📚 Year 13 AQA Science: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memory Guide | AQA 科学（13年级）：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the terminology in Year 13 AQA sciences – Biology, Chemistry and Physics – is not about blind memorisation. It is about recognising patterns, dissecting word roots, and linking every term to a clear mental image. This guide will walk you through high-frequency terms across all three subjects and give you reusable memory techniques that make recall automatic under exam pressure.
掌握 13 年级 AQA 科学（生物、化学、物理）的术语，绝不是死记硬背，而是识别规律、拆解词根，并将每个术语与清晰的脑海图像连接起来。本指南将带你扫清三科中的高频术语，并教你可复用的记忆技巧，让你在考场上自动调取知识。
1. The Power of Word Roots in Science | 科学词根的力量
Many AQA terms are built from Greek or Latin roots. ‘Photo-‘ means light, ‘therm-‘ means heat, ‘endo-‘ means within, ‘exo-‘ means outside. Once you learn these building blocks, unfamiliar words become self-explanatory.
许多 AQA 术语由希腊或拉丁词根构成。“Photo-” 表示光，“therm-” 表示热，“endo-” 表示内部，“exo-” 表示外部。一旦你掌握这些构件，陌生词汇会变得不言自明。
For example, ‘endothermic’ simply means ‘heat within’ – a reaction taking in heat. Create your own glossary by highlighting the root every time you write a definition.
比如，“endothermic” 就是“内部热”——一个吸收热量的反应。每次写下定义时都高亮词根，建立你自己的词根词汇表。
2. Thermodynamics Terms in Chemistry & Physics | 化学与物理中的热力学术语
Enthalpy change (ΔH) is the heat absorbed or released at constant pressure. Remember: negative ΔH → exothermic (heat EXits); positive ΔH → endothermic (heat ENters).
焓变 (ΔH) 是在恒压下吸收或放出的热量。记住：负 ΔH → 放热（热量 EXits 出）；正 ΔH → 吸热（热量 ENters 进）。
Standard conditions are 100 kPa, 298 K, 1 mol dm⁻³ for solutions. The superscript ‘⦵’ marks standard state. Visualise a neat laboratory bench – everything standard, nothing messy.
标准条件是 100 kPa、298 K、溶液浓度 1 mol dm⁻³。上标 “⦵” 标示标准状态。想象一张整洁的实验台——一切标准化，毫不凌乱。
Entropy (S) measures disorder; its units are J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹. Think ‘S’ for ‘spread’ of energy.
熵 (S) 衡量无序度；单位是 J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹。把 “S” 想成能量“散开”（Spread）。
3. Kinetics and Equilibria in Chemistry | 化学中的动力学与平衡
Rate of reaction: change in concentration per unit time. The rate equation is rate = k[A]ᵐ[B]ⁿ. Remember: orders m and n are not the stoichiometric coefficients unless it’s an elementary step. Think ‘orders are experimental, not from the equation’.
反应速率：单位时间内浓度的变化。速率方程为 rate = k[A]ᵐ[B]ⁿ。记住：级数 m 和 n 不一定是化学计量系数，除非是基元步骤。想成“级数来自实验，不来自方程式”。
Activation energy (Eₐ) is the minimum energy needed for a collision to be successful. Use the ‘Energy Barrier’ metaphor: molecules must climb over the hill before rolling down to products.
活化能 (Eₐ) 是碰撞有效所需的最低能量。使用“能垒”比喻：分子必须先翻过山坡，才能滚落生成产物。
Dynamic equilibrium: the forward and reverse reactions occur at equal rates in a closed system. ‘Dynamic’ means it’s still moving, not static.
动态平衡：在封闭系统中，正逆反应速率相等。“动态”意味着仍在运动，并非静止。
4. Organic Chemistry Functional Groups Made Simple | 有机化学官能团速记
Alkanes (-ane suffix) are saturated; alkenes (-ene) have C=C; alkynes (-yne) have C≡C. ‘E’ in alkene reminds you of the double bond’s shape: like two E’s back-to-back.
