Year 12 WJEC Science Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Guide | WJEC 12年级科学词汇术语速记指南

📚 Year 12 WJEC Science Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Guide | WJEC 12年级科学词汇术语速记指南

Mastering the language of science is the first step to mastering the subject itself. This guide breaks down the essential vocabulary you will encounter across Physics, Chemistry, and Biology in your Year 12 WJEC course. Each term is explained clearly and paired with its Chinese equivalent to support bilingual learners and reinforce understanding. Use this as a quick reference when tackling past papers or revising key topics.

掌握科学的语言是征服这门学科的第一步。本指南拆解了你在 WJEC 12 年级物理、化学和生物课程中会遇到的核心词汇。每个术语都配有清晰的英文解释和对应的中文释义，帮助双语学习者巩固理解。你可以将本文作为刷真题或复习重点知识时的快速查阅手册。

1. Physics: Mechanics & Motion | 物理：力学与运动

Displacement is the distance moved in a given direction; it is a vector quantity measured in metres (m). Unlike distance, displacement can be zero even if an object has travelled.

位移是指沿特定方向移动的距离，它是一个矢量，单位为米（m）。与路程不同，即使物体运动过，位移也可能为零。

Velocity is the rate of change of displacement. It is also a vector, typically given in m/s. Average velocity = total displacement / total time.

速度是位移的变化率，同样是矢量，通常以 m/s 为单位。平均速度 = 总位移 / 总时间。

Acceleration measures how quickly velocity changes. It is a vector quantity calculated as change in velocity divided by time taken, with SI units of m/s².

加速度 衡量速度变化的快慢。它是矢量，由速度变化量除以时间得到，国际单位为 m/s²。

v = u + a t

Newton’s first law: an object remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by a resultant force. This introduces the concept of inertia.

牛顿第一定律：除非受到合外力作用，物体将保持静止或匀速直线运动状态。这引入了惯性的概念。

Momentum is the product of mass and velocity (p = mv), measured in kg m/s. It is always conserved in a closed system when no external forces act.

动量是质量与速度的乘积（p = mv），单位为 kg m/s。在没有外力作用的封闭系统中，动量总是守恒的。

Work done is the energy transferred when a force moves an object through a distance. It is calculated as force × distance moved in the direction of the force.

做功指力使物体沿力的方向移动距离时所传递的能量。计算为力 × 沿力方向移动的距离。

2. Physics: Electricity & Thermal Physics | 物理：电学与热物理

Current is the rate of flow of charge, measured in amperes (A). In a metallic conductor, it is the flow of delocalised electrons.

电流是电荷流动的速率，单位为安培（A）。在金属导体中，它是离域电子的流动。

Potential difference (voltage) is the energy transferred per unit charge. It is measured in volts (V) and drives current through a circuit.

电势差（电压） 是每单位电荷转移的能量，单位为伏特（V），它驱动电流在电路中流动。

Resistance opposes the flow of charge. Ohm’s law states that for a resistor at constant temperature, V = IR.

电阻阻碍电荷流动。欧姆定律指出，在恒温条件下，对于电阻器有 V = IR。

P = I V = I² R

Resistivity is a material property that determines how strongly a given size of wire resists current. It depends on temperature and is measured in Ω m.

电阻率 是决定给定尺寸的导线阻碍电流强弱的材料属性。它与温度有关，单位为 Ω m。

Internal resistance of a battery or cell causes the terminal potential difference to drop when a current is drawn. EMF is the energy per unit charge supplied.

内阻指电池或电源内部电阻，当有电流输出时会导致端电压下降。电动势是电源供给每单位电荷的能量。

Specific heat capacity is the energy needed to raise 1 kg of a substance by 1°C. It explains why some materials heat up faster than others.

比热容 是使 1 kg 物质温度升高 1°C 所需的能量。它解释了为什么有些材料升温更快。

3. Physics: Waves & Optics | 物理：波与光学

Wavelength (λ) is the distance between two consecutive identical points on a wave, such as peak to peak. It is measured in metres.

