Year 12 WJEC Geography: Quick Memorisation Guide to Key Terminology | WJEC 12年级地理：关键术语速记指南

📚 Year 12 WJEC Geography: Quick Memorisation Guide to Key Terminology | WJEC 12年级地理：关键术语速记指南

Master the essential terminology for Year 12 WJEC Geography with this quick memorisation guide. Covering both physical and human geography topics from Changing Landscapes and Changing Places, understanding these key terms will sharpen your exam answers and boost your confidence. The guide is structured around the most frequently tested vocabulary, helping you build precise geographical language for definitions and extended writing.

掌握WJEC 12年级地理的核心术语，并以本速记指南加深记忆。本指南涵盖”变动的地貌”与”变动的地方”中自然与人文地理主题，理解这些关键术语能让你的考试答案更加精准，并提升自信心。全文围绕高频词汇编排，帮助你构建精准的地理语言，用于定义题和论述题。

1. Systems and Landscape Processes | 系统与景观过程

Landscapes are dynamic systems in which energy and matter are transferred and stored. A systems approach helps geographers analyse how inputs, outputs and feedback loop s drive change in coastal, glacial and fluvial environments. This section covers core systems vocabulary.

地貌是一个动态系统，能量和物质在其中转移与储存。系统思维有助于地理学家分析输入、输出和反馈回路如何驱动海岸、冰川和河流环境的变化。本节涵盖核心系统词汇。

Input: The addition of matter or energy into a landscape system, such as precipitation into a drainage basin or sediment supplied to a beach by longshore drift.

输入：物质或能量进入地貌系统，例如降水进入流域，或沿岸漂移向海滩提供沉积物。

Output: Losses of matter or energy from a system, including river discharge to the sea, evaporation or sediment transported away from a coastal cell.

输出：系统损失的物质或能量，包括河流入海流量、蒸发作用或沉积物被带离海岸单元。

Store / Component: A part of the system where matter or energy pauses or accumulates, such as a beach, a glacier’s mass, or the ground water aquifer.

储存/组分：物质或能量在其中停留或积累的系统部分，例如海滩、冰川质量或地下水含水层。

Dynamic equilibrium: A state of balance in a system where inputs and outputs are equal over time, despite continuous adjustments to short‑term fluctuations; streams and beaches often demonstrate this.

动态平衡：系统输入与输出长期相等的平衡状态，尽管持续调节以适应短期波动；河流和海滩常体现此状态。

Negative feedback: A self‑regulating mechanism that dampens change and helps maintain stability, e.g. increased erosion widens a beach, absorbing more wave energy and reducing further erosion.

负面反馈：一种自我调节机制，削弱变化并有助于维持稳定，例如侵蚀加剧使海滩加宽，吸收更多波浪能量而减少后续侵蚀。

Positive feedback: A reinforcing cycle that amplifies change and can push a system past a tipping point, e.g. melting ice reduces albedo, causing more absorption of solar radiation and further melting.

正面反馈：一种加强循环，放大变化并可能使系统越过临界点，例如融冰降低反照率，导致更多太阳辐射被吸收，进而加速融化。

Threshold: A critical point beyond which a system shifts to a different state; for instance, the angle of repose on a scree slope – once exceeded, a landslide occurs.

阈值：系统切换至不同状态的临界点；例如岩屑坡的休止角——一旦超出，便会发生滑坡。

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2. Coastal Landscapes: Processes and Landforms | 海岸景观：过程与地貌

Coastal environments are shaped by erosion, transportation and deposition. WJEC expects you to link processes to specific landforms and to evaluate management strategies. Master these terms to excel on coastal questions.

海岸环境由侵蚀、搬运和沉积塑造。WJEC 期望你将过程与具体地貌联系起来，并评价管理策略。掌握这些术语，在海岸题目中脱颖而出。

Hydraulic action: The force of waves compressing air into cracks in rocks, causing them to weaken and break apart.

水力作用：波浪的压力将空气压入岩石裂缝，使其松动并碎裂。

Abrasion (coastal): Wearing away of the cliff face by sand, pebbles and boulders hurled against it by breaking waves.

