Year 13 Edexcel Engineering: Rapid Glossary & Terminology Guide | Edexcel 工程（Year 13）：词汇术语速记指南

📚 Year 13 Edexcel Engineering: Rapid Glossary & Terminology Guide | Edexcel 工程（Year 13）：词汇术语速记指南

Mastering the technical vocabulary in Year 13 Engineering is half the battle. This guide pairs every key term with a memorable mnemonic, root analysis, or visual hook so you can recall definitions fast under exam pressure.

掌握 Year 13 工程中的技术词汇是成功的一半。本指南将每个关键术语与易记的助记符、词根分析或图像联想配对，让你在考试压力下快速回忆定义。

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1. Core Mechanics Terms | 核心力学词汇

Tensile stress (σ) is the force applied per unit area when a material is pulled. Mnemonic: ‘Tension Tears Tendons’ — think of a stretched rubber band tearing.

拉伸应力（σ）是材料被拉伸时单位面积所受的力。速记：‘Tension Tears Tendons’（拉伸撕裂肌腱）——想象一根被拉长的橡皮筋快要断裂。

Compressive stress occurs when a material is squashed. Mnemonic: ‘C for Crush’ — picture a can being crushed under a foot.

压缩应力发生在材料被挤压时。速记：‘C for Crush’——想象一个罐子在脚下被踩扁。

Shear stress (τ) arises from forces acting parallel to a surface, like scissors cutting paper. Mnemonic: ‘Shear slides sideways’.

剪切应力（τ）源自平行于表面的力，如剪刀剪纸。速记：‘Shear slides sideways’（剪切横向滑动）。

Young’s modulus (E) measures stiffness: E = σ / ε within the elastic limit. Mnemonic: ‘Stiff as Young bones’ — high E means stiffer material.

杨氏模量（E）衡量刚度：弹性极限内 E = σ / ε。速记：‘Stiff as Young bones’（硬如年轻骨骼）——E 值越高材料越刚硬。

Poisson’s ratio (ν) = − lateral strain / axial strain. It is often between 0.2 and 0.5 for most metals. Mnemonic: ‘Poisson pinches’ — when stretched, it pinches inward.

泊松比（ν）= − 横向应变/轴向应变。大多数金属介于 0.2 至 0.5 之间。速记：‘Poisson pinches’（泊松收紧）——拉伸时，它会向内收紧。

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2. Material Testing & Failure Vocabulary | 材料测试与失效词汇

Ultimate tensile strength (UTS) is the maximum stress a material can withstand while being stretched before necking. Mnemonic: ‘Ultimate Tight Spot’ — the highest point on the stress–strain curve.

极限抗拉强度（UTS）是材料在颈缩前所能承受的最大拉伸应力。速记：‘Ultimate Tight Spot’（终极紧绷点）——应力–应变曲线上的最高点。

Yield strength marks the stress at which permanent (plastic) deformation begins. Mnemonic: ‘Yield gives way permanently’ — think of bending a paperclip; it stays bent.

屈服强度标志永久（塑性）变形开始的应力。速记：‘Yield gives way permanently’（屈服即永久让步）——想象弯曲回形针，它保持弯曲。

Ductility is the ability to be drawn into a wire; the opposite is brittleness. Root: ‘duct’ (Latin for lead/draw). High percentage elongation signals high ductility.

延展性是被拉成丝的能力；反义词是脆性。词根：‘duct’（拉丁语，引导/拉）。高延伸率表示高延展性。

Hardness resists indentation or scratching — tested typically by Brinell or Vickers. Mnemonic: ‘Hard to dent’.

硬度抵抗压痕或划痕——通常用布氏或维氏硬度测试。速记：‘Hard to dent’（难压凹）。

Fatigue is failure under repeated cyclic loading below UTS. Crack initiation and propagation are key stages. Mnemonic: ‘Fatigue fractures form fold-by-fold’.

疲劳是在低于 UTS 的反复循环载荷下发生的失效。裂纹萌生与扩展是关键阶段。速记：‘Fatigue fractures form fold-by-fold’（疲劳断裂一折一折形成）。

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3. Beams, Bending & Torsion | 梁、弯曲与扭转

Second moment of area (I) quantifies a cross-section’s resistance to bending — shapes with material far from the neutral axis have high I. Mnemonic: ‘I resists bending far from centre’.

截面二次矩（I）量化横截面抵抗弯曲的能力——材料远离中性轴的形状具有高 I 值。速记：‘I resists bending far from centre’（I 距中心远则抗弯）。

Neutral axis experiences neither compression nor tension during bending; it passes through the centroid. Mnemonic: ‘Neutral stays calm in the middle’.

中性轴在弯曲时不承受压缩或拉伸；它通过形心。速记：‘Neutral stays calm in the middle’（中性在中间保持平静）。

Shear force and bending moment diagrams visualise internal forces along a beam. Mnemonic: ‘Shear like scissors, moment like a couple’.

剪力和弯矩图可视化沿梁的内力。速记：‘Shear like scissors, moment like a couple’（剪切如剪刀，弯矩如力偶）。

Polar second moment of area (J) resists torsion: J = πd⁴/32 for a solid circular shaft. Mnemonic: ‘J for twisting round circle’.