波长（λ）是波上两个相邻相同点之间的距离，例如波峰到波峰，单位为米。

Frequency (f) is the number of complete oscillations per second, measured in hertz (Hz). Wave speed v = f λ.

频率（f）是每秒完整振动的次数，单位为赫兹（Hz）。波速 v = f λ。

Transverse waves have oscillations perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer (e.g. light, water waves). Longitudinal waves oscillate parallel to energy transfer (e.g. sound).

横波的振动方向与能量传递方向垂直（如光波、水波）。纵波的振动方向与能量传递方向平行（如声波）。

Refraction occurs when a wave changes speed as it crosses a boundary, causing a change in direction unless it enters along the normal.

折射发生在波穿过边界速度改变时，导致方向变化，除非沿法线入射。

Superposition is when two waves meet; their displacements add algebraically. This can produce constructive or destructive interference.

叠加原理 指两列波相遇时，其位移代数相加。可产生相长干涉或相消干涉。

Standing (stationary) wave forms when two identical waves travelling in opposite directions superpose. Nodes are points of zero displacement, antinodes have maximum displacement.

驻波由两列相同、相向传播的波叠加形成。波节是位移为零的点，波腹是位移最大的点。

4. Chemistry: Atomic Structure & Periodicity | 化学：原子结构与周期性

Atom consists of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons in energy levels (shells). Atomic number Z = number of protons.

原子由包含质子和中子的原子核以及核外按照能级（壳层）排布的电子组成。原子序数 Z = 质子数。

Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. They exhibit the same chemical properties.

同位素 是质子数相同但中子数不同的同一元素原子。它们的化学性质相同。

Relative atomic mass (Aᵣ) is the weighted mean mass of an atom compared to 1/12th the mass of a carbon-12 atom.

相对原子质量（Aᵣ）是原子的加权平均质量与一个碳-12 原子质量的 1/12 之比。

First ionisation energy is the energy required to remove one mole of electrons from one mole of gaseous atoms, forming unipositive ions.

第一电离能 是从一摩尔气态原子中移去一摩尔电子形成+1价离子所需的能量。

Electron configuration describes how electrons fill subshells: 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, etc. Hund’s rule states electrons occupy orbitals singly before pairing.

电子排布 描述电子如何填充亚层：1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d 等。洪特规则指出电子在成对前会先占据空轨道。

Periodicity refers to the repeating trends in physical and chemical properties across a period. For example, atomic radius decreases across Period 3.

周期性 指物理和化学性质在同周期中重复出现的趋势。例如，原子半径在第三周期中递减。

5. Chemistry: Bonding & Structure | 化学：键合与结构

Ionic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions. It typically occurs between a metal and a non-metal, forming a giant ionic lattice.

离子键 是带相反电荷离子间的静电吸引力，一般发生在金属和非金属之间，形成巨型离子晶格。

Covalent bonding involves the sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms. It can form simple molecular structures or giant covalent networks (e.g. diamond, SiO₂).

共价键 涉及原子间共用电子对。可形成简单分子结构或巨型共价网络（如金刚石、SiO₂）。

Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to attract the bonding pair of electrons in a covalent bond. A large difference leads to polar bonds.

电负性 是原子吸引共价键中电子对的能力。差值大时形成极性键。

Metallic bonding is the attraction between positive metal ions and a ‘sea’ of delocalised electrons. This explains electrical conductivity and malleability.

金属键 是正金属离子与离域电子“海”之间的吸引力。这解释了导电性和延展性。

Intermolecular forces include van der Waals’ forces (London dispersion), permanent dipole-dipole interactions, and hydrogen bonding. They affect melting/boiling points.

分子间作用力 包括范德华力（伦敦色散力）、永久偶极-偶极作用和氢键。它们影响熔点和沸点。

Hydrogen bonding is a strong dipole-dipole interaction between a lone pair on a highly electronegative atom (N, O, F) and a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to another N, O, or F.

