Year 12 WJEC Physical Education: Key Terminology Memorisation Guide | Year 12 WJEC 体育：词汇术语速记指南

📚 Year 12 WJEC Physical Education: Key Terminology Memorisation Guide | Year 12 WJEC 体育：词汇术语速记指南

Mastering the specific vocabulary of WJEC Year 12 Physical Education can dramatically improve your exam answers. This guide breaks down essential terms from every key topic area, paired with practical memory techniques designed for quick recall under pressure.

掌握 WJEC Year 12 体育的专有词汇能显著提升你的考试答题质量。本指南分解了每个核心主题领域的基本术语，并配有实用的记忆技巧，旨在帮助你在压力下快速回忆。

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1. Memory Strategies for PE Terminology | PE术语的记忆策略

Active recall is your strongest tool: regularly write down definitions from memory before checking your notes.

主动回忆是你最强大的工具：经常在查看笔记之前凭记忆写下定义。

Think visually by associating a term with an image – for example, picture a ‘hinge’ door every time you revise the hinge joint.

通过视觉联想，把术语与图像联系起来——例如每次复习屈戍关节时就想象一扇’铰链’门。

Use the loci method to place key terms around a familiar sports pitch or gym layout in your mind.

使用位置记忆法，在你脑海中熟悉的运动场地或健身房布局里安放关键术语。

Acronyms and silly sentences lock down lists: ‘Big Hairy Pigs Get Sausage Cans’ helps recall ball-and-socket, hinge, pivot, gliding, saddle, condyloid joints.

首字母缩略词和滑稽的句子能锁定列表：’BHPGSC’ 可以帮助回忆球窝、屈戍、车轴、滑动、鞍状、髁状关节。

Spaced repetition, reviewing terms after one day, one week, and one month, dramatically strengthens retention.

间隔重复，即一天、一周、一个月后复习术语，能显著加强记忆保持。

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2. Skeletal System Key Terms | 骨骼系统关键术语

Axial skeleton: composed of skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum – forms the central axis of the body.

中轴骨：由颅骨、脊柱、肋骨和胸骨组成——构成身体的中轴。

Appendicular skeleton: includes pectoral and pelvic girdles, and limb bones – responsible for movement.

附肢骨骼：包括肩带、盆带及四肢骨——负责运动。

Long bones: cylindrical shape with a shaft and two epiphyses, e.g. femur, humerus; act as levers.

长骨：圆柱形，有骨干和两个骨骺，如股骨、肱骨；充当杠杆。

Short bones: cube-shaped and shock-absorbing, e.g. carpals of the wrist.

短骨：立方形，起减震作用，如腕骨。

Flat bones: provide protection and large muscle attachment areas, e.g. cranium, ribs, scapula.

扁骨：提供保护和大面积肌肉附着点，如颅骨、肋骨、肩胛骨。

Irregular bones: complex shapes that fit no other category, e.g. vertebrae.

不规则骨：形状复杂，不属于其他类别，如椎骨。

Sesamoid bones: small bones embedded within a tendon to reduce friction, e.g. patella.

籽骨：嵌在肌腱内的小骨，减少摩擦，如髌骨。

Synovial joint: freely movable joint containing a joint capsule, synovial fluid, articular cartilage, and ligaments.

滑膜关节：可自由活动的关节，包含关节囊、滑液、关节软骨和韧带。

Flexion: decreasing the angle at a joint, e.g. bending the elbow.

屈曲：减小关节角度，如屈肘。

Extension: increasing the joint angle, e.g. straightening the knee.

伸展：增大关节角度，如伸直膝关节。

Abduction: moving a limb away from the body’s midline.

外展：使肢体远离身体中线。

Adduction: moving a limb towards the midline.

内收：使肢体靠近身体中线。

Rotation: turning a bone around its longitudinal axis, as in shaking the head ‘no’.

旋转：围绕骨的长轴转动，如摇头说’不’。

Circumduction: a conical, circular movement combining flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.

环绕：一个圆锥形的环转运动，结合屈、伸、外展和内收。

Dorsiflexion: pointing the foot upwards towards the shin.

背屈：脚尖朝上朝向胫骨。

Plantar flexion: pointing the foot downwards, away from the shin.

跖屈：脚尖朝下，远离胫骨。

Memory tip: ‘FABER’ – Flexion, Abduction, Extension, Rotation – a common sequence in dynamic joint actions.