烷烃（后缀 -ane）是饱和的；烯烃（-ene）有 C=C；炔烃（-yne）有 C≡C。烯烃中的 “E” 让你想起双键的形状：像两个 E 背对背。
Alcohols have –OH; prefix ‘hydroxy-‘ or suffix ‘-ol’. Carboxylic acids –COOH. ‘Carboxyl’ sounds like ‘carb-o-acid’, a carbon double bonded to oxygen and an OH.
醇有 –OH；前缀 “hydroxy-” 或后缀 “-ol”。羧酸 –COOH。“Carboxyl” 听起来像 “carb-o-acid”，一个碳双键氧再加一个 OH。
Esters: formed from alcohol + carboxylic acid; smell sweet. The mnemonic ‘Esters Smell Extra Sweet’ links ES to ester synthesis.
酯：由醇与羧酸生成；气味香甜。助记口诀“酯有额外甜味”，将 ES 与酯合成联系起来。
Amines (R-NH₂) and amides (R-CONH₂). Amides contain a carbonyl next to the nitrogen – think ‘amide has a C=O inside’.
胺 (R-NH₂) 与酰胺 (R-CONH₂)。酰胺的氮旁有羰基——想成 “amide 内部有个 C=O”。
5. Waves, Optics and Electromagnetic Spectrum | 波动、光学与电磁波谱
Wavelength (λ) and frequency (f) are linked by v = fλ, where v is wave speed. ‘Wave speed is frequency times wavelength’ – the product never changes for a given medium.
波长 (λ) 与频率 (f) 的关系是 v = fλ，其中 v 是波速。对于给定介质，波速不变，频率乘波长永远不变。
Refractive index n = c/v. High n means light slows down more. Think ‘thick glass bends light more – high n, high bend’.
折射率 n = c/v。高 n 意味着光减速更多。想成“厚玻璃使光更弯——高 n，大弯曲”。
Total internal reflection occurs when the angle of incidence exceeds the critical angle (sin C = 1/n). Only when light travels into an optically less dense medium.
当入射角大于临界角 (sin C = 1/n) 时发生全内反射。只有当光进入光疏介质时才发生。
Coherence: waves have a constant phase difference and the same frequency. Laser light is coherent; light bulb light is not. ‘Coherent couples’ – constant phase, same frequency.
相干性：波有恒定的相位差和相同的频率。激光是相干光；灯泡光不是。想成“相干伴侣”——恒定相位、相同频率。
6. Electric and Magnetic Fields Terminology | 电场与磁场术语
Electric field strength E = F/q (N C⁻¹). Lines go from positive to negative. ‘Lines point the way a positive test charge would move.’
电场强度 E = F/q (N C⁻¹)。电场线从正到负。“电场线指向正检验电荷会移动的方向。”
Magnetic flux density B is measured in tesla (T). F = BIL sin θ for a current-carrying wire. ‘BIL’ meaning force is maximum when the wire is perpendicular to the field.
磁通量密度 B 的单位是特斯拉 (T)。对于载流导线，F = BIL sin θ。“BIL” 表示当导线垂直于磁场时力最大。
Faraday’s law: induced emf equals the rate of change of magnetic flux linkage. Lenz’s law: the direction of induced emf opposes the change causing it. ‘Lenz fights change’ is a classic memory aid.
法拉第定律：感应电动势等于磁链变化率。楞次定律：感应电动势的方向总是抵抗产生它的变化。“楞次抵抗变化”是经典的记忆口诀。
Capacitance C = Q/V; time constant τ = RC for a capacitor-resistor circuit. After one time constant, voltage drops to about 37% of its initial value.
电容 C = Q/V；RC 电路的时间常数 τ = RC。经过一个时间常数，电压降到初始值的约 37%。
7. Cellular Respiration Pathways in Biology | 生物中的细胞呼吸途径
Glycolysis literally means ‘splitting sugar’. It occurs in the cytoplasm and produces pyruvate, a net gain of 2 ATP, and reduced NAD. Remember ‘Glucose is Pyruvated’ – glycolysis yields pyruvate.
