Year 12 OCR Philosophy Unit Test Mock Paper Walkthrough

📚 Year 12 OCR Philosophy Unit Test Mock Paper Walkthrough | 模拟卷解析

This walkthrough breaks down a mock unit test designed to mirror the style, question types, and mark allocations you will encounter in OCR A Level Religious Studies (Philosophy of Religion and Ethics). We will examine each question, suggest model answers, and explain how to meet the Assessment Objectives (AO1 knowledge and understanding, AO2 analysis and evaluation). Use this guide to check your own responses, spot common pitfalls, and refine your exam technique.

本解析将逐题拆解一份模拟单元测试卷，该试卷在题型、分值分配上完全模拟 OCR A Level 宗教研究（宗教哲学与伦理学）考试。我们将逐一审视每道题目，提供参考范例作答，并说明如何达到评估目标（AO1 知识与理解，AO2 分析与评价）。你可以借助本指南检查自己的答案、发现常见失分点并优化应试技巧。

1. Mock Paper Overview | 模拟卷概览

The paper is divided into two sections: Philosophy of Religion and Ethics. It contains short-answer knowledge questions (3–5 marks), a medium-length explanation question (9 marks), a comparative analysis question (12 marks), and a long-form evaluation essay (25 marks). Timings are approximate: spend about 5 minutes on 3-mark questions, 8 minutes on 5-mark, 12 minutes on 9-mark, 18 minutes on 12-mark, and 35 minutes on the 25-mark essay.

试卷分为两个部分：宗教哲学与伦理学。包含简答题（3–5 分）、一道中等长度的解释题（9 分）、一道比较分析题（12 分）以及一道长篇评价论文题（25 分）。时间分配建议：3 分题约 5 分钟，5 分题约 8 分钟，9 分题约 12 分钟，12 分题约 18 分钟，25 分论文题约 35 分钟。

2. Question 1: Tripartite Definition of Knowledge (3 marks) | 第 1 题：知识的三元定义（3 分）

Question: State the three conditions of the tripartite definition of knowledge.

题目：列出知识三元定义的三个条件。

Model answer: The three conditions are: (i) the proposition must be true; (ii) the person must believe the proposition; and (iii) the person must be justified in believing the proposition. This is often expressed as justified true belief (JTB).

范例答案：三个条件分别是：(i) 命题必须为真；(ii) 认识者必须相信该命题；(iii) 认识者必须有理由（得到辩护）地相信该命题。这常被表述为“得到辩护的真信念”（JTB）。

Examiner’s note: A 3-mark question requires three clear and accurate points. Just writing ‘JTB’ is not enough; you must unpack the initials. Spelling out ‘justified true belief’ fulfils the requirement but stating each condition separately is safer.

考官点评：3 分题要求写出三个清晰且准确的要点。只写 “JTB” 是不够的；你必须展开首字母缩写的含义。写出 “justified true belief” 固然可以满足要求，但把每个条件分开表述更为稳妥。

3. Question 2: Gettier Counterexample (5 marks) | 第 2 题：葛梯尔反例（5 分）

Question: Explain one Gettier-style counterexample and how it challenges the tripartite definition.

题目：解释一个葛梯尔式反例，并说明它如何对三元定义构成挑战。

Model answer: In Gettier’s original Case I, Smith and Jones apply for a job. Smith has strong evidence that Jones will get the job (the company president told him) and also sees that Jones has ten coins in his pocket. Smith forms the belief ‘the man who will get the job has ten coins in his pocket’. Unknown to Smith, he himself will get the job and he also happens to have ten coins in his pocket. Smith’s belief is true, he believes it, and he has justification (the president’s testimony and his observation). Yet intuitively, it is not knowledge. This challenges the tripartite definition by showing that justified true belief can be accidental or based on faulty reasoning, so the conditions are not sufficient for knowledge.

范例答案：在葛梯尔的第一号反例中，史密斯与琼斯竞争同一职位。史密斯有充分证据相信琼斯会得到工作（公司总裁告诉他的），并且他看见琼斯口袋里有十枚硬币。史密斯于是形成信念“那个会得到工作的人口袋里有十枚硬币”。史密斯不知道的是，最终是他自己得到了工作，而他恰巧口袋里也有十枚硬币。史密斯的信念为真，他相信它，并且拥有辩护（总裁的证词以及他对硬币的观察）。然而直觉上这不算知识。这个反例对三元定义的挑战在于，它表明得到辩护的真信念可能出自偶然或错误的推理，因而这些条件合起来并不构成知识的充分条件。

Examiner’s note: For 5 marks, you need to develop the example clearly and link it explicitly to the insufficiency objection. Avoid just naming Gettier; detail one case. Use the structure: describe the scenario, state why JTB seems met, and then explain why knowledge is absent.

