📚 Year 12 AQA Physical Education: Quick Vocabulary & Terminology Guide | AQA 体育词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to the essential vocabulary guide for Year 12 AQA Physical Education. This resource breaks down the key terms across anatomy, physiology, biomechanics, skill acquisition, sport psychology, and sport & society, giving you clear definitions and bilingual Chinese explanations. Mastering these concepts is your first step toward high marks in both the written papers and the non-exam assessment.
欢迎阅读AQA体育学科Year 12核心词汇速记指南。本指南覆盖了解剖学、生理学、生物力学、技能习得、运动心理学以及体育与社会等模块的关键术语，每条都配有清晰的中英文释义。掌握这些概念是你在笔试和非考试评估中取得高分的第一步。
1. Skeletal System & Joint Actions | 骨骼系统与关节动作
The skeletal system provides the framework for movement. Key terms include articulation (the point where two bones meet), synovial joint (a freely movable joint containing synovial fluid), and plane of movement (sagittal, frontal, transverse). Joint actions such as flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, circumduction, plantar flexion and dorsiflexion describe the direction of movement at a joint.
骨骼系统为运动提供了框架。关键术语包括关节（两块骨头的连接点）、滑膜关节（含有滑液的可自由活动关节）以及运动平面（矢状面、额状面、水平面）。关节动作如屈、伸、外展、内收、旋转、环转、跖屈和背屈，描述了在关节处的运动方向。
- Pronation – inward rolling of the foot; Supination – outward rolling. | 旋前——脚向内翻转；旋后——脚向外翻转。
- Lateral flexion – bending sideways at the spine. | 侧屈——脊柱向侧面弯曲。
2. Muscular System & Contraction Types | 肌肉系统与收缩类型
Understanding muscle roles is crucial. An agonist (prime mover) creates the movement, while an antagonist relaxes to allow the movement. A fixator stabilises the origin of the agonist, and a synergist helps refine the movement. Muscle contractions are classified as isotonic (concentric – muscle shortens under tension; eccentric – muscle lengthens under tension) and isometric (length remains constant while tension develops).
理解肌肉角色至关重要。主动肌（原动肌）产生动作，而拮抗肌放松以允许动作发生。固定肌稳定主动肌的起点，协同肌帮助优化动作。肌肉收缩分为等张收缩（向心收缩——肌肉在张力下缩短；离心收缩——肌肉在张力下伸长）和等长收缩（肌肉长度不变但产生张力）。
A common exam point is the all-or-none law: once a motor unit is stimulated, all its muscle fibres contract fully. Also be familiar with slow-twitch (type I) and fast-twitch (type IIa and IIx) fibre characteristics.
考试中常见全或无定律：一旦运动单位被激活，其所有肌纤维就会完全收缩。还要熟悉慢肌纤维（I型）和快肌纤维（IIa型和IIx型）的特征。
3. Cardiovascular System & Blood Flow | 心血管系统与血流
The heart’s conduction system includes the sinoatrial node (SA node), atrioventricular node (AV node), bundle of His, and Purkinje fibres, ensuring coordinated contraction. Key haemodynamics terms are heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (Q) (Q = HR × SV), venous return, and blood pressure. The vascular shunt mechanism redistributes blood during exercise via vasodilation and vasoconstriction.
心脏的传导系统包括窦房结（SA结）、房室结（AV结）、希氏束和浦肯野纤维，确保协调收缩。关键的血液动力学术语有心率（HR）、每搏输出量（SV）、心输出量（Q）（Q = HR × SV）、静脉回流量和血压。血管分流机制在运动中通过血管舒张和血管收缩重新分配血流。
Bradycardia is a resting heart rate below 60 bpm, often found in endurance athletes. Cardiac hypertrophy is the enlargement of the heart muscle due to training. Remember a-vO2 difference: the amount of oxygen extracted by the working muscles from the blood.
