📚 Year 12 WJEC Sociology: Key Terminology Memory Hacks | WJEC 社会学：词汇术语速记指南
This guide provides essential key terms for Year 12 WJEC Sociology, organised by topic with memory aids to help you recall definitions quickly. Follow the paired English–Chinese explanations and mnemonics to strengthen your sociological vocabulary and score higher in your exams.
本指南为 WJEC 社会学 Year 12 学生提供重要术语，按主题整理并附带记忆窍门，助你快速回顾定义。遵循中英对照解释和巧记法，巩固社会学词汇量，在考试中斩获高分。
1. Foundational Concepts: Society, Culture and Socialisation | 基础概念：社会、文化与社会化
Society refers to a group of people who share a common geographical territory and culture. Think: ‘society’ sounds like ‘so-same-ity’ – people living together in sameness.
社会 指共享同一地域和文化的一群人。记忆联想：’社会’ 音似 ‘社团’ ，大家因共同点聚在一起。
Culture is the whole way of life of a society, including language, beliefs, values, norms and customs. Mnemonic: ‘CULTure’ – Common Understanding of Life in a Territory.
文化 是一个社会全部的生活方式，包括语言、信仰、价值观、规范和习俗。记忆：’文化’ 即一种生活方式的 ‘人文教化’。
Socialisation is the lifelong process of learning and internalising the norms, values and behaviours appropriate to one’s society. Picture ‘socialise’ as ‘social eyes’ – you learn to see the world through society’s lens.
社会化 是个体终身学习并内化社会规范、价值观与行为的过程。想象 ‘社会化’ 就是 ‘社会’ 这面镜子渐渐让你 ‘化’ 入其中。
Sociological imagination (C. Wright Mills) is the ability to see the link between personal troubles and public issues. Mnemonic: ‘Imagine your private problem is part of a public pattern.’
社会学想象力 （C. 赖特·米尔斯） 指洞察个人烦恼与公共议题之间联系的能力。记忆：’想象’ 你的个人困扰其实是社会结构的一部分。
Social construction means that what we take for granted as ‘natural’ is actually created by society. Reminder: ‘Construction’ – society builds reality like builders construct a house.
社会建构 意指我们认为理所当然的 ‘自然’ 之事，实际上是由社会创造的。提醒：’建构’ —— 社会像盖房子一样搭建我们的现实认知。
2. Norms, Values, Roles and Status | 规范、价值观、角色与地位
Norms are specific rules of behaviour that society expects in particular situations, such as queuing. Memory hook: ‘Norm’ sounds like ‘normal’ – it’s the normal thing to do.
规范 是社会在特定情境下期待的具体行为规则，例如排队。记忆钩子：’规’ 让人想到 ‘规矩’，就是正常的做法。
Values are broader principles and beliefs about what is desirable or worthwhile, such as respect for human life. Think: ‘What you VALUE shapes your values.’
价值观 是关于何为可取或有价值的更广泛原则与信念，例如尊重生命。联想：你重视（value）的东西决定了你的价值观。
Roles are the patterns of behaviour expected from someone occupying a particular social position. Picture a theatre ‘role’ – every status has its scripted part.
角色 是占据特定社会地位的人被期待表现出的行为模式。想象舞台上的 ‘角色’ – 每个身份都有它的既定剧本。
Status is the social position a person holds, which can be ascribed (fixed at birth, e.g. sex) or achieved (gained through effort, e.g. doctor). Mnemonic: ‘Ascribed = Assigned; Achieved = Accomplished.’
地位 是个人拥有的社会位置，可分为先赋地位（出生即定，如性别）和自致地位（通过努力获得，如医生）。记忆：’先赋’ 即被赋予；’自致’ 即自己争取。
3. Types of Culture: High, Popular, Subculture and Globalisation | 文化类型：高雅文化、大众文化、亚文化与全球化
High culture refers to cultural products seen as superior and elite, such as opera, classical music and fine art. Mnemonic: ‘High’ like high society – only for the elite.
高雅文化 指被视为优越和精英的文化产品，如歌剧、古典音乐和纯艺术。记忆：’高’ 即上流社会专属，高高在上。
Popular culture (or mass culture) is everyday cultural products consumed by the majority, such as pop music, reality TV and fast food. Think: ‘Popular = for the population.’
大众文化 （或流行文化）是大多数人的日常文化消费品，如流行音乐、真人秀和快餐。联想：’大众’ 就是为大众生产、大众消费。
Subculture is a culture within a larger culture, with distinct norms and values while still sharing some mainstream features. Example: goth subculture. Mnemonic: ‘Sub’ means under – it exists under the surface of mainstream culture.