氢键是一种较强的偶极-偶极作用，存在于强电负性原子（N，O，F）上的孤对电子与共价键连在另一个 N/O/F 上的氢原子之间。

6. Chemistry: Quantitative Chemistry & Energetics | 化学：定量化学与能量学

The mole is the amount of substance that contains 6.02 × 10²³ (Avogadro constant) specified particles. Molar mass (M) has units of g/mol.

摩尔是包含 6.02 × 10²³（阿伏伽德罗常数）个指定微粒的物质的量，摩尔质量（M）单位为 g/mol。

Empirical formula gives the simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a compound; molecular formula gives the actual number of each atom in a molecule.

经验式 给出化合物中各原子的最简整数比；分子式 给出分子中每种原子的实际数目。

Percentage yield = (actual yield / theoretical yield) × 100%. It measures the efficiency of a preparation reaction.

百分产率 = （实际产量 / 理论产量）× 100%。它衡量制备反应的效率。

Atom economy = (molar mass of desired product / total molar mass of all products) × 100%. High atom economy reduces waste.

原子经济性 = （目标产物摩尔质量 / 所有产物总摩尔质量）× 100%。高原子经济性可减少废物。

Enthalpy change (ΔH) is the heat energy change at constant pressure. Exothermic reactions have negative ΔH; endothermic reactions have positive ΔH.

焓变（ΔH）是恒压下的热量变化。放热反应 ΔH 为负；吸热反应 ΔH 为正。

Hess’s law states that the total enthalpy change for a reaction is independent of the route taken. It allows ΔH to be calculated indirectly.

盖斯定律 指出反应的总焓变与所经途径无关。这使得可以通过间接方法计算 ΔH。

q = m c ΔT

7. Biology: Cell Structure & Membranes | 生物：细胞结构与膜

Prokaryotic cells lack a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles. DNA is free in the cytoplasm. Examples include bacteria.

原核细胞 没有膜包被的细胞核和细胞器，DNA 游离在细胞质中。例如细菌。

Eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus containing linear DNA and membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus.

真核细胞 具有包含线性 DNA 的真核以及膜包被的细胞器，如线粒体、内质网和高尔基体。

Cell membrane is a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. It controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell and is described by the fluid mosaic model.

细胞膜 是嵌有蛋白质的磷脂双分子层，控制物质的进出，用流动镶嵌模型描述。

Diffusion is the net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration, down a concentration gradient. It is passive.

扩散是粒子从高浓度区向低浓度区的净运动，沿着浓度梯度进行，属于被动过程。

Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules through a partially permeable membrane from a region of higher water potential to a region of lower water potential.

渗透是水分子通过选择性半透膜从高水势区向低水势区扩散的过程。

Active transport moves substances against the concentration gradient using energy from ATP and carrier proteins. It is selective and requires metabolic energy.

主动运输 逆浓度梯度移动物质，需要 ATP 供能和载体蛋白参与，具有选择性并需要代谢能。

8. Biology: Biological Molecules & Enzymes | 生物：生物分子与酶

Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Monosaccharides (e.g. glucose) are the monomers; disaccharides (e.g. sucrose) and polysaccharides (e.g. starch, glycogen) are polymers.

碳水化合物 由碳、氢、氧组成。单糖（如葡萄糖）是单体；二糖（如蔗糖）和多糖（如淀粉、糖原）是聚合物。

Lipids include triglycerides (glycerol + three fatty acids) and phospholipids. They are hydrophobic and store energy, provide insulation, and form membranes.

脂质包括甘油三酯（甘油+三个脂肪酸）和磷脂。它们具有疏水性，储存能量、提供绝缘并构成细胞膜。

Proteins are polymers of amino acids joined by peptide bonds. The primary structure is the sequence; secondary includes α-helices and β-pleated sheets; tertiary and quaternary give 3D shape.

蛋白质 是氨基酸通过肽键连接而成的聚合物。一级结构是氨基酸序列；二级结构包含α-螺旋和β-折叠；三级和四级结构赋予三维形状。

Enzymes are biological catalysts that lower activation energy. They have an active site specific to the substrate. The induced fit model describes a conformational change upon binding.