磨蚀（海岸）：被碎浪投掷向崖面的砂粒、卵石和巨砾对崖壁的磨损。

Attrition: Rock fragments carried by waves collide and gradually become smaller, smoother and rounder over time.

磨耗：波浪携带的岩石碎屑相互碰撞，随时间逐渐变小、变光滑、变圆。

Solution (erosion): Dissolving of soluble rocks such as limestone by the slightly acidic seawater or rain.

溶蚀：微酸性的海水或雨水对石灰岩等可溶岩石的溶解作用。

Longshore drift: The zigzag movement of sediment along a coastline, driven by waves approaching at an angle, powered by swash and backwash.

沿岸漂移：由斜向入射的波浪驱动的沉积物沿滨线锯齿状移动，依赖冲流和回流。

Constructive wave: A low, surging wave with a strong swash and weak backwash that deposits sediment and builds up the beach.

建设性波浪：低而涌的波浪，冲流强、回流弱，沉积物质并塑造滩面。

Wave‑cut platform: A gently sloping rock surface exposed at low tide, formed as cliff erosion retreats landward leaving a bedrock bench.

浪蚀平台：低潮时出露的缓倾斜岩石面，因崖壁后退侵蚀而留出基岩平台。

Spit: An elongated ridge of sand or shingle projecting into the sea or across an estuary, formed by longshore drift when the coastline changes direction.

沙嘴：沙或卵石构成的狭长脊，当岸线转向时由沿岸漂移形成，伸入海面或横跨河口。

Managed retreat: Allowing the sea to flood low‑value land rather than holding the line, creating new intertidal habitats as a soft engineering approach.

有管理后退：让海水淹没低价值土地而非固守防线，营造新的潮间带栖息地，属软工程策略。

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3. Glaciated Landscapes | 冰川景观

From corries to ribbon lakes, glacial erosion and deposition produce distinctive upland and lowland landscapes. Knowing the terminology for processes and landforms is essential for explaining the formation of glaciated scenery.

从冰斗到带湖，冰川侵蚀和沉积造就独特的高地与低地景观。理解过程与地貌术语，对解释冰川风景的形成至关重要。

Plucking: The process where glacial ice freezes onto bedrock fragments and pulls them away as the glacier moves.

拔蚀：冰川冰冻结在基岩碎块上，随冰川运动将其拔起带走的过程。

Freeze‑thaw weathering: Water enters cracks, freezes and expands by about 9%, widening cracks until rock breaks apart – a key periglacial and glacial margin process.

冻融风化：水分渗入裂缝，冻结膨胀约9%，使裂隙扩宽直至岩石崩解——是冰缘和冰川边缘的关键过程。

Corrie / Cirque: A steep‑sided, armchair‑shaped hollow at the head of a valley, formed by glacial erosion and often containing a tarn after ice retreat.

冰斗：谷首的陡壁圈椅状凹地，由冰川侵蚀形成，冰退后常积水成湖。

Arête: A sharp, knife‑edged ridge separating two adjacent corries or glacial valleys, shaped by back‑to‑back erosion.

刃脊：分隔两个相邻冰斗或冰川谷的尖锐刀脊状山脊，由背向侵蚀塑造。

Pyramidal peak: A pointed mountaintop sculpted where three or more corries erode headwards around a central mass.

金字塔峰：当三个或更多冰斗围绕中央岩体向源侵蚀时，形成的尖顶山峰。

Glacial trough (U‑shaped valley): A wide, steep‑sided valley with a flat floor, originally a V‑shaped river valley widened and deepened by ice.

冰川槽谷（U形谷）：具宽阔陡壁和平坦谷底的山谷，原为V形河谷，被冰体拓宽加深。

Hanging valley: A tributary valley left elevated above the main glacial trough, often marked by a waterfall, because the main glacier eroded more deeply.

悬谷：支流谷底高于主冰川槽谷，常以瀑布为标志，因主冰川下蚀更深所致。

Terminal moraine: A ridge of unsorted glacial debris deposited at the snout of a glacier marking its maximum advance.