记忆技巧：’FABER’——屈曲、外展、伸展、旋转——动态关节活动中常见的顺序。

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3. Muscular System Terminology | 肌肉系统术语

Agonist (prime mover): the muscle that contracts to produce the desired movement, e.g. biceps during elbow flexion.

主动肌（原动肌）：收缩产生所需运动的肌肉，如屈肘时的肱二头肌。

Antagonist: the muscle that relaxes to allow the agonist to work, e.g. triceps during biceps curl.

拮抗肌：放松以允许主动肌工作的肌肉，如肱二头肌弯举时的肱三头肌。

Fixator: a muscle that stabilises the origin of the agonist so effective movement can occur.

固定肌：稳定主动肌起点的肌肉，从而使有效运动得以发生。

Synergist: muscle that helps the agonist by preventing unwanted movement at an adjacent joint.

协同肌：通过防止相邻关节的不必要运动来协助主动肌的肌肉。

Type I (slow oxidative): slow-twitch fibres suited to endurance; high myoglobin content, fatigue-resistant.

I 型纤维（慢缩氧化型）：适合耐力的慢缩纤维；肌红蛋白含量高，抗疲劳。

Type IIa (fast oxidative glycolytic): fast-twitch fibres with moderate fatigue resistance, used in repeated sprints.

IIa 型纤维（快缩氧化糖酵解型）：快缩纤维，具有中等抗疲劳性，用于重复冲刺。

Type IIx (fast glycolytic): pure fast-twitch fibres producing explosive force but fatiguing rapidly.

IIx 型纤维（快缩糖酵解型）：纯快缩纤维，产生爆发力但迅速疲劳。

Isotonic contraction: muscle changes length while tension remains constant; includes concentric (shortening) and eccentric (lengthening) phases.

等张收缩：肌肉长度改变而张力恒定；包括向心收缩（缩短）和离心收缩（拉长）。

Isometric contraction: muscle develops tension without changing length, e.g. holding a plank.

等长收缩：肌肉产生张力但长度不变，如平板支撑。

Reciprocal inhibition: the automatic relaxation of the antagonist when the agonist contracts.

交互抑制：主动肌收缩时拮抗肌自动放松。

Remember antagonist pairings with opposites: biceps/triceps, quadriceps/hamstrings, tibialis anterior/gastrocnemius.

记住拮抗肌对用对立思考：肱二头肌/肱三头肌，股四头肌/腘绳肌，胫骨前肌/腓肠肌。

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4. Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems | 心血管与呼吸系统

Heart rate (HR): number of heart beats per minute (bpm).

心率 (HR)：每分钟心跳次数 (bpm)。

Stroke volume (SV): volume of blood ejected by the left ventricle per beat, measured in ml.

每搏输出量 (SV)：左心室每次搏动射出的血量，以毫升计。

Cardiac output (Q): Q = HR × SV; the total blood pumped by the heart per minute.

心输出量 (Q)：Q = HR × SV；心脏每分钟泵出的总血量。

Blood pressure: the force exerted by blood on artery walls, expressed as systolic over diastolic (e.g. 120/80 mmHg).

血压：血液对动脉壁施加的压力，表示为收缩压/舒张压（如 120/80 mmHg）。

Venous return: the flow of blood back to the heart; aided by the muscle pump, respiratory pump, and valves.

静脉回流：血液流回心脏；由肌肉泵、呼吸泵和静脉瓣辅助。

Tidal volume (TV): amount of air inhaled or exhaled per normal breath, around 500 ml at rest.

潮气量 (TV)：每次正常呼吸吸入或呼出的空气量，静息时约为 500 ml。

Vital capacity (VC): maximum air expelled after maximum inspiration; TV + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume.

肺活量 (VC)：最大吸气后能呼出的最大气量；等于潮气量 + 补吸气量 + 补呼气量。

Minute ventilation (VE): volume of air moved in and out of the lungs per minute; VE = TV × breathing frequency.

每分通气量 (VE)：每分钟进出肺的气体量；VE = TV × 呼吸频率。

VO₂ max: maximal oxygen uptake; the peak volume of oxygen the body can utilise per minute during intense exercise.

最大摄氧量 (VO₂ max)：最大吸氧量；剧烈运动时身体每分钟能利用的氧气峰值量。

Think of the heart as a pump and lungs as bellows: increasing HR and SV boosts Q, just like widening a pipe increases flow.

将心脏想象成泵，肺想象成风箱：提高心率和每搏量会提升心输出量，正如扩大管道会增加流量。

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5. Energy Systems Vocabulary | 能量系统词汇

ATP (adenosine triphosphate): the immediate energy currency for muscle contraction; stored in small amounts.

