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the terminology in SQA Computing Science is half the battle won. This guide pairs key terms with simple definitions and memory tricks, giving you both the English and Chinese equivalents to help bilingual learners retain vocabulary faster and more effectively.
掌握 SQA 计算机科学中的术语是成功的一半。本指南将核心术语与简明定义以及记忆技巧配对，提供中英双语对照，帮助双语学习者更快、更有效地记忆词汇。
1. Computational Thinking Concepts | 计算思维概念
Abstraction – picking out the important details and ignoring irrelevant complexity. Memory aid: think of a ‘filter’ that removes noise.
抽象——提取重要细节，忽略无关的复杂性。记忆法：想象一个去除噪音的”过滤器”。
Decomposition – breaking a problem down into smaller, manageable parts. Memory aid: ‘decompose’ like breaking a chocolate bar into squares.
分解——将问题拆解为更小、可管理的部分。记忆法：”拆分”就像把巧克力掰成小块。
Pattern Recognition – finding similarities or trends in problems. Memory aid: spotting the same shape in a puzzle.
模式识别——发现问题中的相似之处或趋势。记忆法：如同在拼图中找出相同形状。
Algorithmic Thinking – creating a step-by-step solution. Memory aid: think of a recipe with ordered steps.
算法思维——设计分步解决方案。记忆法：想象一份按顺序执行的食谱。
2. Data Types and Variables | 数据类型与变量
Integer – a whole number, e.g. 5 or -3. Shortcut: ‘int’ means whole.
整型——一个整数，例如5或-3。简记：”int”即完整。
Real / Float – a number with a decimal point, e.g. 3.14. Think: ‘real’ world measurements are rarely whole.
实型/浮点型——带有小数点的数字，如3.14。记忆：现实中的测量值很少是整数。
Boolean – a true or false value, named after George Boole. Only two options, like a light switch.
布尔型——只有真或假的值，以乔治·布尔命名。像电灯开关，只有两种状态。
Character – a single letter, digit or symbol. String is a sequence of characters. ‘Char’ is one, ‘String’ is many.
字符——单个字母、数字或符号。字符串是字符的序列。”Char”是单个，”String”是多个。
Variable – a named storage location whose value can change. Analogy: a labeled box that you can swap contents.
变量——命名的存储位置，其值可以改变。类比：贴有标签的盒子，可以更换内容。
3. Arrays and Records | 数组与记录
Array – a data structure that stores multiple items of the same type under one name, accessed by an index starting from 0. Mnemonic: a row of numbered lockers.
数组——使用同一个名称存储多个相同类型数据的数据结构，通过从0开始的索引访问。记忆：一排带编号的储物柜。
Index / Subscript – the position number used to access an array element. First element is at index 0 in most languages.
索引/下标——用于访问数组元素的位置编号。在多数语言中，第一个元素的索引为0。
Record – a structure that groups related data of different types. A student record might hold name (string), age (integer) and GPA (real). Think of a paper form with named fields.
记录——将不同类型的相关数据组合在一起的结构。一条学生记录可能包含姓名（字符串）、年龄（整型）和GPA（实数）。联想一张有字段名的纸质表格。
Field – a single piece of data within a record. Each field has a name and a data type.
字段——记录中的一项数据。每个字段都有名称和数据类型。
4. Selection (Conditionals) | 选择结构（条件判断）
IF statement – executes a block of code only when a condition is true. Analogy: “If it rains, take an umbrella.”
IF语句——仅当条件为真时执行一段代码。类比：”如果下雨，就带伞。”
ELSE – the branch taken when the IF condition is false. A two-way decision.
ELSE——当IF条件为假时执行的分支。形成双向选择。
ELSE IF / elif – allows multiple alternative conditions. Streamlines complex decisions.
ELSE IF/elif——允许多个备选条件，使复杂决策更简洁。
CASE / SWITCH – selects one block from many based on a variable’s value. Easier to read than many IFs when checking a single variable.
CASE/SWITCH——根据变量的值从多个选项中选择一个代码块。当检查单个变量时比多层IF更易读。
Relational operators – symbols like ==, !=, <, >, <=, >= used to compare values.
关系运算符——用于比较值的符号，如==、!=、<、>、<=、>=。
5. Iteration (Loops) | 迭代（循环）
Fixed loop (FOR) – repeats a set number of times. Usually uses a counter variable. Mnemonic: “For 5 times, do this.”
固定循环 (FOR)——重复执行指定次数。通常使用计数器变量。记忆：”重复5次，执行此操作。”
Conditional loop (WHILE) – repeats as long as a condition remains true. The condition is tested before each iteration. Mnemonic: “While the road is straight, keep driving.”
条件循环 (WHILE)——只要条件为真就重复执行。每次循环前测试条件。记忆：”当道路笔直时，继续前进。”
Infinite loop – a loop that never ends because the exit condition is never met. Often an error; always check your condition.
无限循环——因退出条件永远无法满足而永不终止的循环。通常是错误；务必检查条件。
Counter – a variable that tracks how many times a loop has run.
计数器——记录循环已执行次数的变量。
6. Algorithms and Pseudocode | 算法与伪代码
Pseudocode – a plain-language description of an algorithm that uses structural conventions but ignores syntax of a specific language. It bridges human logic and code.
伪代码——用结构化约定但忽略具体语言语法、以简明语言描述算法的表达方式，是逻辑与代码之间的桥梁。
Flowchart – a diagram showing steps as shapes (ovals for start/end, diamonds for decisions, rectangles for processes) connected by arrows.