心动过缓是指静息心率低于60次/分，常见于耐力运动员。心肌肥大是训练导致的心肌增厚。记住动静脉氧差：工作肌肉从血液中提取的氧气量。
4. Respiratory System & Gaseous Exchange | 呼吸系统与气体交换
Key lung volumes include tidal volume (air breathed in/out per breath), vital capacity (maximum air exhaled after maximum inhalation), residual volume (air left in lungs after maximal exhalation), and minute ventilation (VE) (VE = tidal volume × breathing frequency). Diffusion at the alveoli and muscle capillaries relies on partial pressure gradients of O2 and CO2.
关键肺容量包括潮气量（每次呼吸吸入/呼出的空气量）、肺活量（最大吸气后最大呼出的空气量）、余气量（最大呼气后肺部残留的空气量）和每分通气量（VE）（VE = 潮气量 × 呼吸频率）。肺泡和肌肉毛细血管处的扩散依赖氧气和二氧化碳的分压差。
Haemoglobin carries oxygen; its affinity is affected by temperature, pH (Bohr effect), and CO2 levels. Myoglobin stores oxygen in muscle. The neural and chemical control of breathing involves the medulla oblongata, chemoreceptors, and proprioceptors.
血红蛋白携带氧气；其亲和力受温度、pH值（波尔效应）和二氧化碳水平的影响。肌红蛋白在肌肉中储存氧气。呼吸的神经和化学控制涉及延髓、化学感受器和本体感受器。
5. Biomechanical Principles & Movement Analysis | 生物力学原理与动作分析
Biomechanics applies Newton’s laws. Law of inertia: a body stays at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by an external force. Law of acceleration: force = mass × acceleration (F = ma). Law of reaction: for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. Important quantities: velocity (displacement/time), momentum (mass × velocity), acceleration (change in velocity/time), and force (measured in Newtons).
生物力学应用牛顿定律。惯性定律：物体保持静止或匀速直线运动，除非有外力作用。加速度定律：力 = 质量 × 加速度（F = ma）。反作用定律：每个作用力都有一个大小相等、方向相反的反作用力。重要物理量：速度（位移/时间）、动量（质量 × 速度）、加速度（速度变化量/时间）和力（单位为牛顿）。
Centre of mass is the point where weight is evenly distributed. Stability depends on mass, base of support, height of centre of mass, and line of gravity. Levers in the body are classified as first-class (e.g., neck extension), second-class (e.g., plantar flexion), and third-class (most common; e.g., elbow flexion).
重心是重量均匀分布的点。稳定性取决于质量、支撑面、重心高度和重力线。人体杠杆分为第一类（如头颈后伸）、第二类（如踝关节跖屈）和第三类（最常见；如肘关节屈曲）。
6. Energy Systems & ATP Resynthesis | 能量系统与ATP再合成
All muscular work relies on adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Three systems resynthesise ATP: ATP-PC (phosphocreatine) system (immediate, high intensity, lasts ~10 s), anaerobic glycolytic system (high intensity, produces lactic acid, peaks at ~60–90 s), and aerobic system (low to moderate intensity, uses carbohydrates and fats, unlimited duration). Oxygen deficit is the oxygen shortfall during the early stages of exercise; excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) repays this deficit.
所有肌肉工作依赖三磷酸腺苷（ATP）。三个系统再合成ATP：ATP-PC（磷酸肌酸）系统（立即供能，高强度，持续约10秒）、无氧糖酵解系统（高强度，产生乳酸，约在60–90秒达峰值）和有氧系统（低到中等强度，使用碳水化合物和脂肪，持续时间不受限）。氧亏是运动初期的氧气不足量；运动后过量氧耗（EPOC）补偿了这一亏欠。
Remember lactate threshold (the exercise intensity at which lactic acid starts to accumulate rapidly) and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) (CO2 produced/O2 consumed), which indicates fuel usage.
