📚 Year 13 CIE Science: Vocabulary Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | 13年级 CIE 科学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering scientific terminology is a crucial step towards achieving high marks in Year 13 CIE A-Level Sciences. This guide provides easy-to-remember hooks, mnemonics and word-root analyses to help you build a robust scientific vocabulary across Physics, Chemistry, Biology and experimental skills.
掌握科学术语是 Year 13 CIE A-Level 科学科目拿高分的关键一步。本指南通过简易的记忆挂钩、助记法和词根分析，帮助你在物理、化学、生物和实验技能等领域建立牢固的科学词汇库。
1. Experimental Skills & Measurements | 实验技能与测量术语
Accuracy – the closeness of a measured value to the true value. Mnemonic: think of ‘accurate’ as ‘aiming for the ultimate truth’, with the two ‘c’s framing the correct centre.
准确度 (Accuracy) – 测量值与真实值的接近程度。记忆法：可联想 “accurate” 中两个 c 像靶环，牢牢包住真实值，瞄准终极真相。
Precision – the consistency of repeated measurements, indicated by the spread of results. Mnemonic: ‘Precision’ rhymes with ‘repetition’ – precise readings are closely packed like repeated beats on a drum.
精密度 (Precision) – 多次测量结果的一致程度，反映数据的分散程度。记忆法：”Precision” 与 “repetition” 押韵，重复测量时数据点紧凑，就像鼓点一样密集。
Resolution – the smallest change in a quantity that an instrument can detect. Think: a ‘resolving’ microscope can separate two dots – higher resolution means finer detail.
分辨率 (Resolution) – 仪器能够检测到的最小变化量。可以想成：高分辨率的显微镜能把两个点’分辨’开来，分辨率越高细节越清晰。
Parallax error – the apparent shift in the position of an object when viewed from different angles. Avoid it by keeping your line of sight perpendicular to the scale.
视差 (Parallax error) – 因观察角度不同导致物体位置看起来移动的误差。读数时视线要与刻度垂直，以消除视差。
Zero error – a systematic error caused by an instrument not reading zero when it should. Check and subtract the zero error before recording data.
零误差 (Zero error) – 仪器在应该显示零时却不指零而产生的系统误差。记录数据前务必检查并扣除零误差。
Calibration curve – a graph used to relate instrument readings to known standard values. Mnemonic: ‘Cali-‘ suggests ‘call’ – calling a standard to adjust your reading.
校准曲线 (Calibration curve) – 将仪器读数与已知标准值关联的曲线图。记忆：”Cali-” 似 “call”，叫来标准件调准你的仪器。
2. Data Handling & Errors | 数据处理与误差术语
Anomalous result / Outlier – a data point that lies well outside the overall trend. Remember: ‘out-lier’ is out of the line.
异常值 (Anomalous result / Outlier) – 明显偏离整体趋势的数据点。记忆：”out-lier” 就是出格离了队伍。
Mean – the arithmetic average; sum of values divided by number of values. Mnemonic: Mean is the ‘middle’ when you average everyone out.
平均值 (Mean) – 算术平均数，所有数值之和除以数据个数。记忆：把大家拉平均，中间那个就是 Mean。
Median – the middle value when data are arranged in order. Think: ‘Median’ sounds like ‘medium’ – it sits in the middle.
中位数 (Median) – 数据按大小排序后位于正中间的值。”Median” 发音似 ‘medium’，中等身材居中而立。
Range – the difference between the maximum and minimum values, showing spread. Mnemonic: ‘Range’ roams from the smallest to the largest.
极差 (Range) – 最大值与最小值的差，表示数据分散程度。记忆：Range 如山脉绵延，从最低到最高。
Standard deviation – a measure of the average distance of data points from the mean. Smaller s.d. means data are tightly clustered.
标准差 (Standard deviation) – 衡量数据点与平均值平均距离的量。标准差越小，数据越集中。
Uncertainty – the interval within which the true value is expected to lie. Usually expressed as ±(half the resolution).
不确定度 (Uncertainty) – 真值预期所处的区间。通常表示为 ±(最小分度的一半)。
Percentage uncertainty = (absolute uncertainty / measured value) × 100%. It lets you compare uncertainty across different scales.
百分不确定度 = (绝对不确定度 / 测量值) × 100%。可用于不同量级测量之间的不确定度比较。
Significant figures (s.f.) – the digits that carry meaning in a measurement. The more significant figures, the more precise the instrument. Leading zeros are not significant.
有效数字 (s.f.) – 测量中表达意义的数字。有效数字越多表示仪器越精密，前导零不计数。
3. Core Physics Terms | 物理核心术语
Scalar – a quantity with magnitude only, e.g. mass, speed. Think: ‘Scalar’ has no arrow – it just scales up or down.