考官点评：要拿到 5 分，你需要清晰展开一个反例，并明确将其与“不充分性”的反驳联系起来。不要只点出葛梯尔的名字；要详细写一个案例。采用“描述情境 → 说明为何看似满足 JTB → 解释为何缺乏知识”的结构。

4. Question 3: Direct Realism Explained (9 marks) | 第 3 题：解释直接实在论（9 分）

Question: Explain the theory of direct realism about perception.

题目：解释关于知觉的直接实在论理论。

Model answer – part 1 (core claims): Direct realism is the common-sense view that the immediate objects of perception are mind-independent physical objects and their properties. When you look at a cup on the table, you perceive the cup itself directly, not a mental image or sense-datum of a cup. The perceiver stands in a direct relation to the external world: the cup exists whether or not it is being perceived, and perception gives us a transparent awareness of it.

范例答案——第一部分（核心主张）：直接实在论是一种常识性观点，认为知觉的直接对象是独立于心灵而存在的物理对象及其属性。当你看着桌上的杯子，你直接知觉到的就是那个杯子本身，而非杯子的某种心理意象或感觉与料。感知者与外部世界处于一种直接关系中：杯子无论是否被感知都存在，而知觉赋予我们对其透明的觉知。

Model answer – part 2 (naïve vs scientific): Some direct realists adopt a naive version that claims we perceive all properties just as they are (e.g., colour is a property of objects). Scientific direct realism, however, acknowledges that science may reveal objects have primary qualities (extension, shape, motion) while our perception of secondary qualities (colour, taste, smell) may be caused by the object’s primary qualities but are not in the object in the same way.

范例答案——第二部分（朴素与科学直接实在论）：有些直接实在论者持朴素版本，认为我们所知觉的全部属性即是对象本然具有的（比如颜色是物体自身的属性）。科学直接实在论则承认，科学可能揭示出对象具有第一性质（广延、形状、运动），而我们对第二性质（颜色、味道、气味）的知觉可能只是由对象的第一性质所引起，但并非以同样的方式存在于对象之中。

Model answer – part 3 (timeline and key thinkers): Historically, direct realism can be traced to common-sense assumptions and was articulated in response to indirect realism. John Locke distinguished primary and secondary qualities but retained a realist commitment; Thomas Reid explicitly defended direct realism against Humean scepticism, insisting that sensation leads us directly to belief in an external world without intermediate ideas.

范例答案——第三部分（思想脉络与代表人物）：从历史脉络看，直接实在论可追溯至常识性假设，并在与间接实在论的对话中得到阐发。约翰·洛克区分了第一性质与第二性质，但仍持实在论立场；托马斯·里德则明确捍卫直接实在论来对抗休谟式的怀疑论，他强调感觉会直接让我们相信外部世界的存在，无需中间性的观念。

Examiner’s note: A 9-mark ‘explain’ question demands accurate and well-structured knowledge. Organise your answer into clear points: central thesis, variations (naive/scientific), and perhaps contrast with alternative theories. Include technical terms like ‘mind-independent’ and ‘primary/secondary qualities’. No evaluation is required here, but you can briefly note a problem if it clarifies the theory.

考官点评：9 分“解释”题要求知识准确、条理清晰。将答案组织成清晰的要点：核心论题、不同版本（朴素/科学），可与对立理论稍作对比。使用“独立于心灵”“第一/第二性质”等术语。此题无需评价，不过若简要点出一条问题来澄清理论本身，亦无不可。

5. Question 4: Utilitarianism vs Kantian Ethics (12 marks) | 第 4 题：功利主义与康德伦理学的对比（12 分）

Question: Compare how Act Utilitarianism and Kantian ethics make moral decisions. Illustrate your answer with an example.