记住乳酸阈（乳酸开始快速堆积的运动强度）和呼吸商（RER）（产生的CO2 / 消耗的O2），它指示底物利用情况。
7. Skill Acquisition & Classification | 技能习得与分类
A skill is a learned ability to bring about pre-determined results with maximum certainty, often with minimum outlay of time/energy. Skills are classified on continua: open–closed (affected by environment), gross–fine (muscle group size), self-paced–externally-paced (timing control), discrete–serial–continuous (clear beginning/end), simple–complex (cognitive load), and high–low organisation (sub-routine separability).
技能是一种习得的能力，能最大确定性地达到预定结果，通常以最少的时间/能量消耗完成。技能在连续体上分类：开放–闭合（受环境影响程度）、粗放–精细（参与肌群大小）、自定节奏–外部定节奏（时机控制）、分立–序列–连续（是否有明确开始和结束）、简单–复杂（认知负荷）以及高组织–低组织（子程序可分性）。
Theories of learning include behaviourist (operant conditioning, Thorndike’s laws), cognitive (problem-solving, insight learning), and social learning (observation, modelling). Stages of learning: cognitive, associative, autonomous. Types of practice: massed, distributed, variable, fixed.
学习理论包括行为主义（操作性条件反射、桑代克定律）、认知主义（解决问题、顿悟学习）和社会学习（观察、模仿）。学习阶段：认知阶段、联结阶段、自动化阶段。练习类型：集中练习、分散练习、变异性练习、固定性练习。
8. Information Processing & Memory | 信息加工与记忆
The information processing model includes input (senses), decision-making (selective attention, perception, translatory mechanisms, effector mechanisms), output (movement), and feedback. Reaction time (time from stimulus to response onset), movement time, and response time (reaction + movement time) are key. Hick’s law states that reaction time increases as the number of choices increases.
信息加工模型包括输入（感觉）、决策（选择性注意、知觉、转译机制、效应器机制）、输出（动作）和反馈。反应时（从刺激出现到反应开始的时间）、动作时和应答时（反应时+动作时）是关键。希克定律指出，反应时随着选择数量的增加而延长。
Memory is split into short-term sensory store (STSS), short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM). Chunking and rehearsal help transfer information to LTM. Schema theory explains how motor programmes are stored as generalised patterns.
记忆分为瞬时感觉存储器（STSS）、短时记忆（STM）和长时记忆（LTM）。组块和复述有助于将信息转入长时记忆。图式理论解释了运动程序如何以概括化的模式存储。
9. Sport Psychology: Arousal, Anxiety & Motivation | 运动心理学：唤醒、焦虑与动机
Arousal is the level of psychological and physiological readiness. Anxiety can be state (situational) or trait (personality), and cognitive (worry) or somatic (physical symptoms). Theories link arousal to performance: drive theory (linear), inverted-U hypothesis (optimal at moderate arousal), and catastrophe theory (sudden drop when anxiety is high). Zone of optimal functioning (ZOF) is individualised.
唤醒是心理和生理的准备程度。焦虑可分为状态焦虑（情境性）或特质焦虑（人格性），以及认知焦虑（担忧）或躯体焦虑（身体症状）。理论将唤醒与表现联系起来：驱力理论（线性关系）、倒U型假说（中等唤醒时表现最佳）和突变理论（高认知焦虑时表现急剧下降）。最佳功能区（ZOF）因人而异。
Motivation is the drive to achieve. Intrinsic motivation comes from within (enjoyment, mastery); extrinsic motivation comes from external rewards (trophies, praise). Achievement goal theory differentiates task-orientated (self-improvement) and ego-orientated (comparing to others) athletes. Self-efficacy (Bandura) is situation-specific confidence, influenced by performance accomplishments, vicarious experiences, verbal persuasion, and emotional arousal.