糖酵解字面意思是“分开糖”。它发生在细胞质中，生成丙酮酸、净得 2 ATP 和还原型 NAD。记住 “Glucose is Pyruvated”——糖酵解产出丙酮酸。
Link reaction: pyruvate → acetyl CoA, releasing CO₂ and more reduced NAD. Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. ‘Pyruvate passes the door, drops a CO₂, and becomes Acetyl CoA.’
链接反应：丙酮酸 → 乙酰辅酶 A，释放 CO₂ 和更多还原型 NAD。发生在线粒体基质。“丙酮酸进门，丢下一个 CO₂，变成乙酰辅酶 A。”
Krebs cycle: a series of oxidation-reduction reactions producing CO₂, reduced NAD, reduced FAD, and ATP. The cycle turns twice per glucose molecule. ‘Krebs spins twice’ to harvest remaining energy.
克雷布斯循环：一系列氧化还原反应，生成 CO₂、还原型 NAD、还原型 FAD 和 ATP。每分子葡萄糖循环两圈。“克雷布斯转两圈”收获剩余能量。
Oxidative phosphorylation: the electron transport chain uses energy from electrons to pump protons, creating a chemiosmotic gradient that drives ATP synthase. ‘Protons power ATP – like water driving a turbine.’
氧化磷酸化：电子传递链利用电子能量泵出质子，产生化学渗透梯度，驱动 ATP 合酶。“质子驱动 ATP——就像水流推动涡轮。”
8. Photosynthesis: Light-Dependent and Light-Independent Stages | 光合作用：光反应与暗反应
Light-dependent reaction occurs in the thylakoid membranes. Water is photolysed (split by light) producing O₂, protons and electrons. ‘Water’s photo-split releases O₂ as a by-product.’
光反应发生在类囊体膜上。水被光解（光分解）产生 O₂、质子和电子。“水的光分解将 O₂ 作为副产物释放。”
Photophosphorylation: using light energy to make ATP. Non-cyclic photophosphorylation produces ATP, reduced NADP and O₂. Cyclic only produces ATP. ‘Non-cyclic is complete; cyclic is ATP-only.’
光合磷酸化：利用光能制造 ATP。非循环光合磷酸化产生 ATP、还原型 NADP 和 O₂。循环式只产生 ATP。“非循环是完整的；循环只产生 ATP。”
Calvin cycle (light-independent): CO₂ is fixed by RuBisCO, combined with RuBP, and through GP and TP intermediates regenerates RuBP. Remember ‘RuBisCO fixes CO₂ to RuBP, making GP.’
卡尔文循环（暗反应）：CO₂ 被 RuBisCO 固定，与 RuBP 结合，经过 GP 和 TP 中间体再生 RuBP。记住 “RuBisCO 把 CO₂ 固定到 RuBP 上，生成 GP”。
The rate of photosynthesis is limited by light intensity, CO₂ concentration and temperature. ‘Three limiting factors – light, CO₂, temp – like a three-legged stool.’
光合作用速率受光照强度、CO₂ 浓度和温度限制。“三个限制因素——光、CO₂、温度——就像三条腿的凳子。”
9. Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis | 基因表达与蛋白质合成
Transcription: DNA template strand is used to synthesise mRNA. RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region. ‘Copying DNA into mRNA is transcription – rewriting the script.’
转录：以 DNA 模板链合成 mRNA。RNA 聚合酶结合在启动子区域。“将 DNA 抄写成 mRNA 就是转录——誊写脚本。”
Translation: mRNA is decoded by ribosomes; tRNA brings specific amino acids. Each tRNA has an anticodon complementary to the mRNA codon. ‘tRNA taxi picks up the amino acid and matches the codon.’
翻译：核糖体解读 mRNA；tRNA 携带特定氨基酸。每个 tRNA 有与 mRNA 密码子互补的反密码子。“tRNA 出租车接上氨基酸，匹配密码子。”
Gene mutation types: substitution, deletion, insertion. Substitution may be silent, missense, or nonsense. ‘Substitutions swap one letter; frameshifts shift the reading frame.’