题目：比较行为功利主义与康德伦理学如何进行道德决策。用实例加以说明。

Model answer – Act Utilitarianism: Act Utilitarianism, associated with Jeremy Bentham and J.S. Mill, evaluates each action by its tendency to promote the greatest happiness for the greatest number. The right act is the one that maximises utility (pleasure minus pain). Decision-making involves a hedonic calculus: weigh the intensity, duration, certainty, and extent of pleasures and pains produced by each possible act. For example, if you can save five people by lying, a utilitarian would ask whether the net happiness gain of saving five lives outweighs the pain caused by the lie. Typically, a Benthamite would argue that the lie is morally right because it produces a greater balance of pleasure over pain.

范例答案——行为功利主义：行为功利主义与杰里米·边沁和 J.S. 密尔关联，它以行动是否趋向于促进最大多数人的最大幸福来评判每一个行为。正当的行为就是能使效用（快乐减去痛苦）最大化的行为。决策过程涉及幸福计算：衡量每种可能行动所产生的快乐与痛苦的强度、持续时间、确定性以及波及范围。例如，若你能通过撒谎挽救五人，功利主义者会问，挽救五条生命带来的净快乐增益是否超过谎言造成的痛苦。通常，边沁式的回答会认为撒谎在道德上是正当的，因为它产生了更大的快乐多于痛苦的余额。

Model answer – Kantian ethics: Kantian ethics, from Immanuel Kant, is deontological: the moral worth of an action lies in the intention and the principle behind it, not in consequences. The Categorical Imperative requires us to act only on maxims that we can will as universal laws without contradiction. There is also the formula of humanity: treat persons always as ends in themselves, never merely as a means. The lying example: Kant would argue that lying is always wrong because the maxim ‘it is permissible to lie to save lives’ cannot be universalised – if everyone lied whenever it brought good consequences, trust would collapse and the institution of truth-telling would be undermined. Moreover, lying to the potential murderer would involve using them as a mere means to achieve the goal of saving lives, violating their rational agency.

范例答案——康德伦理学：康德伦理学源自伊曼努尔·康德，属义务论：行为的道德价值在于其背后的意图和原则，而非结果。定言令式要求我们只按照那些能无矛盾地意愿其成为普遍法则的准则去行动。此外还有“人性公式”：始终把人当作目的本身，而绝不仅仅当作手段。撒谎的例子：康德会论证撒谎永远错误，因为“为救人而撒谎是允许的”这条准则无法被普遍化——如果每个人只要带来好结果就撒谎，信任将会崩塌，说真话这一制度本身会被瓦解。而且，向可能的谋杀者撒谎，也是将他们仅仅当作救人这一目的的手段，侵犯了他们的理性主体性。

Model answer – comparison: The key difference lies in the focus: Act Utilitarianism is teleological (concerned with the consequences), whereas Kantian ethics is deontological (concerned with duty and principle). For the utilitarian, the lie is right; for Kant, it is wrong. Both theories aim at universality but in different ways: utility calculation across persons vs rational consistency of maxims. Both have been criticised: utilitarianism may permit injustice to minority; Kantian absolutism may lead to practical absurdities.

范例答案——比较：关键区别在于着眼点：行为功利主义是目的论的（关注结果），而康德伦理学是义务论的（关注义务和原则）。对功利主义者而言撒谎是正当的；对康德而言撒谎是错的。两套理论都追求某种普遍性，但方式不同：一是人际间的效用计算，一是准则的理性一致性。两者也都遭到批评：功利主义可能允许对少数人的不公；康德的绝对主义可能导致实践上的荒谬。

Examiner’s note: 12-mark comparative questions require both AO1 (knowledge) and AO2 (analysis). You must clearly explain both approaches using accurate terminology, then pinpoint similarities and differences. The example is essential. Integrate evaluation by noting strengths or weaknesses of the comparison. Conclude with a clear summary of the contrast.

考官点评：12 分比较题同时考查 AO1（知识）与 AO2（分析）。你必须用准确术语清晰解释两种进路，然后指出同与异。举例是不可或缺的。通过点明比较中各自的优势或弱点来融入评价。最后清晰总结对比。

6. Question 5: Assess the Design Argument (25 marks) | 第 5 题：评价设计论证（25 分）

Question: ‘The design argument successfully proves the existence of God.’ Evaluate this claim.