ATP（三磷酸腺苷）：肌肉收缩的直接能量货币；储存量少。

ATP-PC system (phosphocreatine): provides energy for high-intensity activity up to 10 seconds without oxygen; PC is rapidly restored.

ATP-PC 系统（磷酸肌酸）：为长达10秒的高强度活动提供无氧能量；磷酸肌酸恢复迅速。

Anaerobic glycolytic system: breaks down glucose without oxygen, producing ATP and lactic acid; dominant from ~10 seconds to 2–3 minutes.

无氧糖酵解系统：在没有氧气的情况下分解葡萄糖，产生 ATP 和乳酸；主导约10秒至2–3分钟。

Aerobic system: uses oxygen to resynthesise ATP from carbohydrates and fats; dominant for longer than 3 minutes.

有氧系统：利用氧气从碳水化合物和脂肪中再合成 ATP；主导3分钟以上活动。

Lactate threshold: the exercise intensity at which lactate accumulation begins to exceed removal, causing rapid fatigue.

乳酸阈值：乳酸积累开始超过清除速度时的运动强度，导致快速疲劳。

EPOC (excess post-exercise oxygen consumption): the elevated oxygen uptake after exercise to restore the body to resting state; repays the oxygen deficit.

EPOC（运动后过量氧耗）：运动后保持较高摄氧量以使身体恢复至静息状态；偿还氧亏。

OBLA (onset of blood lactate accumulation): point at which blood lactate reaches 4 mmol/L, indicating a shift to heavy reliance on anaerobic glycolysis.

OBLA（血乳酸累积起点）：血乳酸达到 4 mmol/L 的点，标志着向严重依赖无氧糖酵解转变。

Learn energy systems as sprints vs marathons: ATP-PC is a 100 m block start, glycolysis is a 400 m race, and aerobic is a marathon.

把能量系统记为短跑与马拉松：ATP-PC 是百米起跑，糖酵解是400米比赛，有氧是马拉松。

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6. Skill Acquisition and Classification | 技能获得与分类

Skill: a learned, goal-directed action with a predetermined outcome that is consistent, efficient, and fluent.

技能：一种习得的、目标导向的动作，具有预定结果，且一致、高效、流畅。

Ability: an innate, enduring trait that underpins skill learning, such as hand–eye coordination.

能力：先天的、持久的天赋，如手眼协调，是技能学习的基础。

Open skill: performed in an unpredictable, changing environment; performer must adapt, e.g. a football pass.

开放技能：在不可预测的、变化的环境中执行；执行者必须适应，如足球传球。

Closed skill: performed in a stable, predictable environment; performer follows a set pattern, e.g. a tennis serve in a calm hall.

闭合技能：在稳定、可预测的环境中执行；执行者遵循固定模式，如在无风球馆里的网球发球。

Gross skill: uses large muscle groups and does not require precision, e.g. running.

粗大技能：运用大肌肉群，不需要精细控制，如跑步。

Fine skill: involves small, precise movements, often requiring hand–eye coordination, e.g. a snooker shot.

精细技能：涉及小而精确的动作，往往需要手眼协调，如斯诺克击球。

Discrete skill: has a clear beginning and end, e.g. a shot putt.

离散技能：有明显开始和结束，如铅球投掷。

Serial skill: a series of discrete skills strung together, e.g. a triple jump sequence.

系列技能：一连串离散技能连接而成，如三级跳远序列。

Continuous skill: has no distinct beginning or end, with repetition of the same movement, e.g. cycling.

连续技能：没有明显的开始或结束，同一动作反复进行，如骑行。

Self-paced skill: performer controls the timing and initiation, e.g. a golf putt.

自我节奏技能：执行者控制时机和启动，如高尔夫轻击。

Externally paced skill: timing is determined by an external factor or opponent, e.g. returning a serve in tennis.

外部节奏技能：时机由外部因素或对手决定，如网球接发球。

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7. Learning Theories and Feedback | 学习理论与反馈

Cognitive stage: first phase of learning; performer tries to understand the task through trial and error, making frequent mistakes.

认知阶段：学习的第一阶段；执行者通过试错理解任务，错误频繁。

Associative stage: the motor programme develops; errors decrease, and performer refines the technique with greater consistency.

联结阶段：运动程序形成；错误减少，执行者以更高的一致性完善技术。

Autonomous stage: movements become automatic, requiring little conscious thought; performer can focus on tactics.