极惯性矩（J）抵抗扭转：实体圆轴的 J = πd⁴/32。速记：‘J for twisting round circle’（J 表示绕圆扭转）。

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4. Dynamics & Vibration | 动力学与振动

Natural frequency (ωₙ) is the frequency at which a system oscillates freely without external force. Mnemonic: ‘Nature’s own bounce’.

自然频率（ωₙ）是系统在无外力时自由振荡的频率。速记：‘Nature’s own bounce’（自然的本能弹跳）。

Damping ratio (ζ) indicates how oscillations decay; ζ = c / (2√(km)). Critical damping ζ = 1 returns to equilibrium fastest without overshoot. Mnemonic: ‘Zeta zaps oscillations’.

阻尼比（ζ）表示振荡衰减的程度；ζ = c/(2√(km))。临界阻尼 ζ = 1 使系统最快回到平衡且无超调。速记：‘Zeta zaps oscillations’（ζ 消灭振荡）。

Resonance occurs when forcing frequency matches natural frequency, causing large amplitude. Mnemonic: ‘Resonance — raise amplitude when matching’.

共振发生时强迫频率等于自然频率，导致振幅急剧增大。速记：‘Resonance — raise amplitude when matching’（匹配时提高振幅）。

Degrees of freedom (DOF) count how many independent coordinates define a system’s motion. Mnemonic: ‘DOF = directions of movement’.

自由度（DOF）数决定描述系统运动的独立坐标数。速记：‘DOF = directions of movement’（运动方向）。

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5. Thermodynamics & Fluid Flow | 热力学与流体流动

Conduction transfers heat through a solid by molecular vibration — rate depends on thermal conductivity k and temperature gradient. Mnemonic: ‘Conduction collides from hot to cold’.

热传导通过分子振动在固体中传递热量——速率取决于导热系数 k 与温度梯度。速记：‘Conduction collides from hot to cold’（传导从热碰撞到冷）。

Reynolds number (Re = ρvD/μ) predicts flow regime: Re < 2300 laminar, Re > 4000 turbulent. ‘Reynolds rules the flow regime’.

雷诺数（Re = ρvD/μ）预测流动状态：Re < 2300 层流，Re > 4000 湍流。速记：‘Reynolds rules the flow regime’（雷诺主宰流态）。

Bernoulli’s equation relates pressure, velocity and elevation along a streamline: p + ½ρv² + ρgh = constant. Mnemonic: ‘Fast fluid, low pressure’.

伯努利方程关联沿流线的压力、速度和高度：p + ½ρv² + ρgh = 常数。速记：‘Fast fluid, low pressure’（流快则压小）。

Continuity equation (A₁v₁ = A₂v₂) conserves mass in a steady flow. Mnemonic: ‘Area shrinks, speed grows’.

连续性方程（A₁v₁ = A₂v₂）在定常流动中质量守恒。速记：‘Area shrinks, speed grows’（面积缩，速度增）。

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6. Electrical & Electronic Circuit Terms | 电路与电子学术语

Impedance (Z) combines resistance and reactance in AC circuits, measured in ohms. Z = √(R² + (Xₗ − X꜀)²). Mnemonic: ‘Z unites R and X’.

阻抗（Z）在交流电路中组合电阻与电抗，单位为欧姆。Z = √(R² + (Xₗ − X꜀)²)。速记：‘Z unites R and X’（Z 联结 R 和 X）。

Time constant (τ = RC or L/R) determines charging/discharging speed; after 5τ, transient is nearly gone. Mnemonic: ‘5τ to settle’.

时间常数（τ = RC 或 L/R）决定充放电速度；5τ 后瞬时现象几乎消失。速记：‘5τ to settle’（5τ 稳定）。

Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL): the sum of voltages around any closed loop is zero. Mnemonic: ‘KVL: loop sum to zero’.

基尔霍夫电压定律（KVL）：任一闭合回路中电压代数和为零。速记：‘KVL: loop sum to zero’（回路和为零）。

Operational amplifier (op-amp) has very high open-loop gain; with negative feedback it yields predictable gain set by resistors. Mnemonic: ‘Op-amp offers infinity gain, tamed by feedback’.

运算放大器（运放）具有极高开环增益；通过负反馈可获得由电阻设定的可预测增益。速记：‘Op-amp offers infinity gain, tamed by feedback’（运放提供无限增益，受反馈驯服）。

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7. Control Systems Terminology | 控制系统术语

Transfer function G(s) = Output(s)/Input(s) in the Laplace domain; it captures the system’s dynamic behaviour. Mnemonic: ‘Transfer tells output per input’.

传递函数 G(s) = 输出(s)/输入(s)，在拉普拉斯域中捕捉系统动态行为。速记：‘Transfer tells output per input’（传递告知每单位输入的输出）。

Poles are roots of the denominator of G(s) and determine stability — all poles must be in the left half-plane for stability. Mnemonic: ‘Poles push stability; stay left’.