题目：“设计论证成功证明了上帝的存在。”评价这一论断。

Model essay structure – Introduction: The design argument (teleological argument) infers a designer from apparent order, purpose, and complexity in the world. While it has intuitive appeal and sophisticated formulations, it faces severe philosophical and scientific challenges. This essay will argue that though the argument offers plausible pointers, it does not constitute a successful deductive proof and is vulnerable to Humean and post-Darwinian criticisms.

范例论文结构——引言：设计论证（目的论论证）从世界表面上的秩序、目的与复杂性推断出一位设计者。尽管它具有直观吸引力并有精致的表述，但它面临严重的哲学与科学挑战。本文将论证，尽管设计论证提供了看似合理的线索，但它并不构成一个成功的演绎证明，且容易受到休谟式和后达尔文主义批评的攻击。

Model answer – Paley’s watchmaker analogy: William Paley’s Natural Theology (1802) compares the world to a watch. If you find a watch on a heath, its intricate parts working together for the purpose of telling time compel you to infer a watchmaker. Analogously, the complexity of the natural world – the eye, the arrangement of planets – compels us to infer a cosmic designer. Paley argues for God by analogical design.

范例答案——佩利的钟表类比：威廉·佩利在《自然神学》（1802）中将世界比作一只表。若你在荒野发现一只表，其精密部件为计时目的而协同工作，这必然会使你推断存在一位制表匠。类似地，自然世界的复杂性——如眼睛、行星的安排——迫使我们去推断一位宇宙设计者。佩利通过类比设计来论证上帝。

Model answer – Hume’s criticisms: David Hume, in Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion, raised powerful objections before Paley. First, the analogy is weak: the universe is not sufficiently like a machine; it might be more organic. Second, even if we grant a designer, the argument does not establish the God of classical theism – it might be a team of gods, an infant god, or an incompetent god who abandoned the world (the problem of evil). Third, the argument commits a category mistake by assuming order requires an external designer; the universe could contain its own principle of order.

范例答案——休谟的批评：大卫·休谟在《自然宗教对话录》中，先于佩利便提出了强有力的反对。第一，类比过于微弱：宇宙与机器并不足够相似；它可能更接近有机体。第二，即使我们承认有设计者，该论证也无法达到古典有神论的上帝——设计者可能是一群神、一个稚拙的神，或一个遗弃了世界的无能之神（恶的问题）。第三，该论证犯有范畴错误，因为它假定秩序必定需要外在设计者；宇宙可能自身包含秩序原则。

Model answer – Darwinian challenge: The theory of evolution by natural selection offers an alternative explanation of apparent design. Biological complexity, like the eye, can arise gradually through random variation and natural selection without a guiding intelligence. Darwin ‘defeated’ the argument from biological design. However, fine-tuning arguments in physics (the anthropic principle) shift the debate to cosmic conditions, reviving design thinking without relying on biology.

范例答案——达尔文主义挑战：自然选择的进化论为表面上的设计提供了另一种解释。生物复杂性，例如眼睛，可以通过随机变异和自然选择逐渐形成，而不需要指导性的理智。达尔文“击败”了生物学领域的设计论证。然而，物理学中的精调论证（人择原理）将争论转移到宇宙条件上，绕开生物学，使设计论思维再度兴起。

Model answer – Swinburne and probability: Richard Swinburne reformulates the design argument as a probabilistic argument to the best explanation. He argues that the regularities of the universe, especially those that make life possible, are more probable under theism than under materialism. Swinburne’s approach avoids straightforward proof: design makes God more likely, but not undeniable.

范例答案——斯温伯恩与概率：理查德·斯温伯恩将设计论证重构为一种最佳解释的概率论证。他认为，宇宙的规则性，尤其是使得生命可能存在的那些规则性，在有神论假设下比在唯物论假设下更可能为真。斯温伯恩的进路避开了直截了当的证明：设计论证只是使上帝更有可能，而非不可否认。

Model answer – Evaluation and conclusion: The design argument retains intuitive force but cannot be considered a successful proof. Hume’s logical objections remain unanswered, and evolutionary biology provides a robust alternative to biological design. Fine-tuning arguments are more resilient but still face objections (multiverse hypothesis, brute fact). Overall, the argument may function as a cumulative case for theism, but on its own it proves too little. It points toward the possibility of a designer but fails to establish necessity or the existence of the God of classical theism.