流程图——用形状（起止为椭圆、判断为菱形、过程为矩形）和箭头表示步骤的图示。
Input validation – checking that data entered meets required criteria before processing. Prevents garbage in, garbage out.
输入验证——在处理前检查输入数据是否符合要求，防止”垃圾进，垃圾出”。
Linear search – examines each item in a list one by one until a match is found. Simple but slow on large data sets.
线性搜索——逐个检查列表中的每一项直到找到匹配项。简单但在大数据集上速度慢。
7. Database and SQL | 数据库与SQL
Database – an organised collection of structured data, typically stored in tables. Think of a digital filing cabinet.
数据库——有组织的结构化数据集合，通常以表格形式存储。想象一个数字文件柜。
Table – consists of rows (records) and columns (fields). Every table has a name.
表——由行（记录）和列（字段）组成。每个表都有一个名称。
Primary key – a field that uniquely identifies each record. No two records can share the same primary key value.
主键——唯一标识每条记录的字段。任何两条记录都不能有相同的主键值。
Foreign key – a field that links one table to the primary key of another. Creates relationships between tables.
外键——将一个表中的字段与另一个表的主键关联的字段，用于建立表间关系。
SQL – Structured Query Language. Key clauses: SELECT specifies columns, FROM the table, WHERE filters rows, and ORDER BY sorts output.
SQL——结构化查询语言。关键子句：SELECT指定列，FROM指定表，WHERE过滤行，ORDER BY排序输出。
8. Web Technologies (HTML/CSS) | 网页技术（HTML/CSS）
HTML – HyperText Markup Language. Uses tags (e.g. <p>) to structure content. Tags are the skeleton of a webpage.
HTML——超文本标记语言，使用标签（如<p>）构建内容结构。标签是网页的骨架。
Element – the combination of an opening tag, content, and a closing tag. A whole paragraph element: <p>Hello</p>.
元素——由开始标签、内容和结束标签组成的整体。例如完整的段落元素：<p>Hello</p>。
Attribute – provides additional information inside an opening tag, e.g. href in a link or src in an image.
属性——在开始标签内提供额外信息，如链接中的href或图像中的src。
CSS – Cascading Style Sheets. Controls presentation: colours, fonts, layout. A separate file avoids repeating styles.
CSS——层叠样式表，控制外观：颜色、字体、布局。独立文件可避免重复样式。
Selector – the part of a CSS rule that targets HTML elements. A class selector begins with a dot, an ID selector with a hash.
选择器——CSS规则中定位HTML元素的部分。类选择器以点开头，ID选择器以井号开头。
9. Computer Systems and Binary | 计算机系统与二进制
CPU – Central Processing Unit. The ‘brain’ of the computer, consisting of ALU (arithmetic logic unit), control unit, and registers.
CPU——中央处理器。计算机的”大脑”，由ALU（算术逻辑单元）、控制单元和寄存器组成。
RAM – Random Access Memory. Volatile, fast main memory that holds data and programs currently in use. Contents lost when power off.
RAM——随机存取存储器。易失性高速主存，存放当前正在使用的数据和程序，断电后内容丢失。
ROM – Read Only Memory. Non-volatile, stores firmware and boot instructions. Always retains data.
ROM——只读存储器。非易失性，存储固件和启动指令，数据永久保留。
Cache – small, high-speed memory close to the CPU that stores frequently accessed instructions. Acts like a quick-access shelf.
缓存——靠近CPU的小容量高速存储器，存放常用指令，如同快速取用架。
Binary – base‑2 number system using only 0 and 1. Bit is a single binary digit; a byte is 8 bits. Denary (base‑10) is our everyday system.
二进制——只使用0和1的基数为2的数制。位是单个二进制数字；一个字节等于8位。十进制（基数为10）是我们的日常数制。
Example: 1010₂ = (1×2³)+(0×2²)+(1×2¹)+(0×2⁰) = 10₁₀
ASCII / Unicode – character encoding standards. ASCII uses 7 or 8 bits per character (128 or 256 symbols); Unicode supports global scripts including Chinese.
ASCII/Unicode——字符编码标准。ASCII每个字符用7或8位（128或256个符号）；Unicode支持包括中文在内的全球文字。
10. Security, Ethics, and Testing | 安全、伦理与测试
Encryption – scrambling data so that only authorised parties with a key can read it. Protects confidentiality during transmission.
加密——打乱数据，使得只有拥有密钥的授权方才能读取，在传输过程中保护机密性。
Firewall – a barrier that monitors and filters incoming/outgoing network traffic based on security rules. Like a security guard checking passes.
防火墙——根据安全规则监控和过滤进出网络流量的屏障，如同检查通行证的保安。
Phishing – a scam using fake emails or messages to trick people into revealing personal information. Mnemonic: ‘fishing’ for data with bait.
钓鱼攻击——利用虚假电子邮件或消息诱骗用户泄露个人信息的骗局。记忆：用诱饵”钓取”数据。
Acceptable Use Policy (AUP) – a set of rules defining what is allowed on an organisation’s network. Often signed by users.
可接受使用策略 (AUP)——定义组织网络上允许行为的一套规则，通常由用户签署同意。
Testing – ensures a program works correctly. Test data categories: normal (expected), extreme (boundary values), and exceptional (invalid inputs).
测试——确保程序正确运行。测试数据类别：正常（预期值）、边界（临界值）和异常（无效输入）。
Published by TutorHao | Computing Revision Series | aleveler.com
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