标量 (Scalar) – 只有大小、没有方向的量，如质量、速率。记忆：标量没有’箭头’，只在数量上缩放。
Vector – a quantity with both magnitude and direction, e.g. velocity, force. Mnemonic: ‘Vector’ points in a direction, like a car’s velocity arrow.
矢量 (Vector) – 既有大小又有方向的量，如速度、力。记忆：矢量带着方向箭头，像汽车的行驶指向。
Displacement – the straight-line distance in a given direction from start to finish. Not the same as distance travelled.
位移 (Displacement) – 从起点到终点的直线有向距离。并非实际走过的路程。
Velocity – rate of change of displacement, a vector. v = Δs/Δt. Mnemonic: Velocity has direction; speed does not.
速度 (Velocity) – 位移对时间的变化率，为矢量。v = Δs/Δt。记忆：速度 (Velocity) 带方向，速率 (Speed) 不管往哪儿走。
Momentum – product of mass and velocity, p = mv. Conserved in collisions. Think: ‘momentum’ carries ‘moment’ – once moving, it keeps going.
动量 (Momentum) – 质量与速度的乘积，p = mv，在碰撞中守恒。记忆：动量就是运动的冲劲儿，停不下来。
Work done – energy transferred when a force moves an object. W = Fd cosθ. Mnemonic: Work is force that ‘walks’ a distance.
做功 (Work done) – 力使物体移动时所传递的能量，W = Fd cosθ。记忆：力（Force）走（walk）了多远，就做了多少功。
Power – rate of doing work, P = W/t or Fv. Unit: watt (W). Think: powerful machine does more work per second.
功率 (Power) – 做功的快慢，P = W/t 或 Fv，单位瓦特 (W)。记忆：功率大的机器每秒干的活多。
Resistivity (ρ) – a material property indicating how strongly it opposes current, ρ = RA/L. Higher resistivity means poorer conductor.
电阻率 (ρ) – 材料阻碍电流的本领，ρ = RA/L。电阻率越大，导电性越差。
4. Core Chemistry Terms | 化学核心术语
Mole (mol) – the amount of substance containing as many entities as atoms in 12 g of carbon-12 (~6.02 × 10²³). Mnemonic: ‘mole’ counts particles like ‘dozen’ counts eggs.
摩尔 (mol) – 含有的粒子数与 12 克碳-12 原子数目相同的物质的量，约 6.02×10²³ 个。记忆：摩尔像化学家的’打’，计数微粒。
Avogadro constant (NA) – 6.02 × 10²³ mol⁻¹. This huge number bridges the atomic and macroscopic worlds.
阿伏伽德罗常数 (NA) – 6.02×10²³ mol⁻¹，这座桥梁连接了原子与宏观世界。
Empirical formula – the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms in a compound. Mnemonic: ‘Empirical’ tells you the most reduced, ‘elementary’ ratio.
实验式 (Empirical formula) – 化合物中各原子最简整数比。记忆：实验式把比例约分到最’简’。
Molecular formula – the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule. E.g., glucose: C₆H₁₂O₆ (molecular) vs CH₂O (empirical).
分子式 (Molecular formula) – 分子中各元素原子的实际数目。如葡萄糖 C₆H₁₂O₆ 是分子式，CH₂O 是实验式。
Limiting reactant – the reactant that is completely consumed first, stopping the reaction. Think: the ingredient that runs out in a kitchen recipe.
限量反应物 (Limiting reactant) – 最先耗尽、使反应停止的反应物。就像做菜时最先用完的食材。
Enthalpy change (ΔH) – heat energy change at constant pressure. Exothermic: ΔH negative; endothermic: ΔH positive.
焓变 (ΔH) – 恒压下反应的热能变化。放热反应 ΔH 为负，吸热反应 ΔH 为正。
Activation energy (Ea) – the minimum energy colliding particles need for a successful reaction. Catalyst lowers Eₐ, providing an easier path.
活化能 (Ea) – 碰撞粒子发生有效反应所需的最低能量。催化剂降低活化能，提供更省力的反应途径。
Equilibrium constant (Kc) – for a reaction aA + bB ⇌ cC + dD, Kc = [C]ᶜ[D]ᵈ / [A]ᵃ[B]ᵇ. Only temperature changes Kc.
平衡常数 (Kc) – 对于 aA + bB ⇌ cC + dD，Kc = [C]ᶜ[D]ᵈ / [A]ᵃ[B]ᵇ，仅受温度影响。
5. Core Biology Terms | 生物核心术语
Allele – an alternative form of a gene. Mnemonic: Alleles are like ‘all leles’ (versions) of the same gene. Remember ‘A’ for alternative.
等位基因 (Allele) – 同一基因的不同形式。记忆：Allele 就是’Alle’ (所有的) 选择版本。
Genotype – the genetic constitution of an organism, e.g. Bb. Think: ‘Gene-o-type’ – the type of genes you carry.