范例答案——评价与结论：设计论证保留了直觉上的说服力，但不能被视为成功的证明。休谟的逻辑反驳至今未被圆满回应，而进化生物学为生物设计提供了强有力的替代解释。精调论证相对更耐驳，但仍面临多宇宙假说、事实性的蛮野事实等反对。整体而言，设计论证或许可以在有神论的累积论证中发挥作用，但单凭它则证明力太弱。它指向设计者存在的可能性，却无法确立必然性，更无法证明古典有神论的上帝存在。

Examiner’s note: 25-mark essays demand sustained evaluation. Balance explanation of the argument with critical analysis. Use scholarly names (Hume, Paley, Swinburne, Darwin). Link paragraphs with argumentative flow. A clear thesis is essential. Weigh the strengths against the weaknesses in a final judgement. Do not just describe; assess the claim. Aim for a two-sided discussion that culminates in a reasoned conclusion.

考官点评：25 分论文要求持续的评价。平衡对论证的解释与批判性分析。引用学者之名（休谟、佩利、斯温伯恩、达尔文）。各段落间要有论证性流动。必须保持清晰的论题。在最终判断中权衡优势与劣势。不可只描述；要评价所述论断。力求形成双边讨论，最终导向一个有理有据的结论。

7. Quick Marks Recap & Grade Boundaries | 评分速查与等级线

Total marks in this mock: 3 + 5 + 9 + 12 + 25 = 54. Levels for early Year 12 (indicative): Grade A ≈ 80% (43/54), B ≈ 70% (38/54), C ≈ 60% (32/54), D ≈ 50% (27/54). This is a guideline; your school may use different boundaries. Track your score per question to identify areas for improvement.

本模拟卷总分：3 + 5 + 9 + 12 + 25 = 54 分。Year 12 早期大致等级线（参考）：A ≈ 80% (43/54)，B ≈ 70% (38/54)，C ≈ 60% (32/54)，D ≈ 50% (27/54)。这仅为参考，你所在学校可能使用不同的等级线。请按题统计得分，明确需要提升的板块。

8. 3-Mark Questions: Precision Matters | 3 分题：精确至上

Three-mark questions test basic recall. A single inaccurate point can cost the mark. In the tripartite question, for instance, writing ‘belief, justification, truth’ without connecting them to ‘proposition’ or ‘person’ is borderline. Always aim for complete sentences that embed the concept, e.g., ‘The person must be justified in holding the belief.’

3 分题考查基础记忆。一个不准确的要点可能导致丢分。以三元定义题为例，只写“信念、辩护、真”而不将其与“命题”或“认识者”联系起来可能拿不到满分。应当始终写成完整句子，嵌入概念，例如“认识者必须被辩护地持有该信念”。

Another common mistake: mixing up justification with evidence. In JTB, justification is broader – it can include evidence, reasoning, or reliable processes. Stick to the standard definition as presented in the specification.

另一常见错误：混淆辩护与证据。在 JTB 中，辩护的范围更广——它可以包括证据、推理或可靠的认知过程。务必遵循考纲给出的标准定义。

9. 5-Mark Questions: Explain and Link | 5 分题：解释与连接

A 5-mark explanation needs a developed example and an explicit link to the question’s demand. If you only describe a Gettier case without stating why it shows JTB is insufficient, you will be capped at 3 marks. Use phrases like ‘This demonstrates that…’ or ‘Therefore, knowledge is not simply JTB because…’ to foreground the evaluative dimension.

5 分解释题需要展开的例子，并明确连接到题目要求。如果只描述了葛梯尔案例，却没有说明它为何表明 JTB 不充分，那么得分上限可能只有 3 分。使用“这表明……”“因此，知识不仅仅等同于 JTB，因为……”等表述，以突出评价层面。

Comparing two Gettier cases briefly is possible but not required; depth over breadth is safer. Always finalise with the challenge it poses to the traditional definition.

简略比较两个葛梯尔案例是可行的，但非必须；深度优先于广度更为稳妥。最后始终要落到它对传统定义所构成的挑战上。

10. 9-Mark Questions: Organise into Themes | 9 分题：按主题组织

Nine-mark ‘explain’ questions assess your ability to present a coherent body of knowledge. Plan before writing: list three or four key points. For direct realism: (1) core claim of mind-independence and directness; (2) naive vs scientific distinction; (3) key thinkers (Reid, Locke); (4) brief contrast with indirect realism to highlight the directness. Write a paragraph per point, with clear transitions.