极点是 G(s) 分母的根，决定稳定性——所有极点必须位于左半平面方稳定。速记：‘Poles push stability; stay left’（极点推动稳定；留在左侧）。

Steady-state error is the difference between desired and actual output as t → ∞. Integral action eliminates it. Mnemonic: ‘Steady error killed by I term’.

稳态误差是 t → ∞ 时期望输出与实际输出的差值。积分作用可消除它。速记：‘Steady error killed by I term’（稳态误差被 I 项消灭）。

PID controller combines Proportional, Integral and Derivative actions. Mnemonic: ‘P responds today, I remembers past, D predicts future’.

PID 控制器结合比例、积分和微分作用。速记：‘P responds today, I remembers past, D predicts future’（P 响应当下，I 记忆历史，D 预测未来）。

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8. Manufacturing & Measurement | 制造与测量

Tolerance is the permissible limit of variation in a dimension; e.g., 50 ± 0.02 mm. Mnemonic: ‘Tolerance tells how much you can stray’.

公差是尺寸允许的变动范围；例如 50 ± 0.02 mm。速记：‘Tolerance tells how much you can stray’（公差告知可偏离多少）。

Fit (clearance, interference, transition) describes the relationship between mating parts. Mnemonic: ‘Fit: friendliness of moving parts’.

配合（间隙、过盈、过渡）描述相配零件间的关系。速记：‘Fit: friendliness of moving parts’（配合即运动件的友好度）。

Surface roughness Ra is the arithmetic average deviation from the mean line, measured in μm. Mnemonic: ‘Ra measures bumps and scratches’.

表面粗糙度 Ra 是轮廓偏离中线的算术平均偏差，单位 μm。速记：‘Ra measures bumps and scratches’（Ra 测量凹凸与划痕）。

Datum is a theoretically perfect feature used as a reference for measurement. Mnemonic: ‘Datum anchors all dimensions’.

基准是理论上精确的特征，用作测量的参考。速记：‘Datum anchors all dimensions’（基准锚定所有尺寸）。

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9. Engineering Mathematics & Units | 工程数学与单位

Phasor represents a sinusoidal quantity as a complex number — magnitude and phase angle. Mnemonic: ‘Phasor freezes a wave as an arrow’.

相量用复数表示正弦量——包含幅值与相位角。速记：‘Phasor freezes a wave as an arrow’（相量将波动凝固为一支箭）。

Dot product (A·B = |A||B| cos θ) yields a scalar, used for work and projection. Mnemonic: ‘Dot delivers a distance projection’.

点积（A·B = |A||B| cos θ）得标量，用于功和投影。速记：‘Dot delivers a distance projection’（点积给出距离投影）。

Cross product (A×B) gives a vector perpendicular to both, used for torque and moments. Mnemonic: ‘Cross creates a new direction’.

叉积（A×B）产生垂直于两者的向量，用于扭矩和力矩。速记：‘Cross creates a new direction’（叉积创造新方向）。

Differentiation finds rate of change (slope); Integration accumulates area under curve. Mnemonic: ‘Slope or sum’.

微分求变化率（斜率）；积分累加曲线下的面积。速记：‘Slope or sum’（斜率或总和）。

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10. Project Management & Economics | 项目管理与经济

Critical path is the longest sequence of dependent tasks determining project duration. Mnemonic: ‘Critical chain sets the finish date’.

关键路径是决定项目工期的最长依赖任务序列。速记：‘Critical chain sets the finish date’（关键链定竣工日）。

Net Present Value (NPV) discounts future cash flows to today’s value; positive NPV means profit. Mnemonic: ‘NPV: now’s value, after discount’.

净现值（NPV）将未来现金流折现至今日价值；NPV 为正表示盈利。速记：‘NPV: now’s value, after discount’（NPV：折现后的现在价值）。

Life cycle cost sums all costs from concept to disposal. Mnemonic: ‘From cradle to grave cost’.

生命周期成本从概念到报废的累计费用。速记：‘From cradle to grave cost’（从摇篮到坟墓的成本）。

Risk assessment evaluates likelihood × severity of hazards. Mnemonic: ‘Risk = chance × damage’.

风险评估评估危害的可能性 × 严重度。速记：‘Risk = chance × damage’（风险 = 概率 × 损害）。

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11. Fast Memorisation Methods Recap | 速记方法回顾

Use visual hooks (crushed can = compressive stress), acronyms (KVL: loop sum zero), root words (duct- for drawing), and storytelling. Combine them with flashcards that put the English term on one side and the Chinese definition plus mnemonic on the other.

使用图像钩子（压扁的罐子 = 压缩应力）、首字母缩写（KVL 回路和为零）、词根（duct- 拉延）和故事法。配合闪卡，一面写英文术语，另一面写中文定义与助记口诀。

Review actively by covering definitions and recalling the term. For equations, write them centre stage on a whiteboard and say them aloud. Spaced repetition over four days locks them into long-term memory.

主动复习：遮盖定义回忆术语。对于方程，在白板上居中书写并大声朗读。四天间隔重复可将公式锁定在长期记忆中。

Published by TutorHao | Engineering Revision Series | aleveler.com

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