酶是降低活化能的生物催化剂。其活性部位与底物特异性结合。诱导契合模型描述了结合时的构象变化。

Denaturation occurs when the enzyme’s tertiary structure is disrupted by high temperature or extreme pH, causing loss of catalytic function.

变性指酶的三级结构因高温或极端 pH 被破坏，导致催化功能丧失。

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the immediate energy currency of cells. Hydrolysis of ATP releases energy used for active transport, muscle contraction, and synthesis.

ATP（三磷酸腺苷）是细胞的即时能量货币。ATP 水解释放的能量用于主动运输、肌肉收缩和生物合成。

9. Biology: Exchange & Transport | 生物：交换与运输

Surface area to volume ratio decreases as an organism gets larger, making diffusion insufficient. Multicellular organisms need specialised exchange surfaces and transport systems.

表面积与体积比 随生物体变大而减小，使得扩散变得不充分。多细胞生物需要特化的交换表面和运输系统。

Alveoli in the lungs provide a large surface area, thin walls, and a rich blood supply to maximise gas exchange of O₂ and CO₂.

肺泡在肺中提供了大表面积、薄壁和丰富的血液供应，以最大化 O₂ 和 CO₂ 的气体交换。

Haemoglobin is a quaternary protein in red blood cells that binds oxygen cooperatively. The oxygen dissociation curve shifts with CO₂ concentration (Bohr effect).

血红蛋白 是红细胞中的四级结构蛋白，能协同结合氧气。氧解离曲线会随 CO₂ 浓度移动（玻尔效应）。

Arteries carry blood away from the heart at high pressure; they have thick muscular and elastic walls. Veins return blood at low pressure and have valves to prevent backflow.

动脉将血液在高压下带离心脏，壁厚且富有肌肉及弹性纤维。静脉在低压下将血液送回，有瓣膜防止回流。

Transpiration is the loss of water vapour from leaves. The cohesion-tension theory explains how water moves up the xylem as a continuous column.

蒸腾作用 是叶表水蒸气的散失。内聚力-张力理论解释了水如何以连续水柱的形式在木质部中上升。

Phloem transports organic solutes (e.g. sucrose) from sources to sinks. This process is called translocation and requires active loading at the source.

韧皮部 将有机物（如蔗糖）从源运输到库。这一过程称为运输流，需要在源端进行主动装载。

10. Scientific Skills & Command Words | 科学技能与指令词

Independent variable is the factor that you change or select in an investigation. Dependent variable is what you measure or observe.

自变量 是你在实验中改变或选择的因素。因变量 是你测量或观察的结果。

Control variables are kept constant to ensure a fair test. A control group provides a baseline for comparison where no experimental treatment is applied.

控制变量 保持恒定以确保公平测试。对照组 提供了未施加实验处理的比较基线。

Accuracy refers to how close a measurement is to the true value. Precision relates to the consistency of repeated measurements. Systematic errors affect accuracy; random errors affect precision.

准确度 指测量值接近真值的程度。精确度 涉及重复测量结果的一致性。系统误差影响准确度，随机误差影响精确度。

Command word ‘describe’ means give a detailed account, often referring to patterns or trends. ‘Explain’ requires you to give reasons, using scientific principles.

指令词 ‘描述’ 意味着详细叙述，常涉及模式或趋势。’解释’ 要求给出原因，运用科学原理。

‘Evaluate’ means judge the evidence, weighing up advantages and disadvantages, and come to a supported conclusion. ‘Suggest’ implies applying knowledge to a novel situation without a definitive answer.

“评价” 指判断证据，权衡优缺点，并得出有依据的结论。“建议”意味着将知识应用于新情境，不一定有确定答案。

Uncertainty is an estimate of the range within which the true value lies, often expressed as ± half the resolution of the measuring instrument.

不确定度 是对真值可能所在范围的估计，常表示为测量仪器最小分度值的一半加上“±”。

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Year 12 WJEC Science Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Guide | WJEC 12年级科学词汇术语速记指南