终碛：堆积在冰川鼻端的一条未经分选的冰碛脊，标识冰川推进的极限。

Drumlin: A streamlined, egg‑shaped hill of glacial till, with a steep stoss end and gentle lee end, indicating ice movement direction.

鼓丘：由冰碛构成的流线形蛋状丘陵，迎冰面陡、背冰面缓，指示冰川运动方向。

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4. Changing Places: Key Concepts | 变动的地方：关键概念

The Changing Places topic demands reflexive use of vocabulary that captures how people experience, perceive and shape localities. These terms are central to 12‑mark essays on place meaning and change.

“变动的地方”主题要求灵活运用能够捕捉人们如何体验、感知和塑造地方性的词汇。这些术语是12分论述题的核心。

Sense of place: The subjective emotional attachment people have to a location, shaped by memory, experience and cultural identity.

地方感：人们对某地的主观情感依恋，由记忆、经历和文化认同塑造。

Placelessness: The erosion of distinctive local character, leading to uniform landscapes often dominated by chain stores and generic architecture.

无地方性：独特地方特征的消解，导致同质化景观，常见连锁店铺和无差异建筑。

Endogenous factors: Internal characteristics that influence the nature of a place, such as its landform, geology, historical buildings and local demographic profile.

内生因素：影响地方特征的内在要素，如地形、地质、历史建筑和当地人口结构。

Exogenous factors: External forces that shape a place, including government policies, multinational investment, migration flows and media representation.

外生因素：塑造地方的外部力量，包括政府政策、跨国投资、人口流动和媒体再现。

Lived experience: The everyday reality of a place as perceived by its inhabitants, which may differ markedly from official census descriptions.

居住体验：居民所感受到的地方日常现实，可能与官方普查描述明显不同。

Gentrification: The process by which wealthier newcomers move into a rundown inner‑city area, renovating property and often displacing lower‑income residents.

绅士化：较富裕的新来者迁入衰败的内城地区，翻新物业，常常取代原有低收入居民的过程。

Clone town: A settlement where the high street is dominated by national chain stores, giving it a similar retail offering to many other towns.

克隆城镇：商业街由全国性连锁店主导的城镇，使其零售面貌与许多其他城镇雷同。

Rebranding: Deliberately changing the image and perception of a place through marketing, flagship projects or cultural events to attract investment and visitors.

重塑品牌：借营销、旗舰项目或文化活动有意识地改变某地的形象和认知，以吸引投资与游客。

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5. Urban and Rural Settlements | 城乡聚落

Urbanisation patterns and settlement hierarchies feature prominently in WJEC exams. You need to be able to define stages of urban development and explain spatial inequalities using the terms below.

城市化模式和聚落等级在WJEC考试中十分突出。你需要运用以下术语定义城市发展阶段并解释空间不平等。

Urbanisation: The increasing proportion of a country’s population living in towns and cities, driven by rural‑to‑urban migration and natural increase.

城市化：一国人口居住于城镇的比例不断上升，由乡城迁移和自然增长驱动。

Suburbanisation: The outward growth of a city as people and businesses move from the centre to the urban edge, often leading to low‑density estates.

郊区化：城市向外扩展，居民和企业从中心迁往城市边缘，常导致低密度住宅区形成。

Counter‑urbanisation: The movement of people from urban areas to rural locations, motivated by lifestyle preferences and enabled by commuting and technology.

逆城市化：人口从城市地区向乡村迁移，由生活偏好驱动，并依赖通勤和技术得以实现。

Re‑urbanisation: The regeneration and repopulation of inner‑city areas after a period of decline, often involving new apartments and cultural amenities.

再城市化：内城地区经历一段衰落后，通过新建公寓和文化设施等实现再生与人口重聚。

Green belt: A ring of protected open land around a city where development is strictly controlled to prevent urban sprawl.

绿带：城市周围受保护的开放土地带，开发受到严格控制以防止城市蔓延。

Settlement hierarchy: The arrangement of settlements in order of size and importance, from isolated dwelling to hamlet, village, town and city.