亚文化 是更大文化中的次级文化群体，拥有独特的规范和价值观，但仍共享一些主流特征，如哥特亚文化。记忆：’亚’ 表示分支，在主流之下自成一体。
Cultural diversity describes the variety of cultures within a society. It can be enriched by immigration. Mnemonic: ‘Diversity = different ways of life co-existing.’
文化多样性 描述一个社会中文化的多样性，可因移民而丰富。记忆：’多样’ 就是多种不同生活方式共存。
Globalisation is the process by which the world becomes increasingly interconnected through trade, media and technology, leading to a global culture. Remember ‘global village’ – the world shrinks to a village.
全球化 是通过贸易、媒体和科技使世界日益互联的过程，导致全球文化的形成。记住’地球村’——世界缩小为一个村庄。
4. Identity: Self, Gender, Ethnicity and Age | 认同：自我、性别、族群与年龄
Identity is how individuals see and define themselves, influenced by socialisation and group membership. Think: ‘Id-entity’ – who I am in a group.
认同 是个体如何看待和定义自己，受社会化和群体成员身份影响。联想：’认同’ 即 ‘我同谁一队’。
Gender identity refers to a person’s sense of being masculine, feminine or another gender, shaped by social expectations. Mnemonic: ‘Gender is what society teaches you to wear and behave.’
性别认同 指个人对自身男性、女性或其他性别的感受，由社会期待塑造。记忆：’性别’ 是社会学来告诉你该穿什么、怎么表现的。
Ethnic identity is a sense of belonging to a particular ethnic group based on shared culture, ancestry and language. It can be a source of pride and resistance.
族群认同 是对某一特定族群归属感的认同，基于共同的文化、祖先和语言。它可以是自豪感与抵抗的源泉。
Hybrid identity occurs when people blend elements from two or more cultures to create a new, fluid sense of self. Mnemonic: ‘Hybrid = mixed, like a hybrid car.’
混杂认同 当人们融合两种或更多文化元素创造出新的、流动的自我认同时产生。记忆：’混杂’ 就像混血，混合而成新认同。
Age identity is the set of expectations and roles linked to a person’s chronological age, e.g. ‘teenager’ or ‘elderly’. Societies create age-related norms.
年龄认同 是与人们的实际年龄相关的期望和角色集合，如 ‘青少年’ 或 ‘老年人’。社会制造了与年龄挂钩的规范。
5. Agencies of Socialisation: Family, Education, Peer Group and Media | 社会化机构：家庭、教育、同辈群体与媒体
Primary socialisation occurs in early childhood within the family, where basic norms and values are taught. Mnemonic: ‘Primary = First – family comes first.’
初级社会化 发生在童年早期，在家庭中进行，教授基本的规范与价值观。记忆：’初级’ 就是最先的，家庭第一位。
Secondary socialisation takes place later through agencies such as schools, peer groups, mass media and the workplace. Reminder: ‘Secondary = Second step outside the home.’
次级社会化 之后通过学校、同辈群体、大众媒体和职场等机构发生。提醒：’次级’ 是家庭外的第二步。
The hidden curriculum in education refers to the informal lessons taught at school, such as punctuality, obedience and competition. Mnemonic: ‘Hidden = what you really learn besides lessons.’
隐性课程 指教育中非正式的、学校传授的隐性内容，如守时、服从和竞争。记忆：’隐性’ 是你除了课本之外真正学到的东西。
Peer group is an agency of socialisation consisting of people of similar age and status. Young people often conform to peer pressure. Think ‘peer’ as ‘equal’ – they shape your identity through equality.
同辈群体 是由年龄和地位相似的人组成的社会化机构。年轻人常屈从于同辈压力。联想’同辈’就是’同类’，通过平等互动塑造认同。
Mass media is a powerful agency that transmits norms, values and stereotypes to a large audience. It can both reflect and shape culture.
大众媒体 是向广大受众传递规范、价值观和刻板印象的强大机构，既能反映又能塑造文化。
6. Research Methods: Positivism vs Interpretivism | 研究方法：实证主义与解释主义
Positivism is the sociological approach that favours the methods of natural sciences, using quantitative data to discover social facts and laws. Mnemonic: ‘Positive about numbers and facts.’
实证主义 是偏好自然科学方法的社会学取向，使用量化数据发现社会事实和规律。记忆：’实证’ 就是凭数字和事实说话。
Interpretivism argues that sociology should focus on understanding the meanings and motives behind human behaviour, using qualitative methods. Think ‘Interpret’ – you interpret individual stories.