动机是成就的内驱力。内在动机来自内部（享受、掌握）；外在动机来自外部奖励（奖杯、表扬）。成就目标理论区分了任务定向（自我提高）和自我定向（与他人比较）的运动员。自我效能（班杜拉）是情境化的自信，受表现成就、替代经验、言语劝导和情绪唤醒的影响。
10. Sport & Society: Key Concepts | 体育与社会：关键概念
Sociological terms describe sport’s role in society. Socialisation is the process of learning cultural norms; sport acts as an agent of primary (family) and secondary socialisation (school, media). Institution refers to an established organisation or practice (e.g., the FA). Amateurism values participation for love of the sport; professionalism is pay-for-play. Commercialisation treats sport as a commodity.
社会学术语描述体育在社会中的角色。社会化是学习文化规范的过程；体育作为初级社会化（家庭）和次级社会化（学校、媒体）的媒介。制度指已建立的组织或惯例（例如英足总）。业余主义重视为热爱而参与；职业主义是付费参赛。商业化将体育视为商品。
Understand sportsmanship (fair play, respect) versus gamesmanship (bending rules). Equality, diversity, and inclusion are examined in relation to gender, race, and disability in sport. The social action theory highlights how individuals shape sport, while structuralist theories focus on how sport reflects society’s inequalities.
理解体育精神（公平竞争、尊重）与竞赛取巧（钻规则空子）。平等、多样性和包容在性别、种族和残疾等方面与体育的关系常被考查。社会行动理论强调个体如何塑造体育，而结构主义理论则关注体育如何反映社会不平等。
11. Health, Fitness & Training Adaptations | 健康、体适能与训练适应
Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being. Fitness is the ability to meet the demands of the environment. Components of fitness are health-related (aerobic capacity, strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, body composition) and skill-related (agility, balance, coordination, power, reaction time, speed).
健康是身体、心理和社会完全安宁的状态。体适能是满足环境需求的能力。体适能的组成分为健康相关（有氧能力、力量、肌肉耐力、柔韧性、身体成分）和技能相关（敏捷性、平衡、协调、爆发力、反应时、速度）。
Training leads to adaptations: hypertrophy (muscle size increase), hyperplasia (increased number of muscle fibres – debated), increased bone density, lower resting HR, increased SV, increased capillarisation, and improved lactate threshold. Principles of training: specificity, progressive overload, reversibility, individual differences, rest and recovery.
训练带来适应：肌肉肥大（肌肉体积增大）、增生（肌纤维数量增加——学术界仍有争议）、骨密度增加、静息心率降低、每搏输出量增加、毛细血管密度增加以及乳酸阈值改善。训练原则：专项性、循序渐进超负荷、可逆性、个体差异性、休息与恢复。
12. Quick Memory Tips & Acronyms | 快速记忆提示与缩写
To retain terminology, use acronyms: For the muscle contraction types remember ‘ICE’ (Isometric, Concentric, Eccentric). For the planes of movement ‘SFT’ (Sagittal, Frontal, Transverse). For the energy systems ‘APA’ (ATP-PC, Anaerobic Glycolytic, Aerobic). For levers ‘1,2,3’ remember that the middle component tells the class: if fulcrum is in the middle it’s 1st class; if resistance is middle it’s 2nd; if effort is middle it’s 3rd. For stability factors think ‘B-MASS’: Base of support, Mass, Alignment of line of gravity, Stability is increased when centre of mass is lower.
为了记住术语，可以使用缩写：肌肉收缩类型记住“ICE”（Isometric, Concentric, Eccentric）。运动平面记住“SFT”（Sagittal, Frontal, Transverse）。能量系统记住“APA”（ATP-PC, Anaerobic Glycolytic, Aerobic）。杠杆类别1,2,3记住中间部件决定类别：支点在中间为第一类；阻力在中间为第二类；动力在中间为第三类。稳定性因素可以记成“B-MASS”：支撑面、质量、重力线对齐、重心降低时稳定性增加。
Published by TutorHao | AQA Physical Education Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
屏轩国际教育cambridge primary/secondary checkpoint, cat4, ukiset,ukcat,igcse,alevel,PAT,STEP,MAT, ibdp,ap,ssat,sat,sat2课程辅导，国外大学本科硕士研究生博士课程论文辅导