聚落等级体系：按规模和重要度排列的聚落序列，从孤立户到小村、村庄、城镇和城市。

Threshold population: The minimum number of customers needed to support a particular service or shop so that it remains viable.

门槛人口：维持某项服务或商店运营所需的最小顾客数量。

Range: The maximum distance people are prepared to travel to access a service; low‑order goods have a short range, high‑order goods a long range.

服务范围：人们愿意前往获取某服务的最大距离；低等级商品范围小，高等级商品范围大。

Bid‑rent theory: The idea that the most accessible land commands the highest rent, with land values declining away from the city centre but peaking at secondary nodes.

竞租理论：最通达之处地租最高，随着远离市中心土地价值下降，但会在次级节点处再次攀升。

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6. Population Change and Migration | 人口变迁与迁移

Demographic change affects every aspect of human geography. WJEC expects precise use of migration and population terms, especially when analysing the Demographic Transition Model and migration flows.

人口变化影响人文地理的方方面面。WJEC要求精确使用迁移与人口术语，尤其在分析人口转型模型和迁移流时。

Birth rate: The number of live births per 1000 population per year, key to measuring natural population growth.

出生率：每年每千人口中的活产数，是衡量人口自然增长的关键指标。

Death rate: The number of deaths per 1000 population per year, influenced by healthcare, diet and sanitation.

死亡率：每年每千人口中的死亡人数，受医疗、饮食和卫生条件影响。

Natural increase: The difference between birth rate and death rate; a positive natural increase means population growth excluding migration.

自然增长：出生率与死亡率之差；正自然增长表示不计迁移的人口增长。

Net migration: The difference between immigration and emigration, representing the net gain or loss of people from migration.

净迁移：移入与移出的差额，代表因迁移带来的人口净增或净减。

Push factor: A negative attribute of the origin area that drives people away, such as unemployment, conflict, or natural hazards.

推力因素：推动人们离开原住地的负面特征，如失业、冲突或自然灾害。

Pull factor: A positive attribute of the destination that attracts migrants, for example higher wages, political freedom or educational opportunities.

拉力因素：吸引移民前往目的地的积极特征，如更高工资、政治自由或教育机会。

Forced migration: The involuntary movement of people, often due to persecution, war, or environmental disasters; includes refugees.

强迫迁移：非自愿的人口流动，常因迫害、战争或环境灾难所致，包括难民。

Demographic Transition Model (DTM): A theoretical model showing how birth and death rates change as a country develops, moving from high stationary to low stationary phases.

人口转型模型：展示国家发展过程中出生率和死亡率变化的理论模型，从高静止阶段过渡至低静止阶段。

Dependency ratio: The proportion of the population aged under 15 and over 65 relative to the working‑age group (15–64), indicating economic pressure.

抚养比：15岁以下和65岁以上人口相对于劳动年龄人口（15–64岁）的比例，反映经济压力。

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7. Fieldwork Skills | 田野调查技能

Fieldwork is integral to WJEC Geography. Examiners test your understanding of enquiry design, data collection and ethical considerations. Familiarity with the following terms will strengthen your methodology section.

田野调查是WJEC地理不可分割的部分。考官考查你对探究设计、数据收集和伦理考量的理解。熟悉以下术语能加强方法论述。

Primary data: Original information collected first‑hand for a specific investigation, such as questionnaires, pedestrian counts or sediment samples.

一手数据：为特定调查首次收集的原始信息，如问卷、行人计数或沉积物样本。

Secondary data: Information that already exists and is used by the researcher, e.g. census statistics, OS maps and academic papers.

二手数据：研究者利用的已有信息，例如人口普查数据、地形测量图和学术论文。

Quantitative data: Numerical information that can be measured and statistically analysed, such as pebble size, traffic flow or temperature readings.

定量数据：可量测并用统计方法分析的数值信息，如卵石大小、交通流量或温度读数。

Qualitative data: Non‑numerical information describing qualities or opinions, gathered through interviews, photographs or observations.

定性数据：

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