Year 13 Edexcel Business: Formulas & Theorems Quick Reference Handbook

📚 Year 13 Edexcel Business: Formulas & Theorems Quick Reference Handbook | 公式定理速查手册

Welcome to your essential quick-reference guide for Year 13 Edexcel Business. This article compiles all the key formulas, ratios, and decision-making tools you need to master for your exams. Whether you are calculating profitability, evaluating investment projects, or analyzing business elasticity, this handbook breaks down each concept with clear definitions and examples. Keep it handy for last-minute revision.

欢迎使用这份 Year 13 Edexcel 商务必备速查手册。本文汇集了考试中需要掌握的所有关键公式、比率和决策工具。从计算盈利能力到评估投资项目，再到分析业务弹性，本手册将每个概念拆解为清晰的定义和示例。请随时查阅，方便考前冲刺。

1. Profitability Ratios | 盈利能力比率

Profitability ratios assess how well a business generates profit from its operations. Below are the core formulas every Year 13 student must know.

盈利能力比率评估企业从运营中产生利润的能力。以下是每位 Year 13 学生必须掌握的核心公式。

Gross Profit Margin = (Gross Profit ÷ Revenue) × 100. It indicates the efficiency of production and pricing.

毛利润率 = (毛利润 ÷ 收入) × 100。它显示了生产和定价的效率。

Operating Profit Margin = (Operating Profit ÷ Revenue) × 100. This measures operational efficiency after overheads.

营业利润率 = (营业利润 ÷ 收入) × 100。该比率衡量扣除间接费用后的运营效率。

Net Profit Margin = (Net Profit ÷ Revenue) × 100. It represents overall profitability after all expenses, including interest and tax.

净利润率 = (净利润 ÷ 收入) × 100。它反映了扣除所有费用（包括利息和税金）后的整体盈利能力。

Return on Capital Employed (ROCE) = (Operating Profit ÷ Capital Employed) × 100. It shows how effectively a business uses its long-term capital.

已动用资本回报率 (ROCE) = (营业利润 ÷ 已动用资本) × 100。揭示了企业运用长期资本的有效性。

2. Liquidity Ratios | 流动性比率

Liquidity ratios measure a firm’s ability to meet short-term obligations. They are vital for creditors and suppliers.

流动性比率衡量企业履行短期债务的能力，对债权人和供应商至关重要。

Current Ratio = Current Assets ÷ Current Liabilities. A result above 1.5 is generally considered healthy.

流动比率 = 流动资产 ÷ 流动负债。结果高于 1.5 通常被认为是健康的。

Acid Test Ratio (Quick Ratio) = (Current Assets − Inventory) ÷ Current Liabilities. It excludes inventory, giving a stricter test of liquidity.

速动比率 (酸性测试比率) = (流动资产 − 存货) ÷ 流动负债。该比率剔除了存货，提供了更严格的流动性测试。

3. Efficiency Ratios | 效率比率

Efficiency ratios reveal how well a business manages its assets and liabilities. They highlight operational strengths and weaknesses.

效率比率揭示了企业管理资产和负债的能力，突显运营中的优势与不足。

Asset Turnover = Revenue ÷ Net Assets. It shows how many pounds of sales are generated per pound of net assets.

资产周转率 = 收入 ÷ 净资产。显示每英镑净资产能产生多少英镑的销售额。

Inventory Turnover = Cost of Goods Sold ÷ Average Inventory. A higher figure often indicates efficient stock management.

存货周转率 = 销售成本 ÷ 平均存货。数值较高通常表明库存管理高效。

Receivables Days = (Trade Receivables ÷ Credit Sales) × 365. It measures how long it takes to collect money from customers.

应收账款周转天数 = (应收账款 ÷ 赊销收入) × 365。衡量从客户处收回款项所需的平均天数。

Payables Days = (Trade Payables ÷ Credit Purchases) × 365. It indicates how long the business takes to pay its suppliers.

应付账款周转天数 = (应付账款 ÷ 赊购金额) × 365。显示企业支付供应商货款的平均时间。

4. Investment Appraisal: Payback & ARR | 投资评估：回收期与平均收益率

Investment appraisal techniques help businesses decide whether to proceed with capital projects. Two traditional methods are payback period and ARR.

投资评估技术帮助企业决定是否推进资本项目。两种传统方法是回收期法和平均收益率法。

Payback Period (even cash flows) = Initial Investment ÷ Annual Net Cash Flow. It shows how many years are needed to recover the initial outlay.

回收期（等额现金流） = 初始投资额 ÷ 年净现金流。显示收回初始投资所需的年数。

Accounting Rate of Return (ARR) = (Average Annual Profit ÷ Average Investment) × 100. Average Investment may be calculated as (Initial Investment + Residual Value) ÷ 2 when there is a scrap value.

平均收益率 (ARR) = (平均年利润 ÷ 平均投资额) × 100。当有残值时，平均投资额可计算为（初始投资额 + 残值）÷ 2。

5. Net Present Value (NPV) | 净现值

NPV discounts future cash flows to their present value, allowing a more accurate assessment of a project’s true worth. A positive NPV indicates the project should be accepted.