自动化阶段：动作变成自动，几乎不需要有意识思考；执行者可专注于战术。

Intrinsic feedback: information received from the performer’s own senses, e.g. feeling the flight of a javelin.

内在反馈：来自执行者自身感官的信息，如感觉标枪的飞行。

Extrinsic (augmented) feedback: information provided by an external source, such as a coach or video playback.

外在（增强）反馈：由外部来源提供的信息，如教练或视频回放。

Knowledge of results (KR): feedback about the outcome of the action, e.g. whether a shot was on target.

结果反馈 (KR)：关于动作结果的反馈，如射门是否命中目标。

Knowledge of performance (KP): feedback about the quality of movement execution, e.g. arm angle during a swim stroke.

表现反馈 (KP)：关于动作执行质量的反馈，如游泳划臂时的臂角。

Positive reinforcement: rewarding a desired response to strengthen the stimulus-response bond, e.g. praise after a correct pass.

正强化：奖励期望的反应以加强刺激-反应联系，如正确传球后的表扬。

Negative reinforcement: removing an unpleasant stimulus when the desired behaviour is performed, encouraging repetition.

负强化：当期望行为出现时移除不愉快刺激，以鼓励重复。

Punishment: introducing an unpleasant consequence after an undesired action to weaken the bond, e.g. extra laps for poor effort.

惩罚：在不良行为后引入不愉快后果以削弱该联系，如因消极练习而罚跑额外圈数。

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8. Sports Psychology: Motivation and Arousal | 运动心理学：动机与唤醒

Intrinsic motivation: drive to engage in activity for its own satisfaction and enjoyment, e.g. loving the feeling of sprinting.

内在动机：为自身满足和享受而从事活动的驱动力，如享受冲刺的感觉。

Extrinsic motivation: drive to perform an activity for tangible or external rewards, such as trophies, money, or praise.

外在动机：为有形或外部奖励而从事活动的驱动力，如奖杯、金钱或表扬。

Atkinson’s achievement motivation: personality factors determining the need to achieve (nAch) or need to avoid failure (nAf).

阿特金森的成就动机：决定追求成功（nAch）或避免失败（nAf）需要的人格因素。

Drive theory: proposes a linear relationship between arousal and performance, where P = arousal × habit strength.

驱力理论：提出唤醒与表现呈线性关系，其中表现 = 唤醒 × 习惯强度。

Inverted U theory: predicts optimal performance occurs at a moderate level of arousal; too low or too high arousal reduces performance.

倒U理论：预测最佳表现在中等唤醒水平下出现；唤醒过低或过高都会降低表现。

Catastrophe theory: suggests performance can drop suddenly if arousal becomes too high combined with high cognitive anxiety, rather than declining gradually.

灾难理论：指出当高唤醒与高认知焦虑结合时，表现可能突然急剧下降，而非逐渐下滑。

Zone of optimal functioning (ZOF): an athlete’s individualised arousal band where performance is maximised; varies between individuals.

最佳功能区 (ZOF)：运动员个人最佳表现的唤醒区间；因人而异。

Cognitive anxiety: the mental worry and negative thoughts about performance, e.g. fear of failure.

认知焦虑：对表现的心理担忧和消极想法，如害怕失败。

Somatic anxiety: the physiological symptoms of anxiety, such as increased heart rate, sweating, and muscle tension.

躯体焦虑：焦虑的生理症状，如心率加快、出汗和肌肉紧张。

Link arousal theories to sounds: drive theory is a straight line like a racing car engine, inverted U is a hill, and catastrophe is a cliff face.

将唤醒理论与声音联系起来：驱力理论像赛车引擎的直线，倒U像一座山，灾难理论像悬崖壁。

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9. Social and Cultural Influences | 社会与文化影响

Commercialisation: the process of turning sport into a marketable product to generate revenue, involving sponsorship, broadcasting rights, and merchandise.

商业化：将体育转变为可销售产品以创造收入的过程，涉及赞助、转播权和商品销售。

Sponsorship: financial or in-kind support provided to sport in exchange for brand exposure and association.

赞助：为体育提供财务或实物支持，以换取品牌曝光和关联。

Media influence: television, print, and digital media shape public perception, increase viewership, and can dictate fixture timings.

媒体影响：电视、印刷和数字媒体塑造公众认知，增加收视率，并可能决定赛程时间。

Globalisation: the spread of sport across international borders, leading to multicultural leagues and global fan bases.

全球化：体育跨越国界的传播，导致多元文化联赛和全球粉丝群。Published by TutorHao | Year 12 体育 Revision Series | aleveler.com

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