基因型 (Genotype) – 生物体的遗传组成，如 Bb。记忆：Gene(基因) + type(类型) = 基因型。
Phenotype – the observable characteristics resulting from genotype and environment. ‘Pheno-‘ means ‘show’.
表现型 (Phenotype) – 基因型与环境共同作用下的可观察特征。’Pheno-‘ 就是显露出来的意思。
Osmosis – net movement of water molecules from a region of higher water potential to a lower water potential through a partially permeable membrane. Mnemonic: OSMosis – Only Solvent Moves.
渗透 (Osmosis) – 水分子经半透膜从高水势区域向低水势区域的净移动。记忆：OSMosis → Only Solvent Moves，只有溶剂在动。
Active transport – movement of molecules against a concentration gradient, requiring ATP. Think: ‘Active’ needs energy, like you actively climbing uphill.
主动运输 (Active transport) – 分子逆浓度梯度的移动，需要 ATP 供能。记忆：主动就要耗能，像上坡走路。
Enzyme-substrate complex – the transient intermediate formed when a substrate binds to the active site of an enzyme. Lock-and-key or induced-fit model.
酶-底物复合物 – 底物与酶活性部位结合形成的短暂中间体。可用锁钥模型或诱导契合模型理解。
Mitosis – nuclear division producing two genetically identical diploid daughter cells. Mnemonic: Mitosis makes ‘my toe sis’ – growth and repair duplicates.
有丝分裂 (Mitosis) – 产生两个遗传上相同的二倍体子细胞的核分裂。记忆：Mitosis 制造 ‘my twin sis’，用于生长与修复。
Meiosis – reduction division producing four genetically varied haploid gametes. ‘Me’ thinks of making gametes, halving chromosome number.
减数分裂 (Meiosis) – 染色体数目减半的分裂，产生四个遗传上不同的单倍体配子。记忆：Meiosis 像 ‘me’ 制作生殖细胞。
6. Scientific Enquiry & Variables | 科学探究与变量术语
Independent variable – the factor you deliberately change in an experiment. Mnemonic: ‘I’ change the Independent variable.
自变量 (Independent variable) – 实验中你主动改变的因素。记忆：我自己 (I) 改变自变量。
Dependent variable – the factor you measure; it depends on the independent variable. ‘D’ for ‘data you detect’.
因变量 (Dependent variable) – 你测量的量，随着自变量变化。记忆：因变量 ‘D’ 就是你要记录的数据 (Data)。
Controlled variable – any factor kept constant to ensure a fair test. Think: ‘Control’ keeps things under lock so only one thing varies.
控制变量 (Controlled variable) – 保持恒定的因素，以保证公平实验。控制变量就是锁住那些不该变的。
Hypothesis – a testable, predictive statement. Often framed as: “If … then …”. Mnemonic: Hypothesis = ‘hypo-the-size’ – a guess before you check the size of effects.
假说 (Hypothesis) – 可验证的预测性陈述，常以”如果……那么……”句式表达。记忆：假说就是你动手测之前的预想。
Reliability – the consistency of results when an experiment is repeated under the same conditions. Reliable results have small random error.
信度 (Reliability) – 相同条件下重复实验所得结果的一致性。结果可靠意味着随机误差小。
Validity – whether the experiment truly tests the intended hypothesis and only the independent variable causes the change. A valid experiment has well-controlled variables.
效度 (Validity) – 实验是否真正检验了预定假说，且仅由自变量引起变化。有效的实验必须严格控制变量。
7. Units & Dimensions | 单位与量纲
SI base units – metre (m), kilogram (kg), second (s), ampere (A), kelvin (K), mole (mol), candela (cd). Mnemonic: My Kind Aunt Sells Many Colourful Kites – m, kg, A, s, mol, cd, K (reordered).
国际基本单位 – 米(m)、千克(kg)、秒(s)、安培(A)、开尔文(K)、摩尔(mol)、坎德拉(cd)。记忆：可用趣味句子串联，如’米千克秒安开摩坎’。
Derived units – combinations of base units, e.g. newton (N = kg·m·s⁻²), joule (J = N·m). Shortcut: use defining equations to find dimensions.
导出单位 – 基本单位的组合，如牛顿 (N = kg·m·s⁻²)，焦耳 (J = N·m)。巧记：通过定义公式推导量纲。
Prefixes – nano (n, 10⁻⁹), micro (µ, 10⁻⁶), milli (m, 10⁻³), centi (c, 10⁻²), kilo (k, 10³), mega (M, 10⁶). Mnemonic: 10⁻³ to 10³ span ‘milli to kilo’ – like a millipede to a kilogram.
词头 – 纳(n,10⁻⁹)、微(µ,10⁻⁶)、毫(m,10⁻³)、厘(c,10⁻²)、千(k,10³)、兆(M
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