净现值将未来现金流折现为当前价值，可以更准确地评估项目的真实价值。正值 NPV 表示项目应予接受。

NPV = Σ [Net Cash Flowₙ ÷ (1 + r)ⁿ] − I₀

Where Net Cash Flowₙ is the net cash flow in year n, r is the discount rate, and I₀ is the initial investment. The discount factor (1+r)ⁿ converts future money into today’s value.

其中 Net Cash Flowₙ 是第 n 年的净现金流，r 是折现率，I₀ 是初始投资。折现因子 (1+r)ⁿ 将未来的资金价值转换到现在。

6. Break-Even Analysis | 盈亏平衡分析

Break-even analysis determines the level of sales at which total costs equal total revenue, resulting in zero profit or loss.

盈亏平衡分析确定总成本等于总收入的销售水平，此时利润为零。

Break-Even Output (units) = Fixed Costs ÷ (Selling Price per Unit − Variable Cost per Unit). This uses contribution per unit.

盈亏平衡产量（单位） = 固定成本 ÷（单位售价 − 单位可变成本）。这里使用了单位贡献毛益。

Contribution per Unit = Selling Price per Unit − Variable Cost per Unit. Total Contribution = Contribution per Unit × Quantity Sold.

单位贡献毛益 = 单位售价 − 单位可变成本。总贡献毛益 = 单位贡献毛益 × 销售数量。

Margin of Safety = Actual Sales Units − Break-Even Sales Units. It shows how much sales can fall before the business reaches the break-even point.

安全边际 = 实际销售单位 − 盈亏平衡销售单位。显示销售量在达到盈亏平衡点之前可以下降的幅度。

7. Decision Trees | 决策树

Decision trees map out different choices and their possible outcomes, using probabilities and financial values to calculate expected gains.

决策树描绘不同选择及其可能的结果，利用概率和财务价值计算预期收益。

Expected Value (EV) = Probability × Estimated Return. This is calculated for each chance node.

预期价值 (EV) = 概率 × 估计回报。每个机会节点都需要计算此值。

Net Gain = Total Expected Value of a Branch − Initial Decision Cost. The option with the highest net gain is usually preferred.

净收益 = 分支的总预期价值 − 初始决策成本。通常会优先选择净收益最高的方案。

8. Critical Path Analysis (CPA) | 关键路径分析

CPA helps project managers identify the longest stretch of dependent activities and allocate resources efficiently. It uses node diagrams and float calculations.

关键路径分析帮助项目经理确定最长的依赖活动序列并有效分配资源。它使用节点图和时差计算。

Forward Pass: To find Earliest Start Times (EST), add the duration of an activity to the EST of its immediate predecessor. If multiple predecessors exist, take the maximum value.

正向推导： 要找到最早开始时间 (EST)，将活动的持续时间加到其前驱活动的 EST 上。如有多个前驱活动，取 最大值。

Backward Pass: To find Latest Finish Times (LFT), subtract the duration from the LFT of the following activity. If multiple followers exist, take the minimum value.

反向推导： 要找到最晚完成时间 (LFT)，从后续活动的 LFT 中减去持续时间。如有多个后续活动，取 最小值。

Critical Path: The sequence of activities where Total Float = 0. These activities cannot be delayed without delaying the entire project.

关键路径： 总时差为零的活动序列。这些活动若延迟，将会导致整个项目延期。

9. Elasticity (PED, YED) | 弹性（需求价格弹性、收入弹性）

Elasticity measures the responsiveness of demand to changes in price or income. It is vital for pricing and product strategy.

弹性衡量需求对价格或收入变化的反应程度，对定价和产品策略至关重要。

Price Elasticity of Demand (PED) = (%ΔQd) ÷ (%ΔP). PED > 1 elastic; PED < 1 inelastic; PED = 1 unitary.

需求价格弹性 (PED) = (%ΔQd) ÷ (%ΔP)。PED > 1 富有弹性；PED < 1 缺乏弹性；PED = 1 单位弹性。

Income Elasticity of Demand (YED) = (%ΔQd) ÷ (%ΔY). Positive YED indicates a normal good; negative YED indicates an inferior good.

需求收入弹性 (YED) = (%ΔQd) ÷ (%ΔY)。YED 为正表示正常商品；YED 为负表示劣质品。

10. Costs, Revenue & Profit | 成本、收入与利润

These basic financial building blocks underpin every business decision. Knowing how they interact is essential for break-even, budgeting, and strategy.

这些基础的财务构建块支撑着每一个商业决策。理解它们之间的相互作用对盈亏平衡、预算编制和战略制定至关重要。

Total Costs = Total Fixed Costs + Total Variable Costs. Fixed costs remain constant, while variable costs change with output.

总成本 = 总固定成本 + 总可变成本。固定成本保持不变，可变成本随产量变动。

Total Revenue = Selling Price × Quantity Sold. Revenue streams can be diversified to reduce risk.

总收入 = 销售价格 × 销售数量。收入来源可以多元化以降低风险。

Profit = Total Revenue − Total Costs. This can be calculated as gross profit, operating profit, or net profit for detailed analysis.

利润 = 总收入 − 总成本。为了详细分析，可分别计算毛利润、营业利润或净利润。

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Year 13 Edexcel Business: Formulas & Theorems Quick Reference Handbook | 公式定理速查手册