基因突变类型：替换、缺失、插入。替换可能是沉默、错义或无义突变。“替换交换一个字母；移码突变会扰乱阅读框。”
Epigenetics: heritable changes in gene function without changes to the DNA sequence, e.g. DNA methylation and histone modification. ‘Epigenetics are above the genes – packing and unpacking DNA.’
表观遗传学：不改变 DNA 序列的可遗传的基因功能改变，如 DNA 甲基化和组蛋白修饰。“表观遗传在基因之上——包装和打开 DNA。”
10. Nervous Communication and Homeostasis | 神经通讯与稳态
Resting potential: around –70 mV, maintained by Na⁺/K⁺ pump (3 Na⁺ out, 2 K⁺ in). ‘Pump pushes 3 out, 2 in – net negative inside.’
静息电位：约 –70 mV，由 Na⁺/K⁺ 泵维持（3 Na⁺ 出，2 K⁺ 进）。“泵送出 3 个，送入 2 个——细胞内净负。”
Action potential: depolarisation when voltage-gated Na⁺ channels open; repolarisation when K⁺ channels open. ‘All-or-nothing spike – threshold must be reached.’
动作电位：电压门控 Na⁺ 通道打开时去极化；K⁺ 通道打开时复极化。“全或无的峰电位——必须达到阈值。”
Synaptic transmission: neurotransmitter vesicles release chemicals into the synaptic cleft. Excitatory (e.g. acetylcholine) and inhibitory (e.g. GABA) synapses summate.
突触传递：神经递质囊泡将化学物质释放到突触间隙。兴奋性（如乙酰胆碱）和抑制性（如 GABA）突触发生总和。
Negative feedback restores homeostasis: e.g. insulin lowers blood glucose when it rises too high. ‘Like a thermostat – high turns off the heater.’
负反馈恢复稳态：例如胰岛素在血糖过高时降低血糖。“就像恒温器——温度高就关掉加热器。”
11. Acronyms and Visual Chains for Multi-Step Processes | 多步过程的缩写与视觉链
For lengthy pathways, build acronyms. The Krebs cycle intermediates: ‘Citrate Is A Ketoglutarate Succinyl Succinate Fumarate Malate Oxaloacetate’ – create a silly sentence, e.g. ‘Cute Indians And Kids Sing Songs For Mums Often.’
对于长路径，构建缩写。克雷布斯循环中间产物：柠檬酸、异柠檬酸、α-酮戊二酸、琥珀酰-CoA、琥珀酸、延胡索酸、苹果酸、草酰乙酸。编一句搞笑的话：“可爱印度人和孩子常为妈妈唱歌。”
For the light-dependent reaction: ‘Photo-lysis, Electron, Proton, ATP, NADPH’ – ‘PEPAN’. Use story chains: a photon hits chlorophyll, water splits, electrons leap, protons accumulate.
光反应：“光解、电子、质子、ATP、NADPH”——”PEPAN”。用故事链：光子击中叶绿素、水裂解、电子跃迁、质子积聚。
12. Spaced Repetition and Active Recall Integration | 间隔重复与主动回忆整合
Write flashcards with the term on one side and a definition plus a root analysis on the other. Review using the 1-3-7-14 day schedule. Active recall strengthens synaptic connections far more than re-reading.
制作抽认卡，一面写术语，另一面写定义加词根分析。按 1-3-7-14 天的间隔复习。主动回忆比反复阅读更能增强突触连接。
Teaching the term to someone else, or even explaining it aloud to yourself, is the ultimate test of understanding. If you can’t explain it simply, you don’t yet own the vocabulary.
把术语教给别人，或者大声解释给自己听，是理解的终极测试。如果你不能简单解释，就还没真正掌握这个词汇。
Link new terms to practical experiments. The memory of a titration curve or an action potential oscilloscope trace provides a visual anchor for the abstract vocabulary.
将新术语与实际实验联系起来。滴定曲线或动作电位示波器轨迹的记忆，能为抽象词汇提供视觉锚点。
Published by TutorHao | Science Revision Series | aleveler.com
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