9 分“解释”题评估你系统呈现知识的能力。动笔前先规划：列出三到四个关键点。以直接实在论为例：(1) 独立于心灵和直接性的核心主张；(2) 朴素与科学的区分；(3) 关键思想家（里德、洛克）；(4) 与间接实在论简要对比以凸显直接性。每个要点写一段，段落间要有清晰过渡。

Avoid drifting into evaluation or including unnecessary counterarguments; AO2 is not assessed here. Yet a short ‘however’ that sharpens definition (e.g., ‘Unlike indirect realism, direct realism rejects…’) can enhance clarity.

避免滑向评价或加入不必要的反驳；此处不考查 AO2。但简短一个“然而”以澄清定义（例如“与间接实在论不同，直接实在论拒绝……”）可以增加清晰度。

11. 12-Mark Comparisons: Show Both Sides and Differences | 12 分比较题：展示双方与差异

Comparative questions (AO1 + AO2) require you to explain both theories accurately and then establish points of similarity and difference. The example must be woven into the explanation, not tacked on. A simple table in your plan can help:

比较题（AO1+AO2）要求准确解释两种理论，然后建立异同点。例子必须融入解释，不可仅作附加。在草稿中列一张简表会有所帮助：

Aspect / 方面	Act Utilitarianism / 行为功利主义	Kantian Ethics / 康德伦理学
Type / 类型	Teleological / 目的论	Deontological / 义务论
Principle / 原则	Maximise happiness / 使快乐最大化	Categorical Imperative / 定言令式
Lying / 撒谎	Permissible if leads to greatest good / 若带来最大善则允许	Always wrong / 始终错误

In your writing, start with one approach, then the other, then compare. Use evaluative language like ‘whereas’, ‘however’, ‘in contrast’. Conclude by judging which distinguishes them most fundamentally.

写作时，可先论述一种进路，再论述另一种，然后进行比较。使用“而”“然而”“相比之下”等评价性语言。结尾时判断哪一点是二者最根本的区别。

12. 25-Mark Essay: Depth, Balance, and Verdict | 25 分论文：深度、平衡与裁决

The essay is where you earn the bulk of marks. A strong introduction sets out the debate and your thesis. The body should explore two or three lines of argument for and against. Use scholarly references precisely: ‘Hume’s Philo argues…’ not just ‘some philosophers say’. Analyse rather than narrate. Your conclusion must deliver a clear verdict that matches the preceding analysis – not a timid ‘maybe both sides have merit’.

论文题是得分重点。强有力的引言要点明争论并亮出你的论题。主体部分应展开两到三条支持和反对的论点线索。准确使用学者引用，如“休谟的斐罗论证道……”，而非泛泛的“有些哲学家说”。分析而非叙述。结论必须给出明确的裁决，且与前面的分析一致——而非胆怯的“可能双方都有道理”。

Time management: reserve 5 minutes to plan and 5 minutes to check. Your plan should list key points against the claim (e.g., Hume’s analogical weakness, Darwinian mechanism) and for the claim (e.g., fine-tuning, Swinburne’s probabilistic support). Then decide your conclusion early – it will guide your argumentative thrust.

时间管理：预留 5 分钟规划、5 分钟检查。规划时列出反对该论断的关键点（如休谟对类比不充分的批评、达尔文机制）和支持的关键点（如精调、斯温伯恩的概率支撑）。尽早决定你的结论——它将指引全文的论证方向。

Ensure every paragraph answers the question. Use the evaluative stems: ‘This strengthens the claim because…’, ‘However, this objection is decisive because…’. A common mistake is writing everything you know about the design argument without directly engaging the claim ‘successfully proves’. Keep the word ‘prove’ in mind – does it demonstrate deductive certainty or high probability? Argue accordingly.

确保每一段都扣题。使用评价性句首：“这加强了该论断，因为……”“然而，这一反驳是决定性的，因为……”。一个常见错误是把你对设计论证所知的一切全写下来，却不直接回应“成功证明”这一论断。始终把“证明”一词放在心上——该论证展示的是演绎确定性还是高度或然性？据此展开论证。

Published by TutorHao | Philosophy Revision Series | aleveler.com

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Year 12 OCR Philosophy Unit Test Mock Paper Walkthrough | 模拟卷解析