解释主义 主张社会学应侧重理解行为背后的意义和动机，采用质性方法。联想：’解释’ 就是阐释个人故事。
Quantitative data is numerical information (e.g. statistics, surveys) favoured by positivists. Quantitative = Quantity = numbers.
量化数据 是数字信息（如统计、问卷），受实证主义者青睐。量化 = 数量 = 数字。
Qualitative data is in-depth, non-numerical information (e.g. interviews, observations) valued by interpretivists. Qualitative = Quality = depth and meaning.
质性数据 是深度、非数字信息（如访谈、观察），受解释主义者重视。质性 = 质量 = 深度和意义。
Mixed methods combine quantitative and qualitative approaches to gain both breadth and depth, called triangulation. Mnemonic: ‘Mix = best of both worlds.’
混合方法 结合量化与质性方法以获得广度和深度，称为三角验证。记忆：’混合’ 就是两全其美。
7. Key Research Concepts: Validity, Reliability, Ethics and Sampling | 关键研究概念：效度、信度、伦理与抽样
Validity is the extent to which research measures what it claims to measure and produces a truthful picture. High validity = ‘valid’ and genuine.
效度 指研究在多大程度上测量了它声称要测量的东西并产生真实图像。高效度 = 真实有效。
Reliability refers to the consistency of findings; if a study is repeated, similar results should be obtained. Mnemonic: ‘Reliable = Repeatable.’
信度 指研究结果的一致性；如果重复研究，应得到相似结果。记忆：’信’ 即可’信’任地重复。
Representativeness is the degree to which a sample mirrors the wider population. A representative sample allows generalisation.
代表性 指样本在多大程度上反映总体特征。有代表性的样本才能进行推论。
Ethics in sociology involve moral principles such as informed consent, confidentiality, avoidance of harm and deception. Remember: ‘Ethics = do no harm.’
研究伦理 涉及知情同意、保密、避免伤害与欺骗等道德原则。记忆：’伦理’ 就是不作恶。
Sampling methods include random (everyone has equal chance), stratified (proportional subgroups), and snowball (participants recruit others). Mnemonic: ‘Random = lottery; Stratified = layers; Snowball = rolls on.’
抽样方法 包括随机（每人等概率）、分层（按比例分组）和滚雪球（参与者招募他人）。记忆：’随机’如抽奖；’分层’如千层糕；’雪球’越滚越大。
8. Education: Hidden Curriculum, Labelling and Cultural Capital | 教育：隐性课程、标签理论与文化资本
Hidden curriculum (already mentioned) operates alongside the formal curriculum, transmitting norms like competition and conformity. It reproduces social inequalities.
隐性课程（已提及）与正式课程并行，传递竞争和服从等规范，再生产者社会不平等。
Labelling theory suggests that teachers attach labels to pupils (e.g. ‘bright’, ‘troublemaker’), and these labels become internalised, affecting attainment. Mnemonic: ‘Label = sticky tag that shapes identity.’
标签理论 认为教师给学生贴上标签（如’聪明’、’捣蛋鬼’），这些标签被内化，影响学业成就。记忆：’标签’就像粘性贴纸，塑造认同。
Self-fulfilling prophecy occurs when a false label becomes true because the person acts according to the expectations. Example: a pupil labelled ‘low ability’ stops trying and thus fulfils the prophecy.
自我实现的预言 指一个虚假标签因为被预期而成为现实。例如被称’低能’的学生放弃努力，最终果真低能。
Marketisation of education refers to making schools compete like businesses for students and funding, reflected in league tables and parental choice. Mnemonic: ‘Market = school marketplace.’
教育市场化 指让学校像企业一样竞争学生和资金，体现为排行榜和家长选择。记忆：’市场’如学校大卖场。
Cultural capital (Bourdieu) describes the knowledge, language and attitudes that middle-class children possess, giving them an advantage in education. Reminder: ‘Capital = asset that pays off in school.’
文化资本（布迪厄）指中产阶级儿童拥有的知识、语言和态度，使其在教育中占优。提醒：’资本’就像能在学校变现的资产。
9. Media: Representation, Moral Panic and Hyperreality | 媒体：再现、道德恐慌与超现实
Media representation is how the media portrays particular groups, events or issues; often based on stereotypes. Representation is not reality – it is a constructed version.
媒体再现 是媒体描绘特定群体、事件或议题的方式；常常基于刻板印象。再现并非现实，而是建构的版本。
StereotypesPublished by TutorHao | Year 12 社会学 Revision Series | aleveler.com
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