📚 Year 13 Edexcel Maths Unit Test Mock Paper Walkthrough | Edexcel Year 13 数学单元测试模拟卷解析
This mock unit test covers core topics from the Edexcel Year 13 Pure Mathematics (P3/P4) syllabus. The paper includes questions on partial fractions, exponential and trigonometric equations, parametric and implicit differentiation, integration techniques, inverse trigonometric functions, numerical methods, and differential equations. Use this walkthrough to reinforce your understanding and exam technique.
本模拟单元测试涵盖 Edexcel Year 13 纯数 (P3/P4) 教学大纲的核心考点。试卷包括部分分式、指数与三角方程、参数与隐函数求导、积分技巧、反三角函数、数值方法以及微分方程。通过本解析巩固你的理解并提升应试技巧。
1. Partial Fraction Decomposition | 部分分式分解
Express f(x) = (5x − 1) / [(x + 2)(x − 3)] in the form A/(x + 2) + B/(x − 3), where A and B are constants.
将 f(x) = (5x − 1) / [(x + 2)(x − 3)] 表示成形如 A/(x + 2) + B/(x − 3) 的形式,其中 A 与 B 为常数。
Set up the identity: (5x − 1) / [(x + 2)(x − 3)] ≡ A/(x + 2) + B/(x − 3). Multiply through by (x + 2)(x − 3) to obtain 5x − 1 ≡ A(x − 3) + B(x + 2).
设立恒等式: (5x − 1) / [(x + 2)(x − 3)] ≡ A/(x + 2) + B/(x − 3)。两边乘以 (x + 2)(x − 3) 得 5x − 1 ≡ A(x − 3) + B(x + 2)。
Choose convenient values. Substituting x = 3 gives 5(3) − 1 = A(0) + B(5) → 14 = 5B → B = 14/5. Substituting x = −2 gives 5(−2) − 1 = A(−5) + B(0) → −11 = −5A → A = 11/5.
选取方便的 x 值。代入 x = 3: 5(3) − 1 = A(0) + B(5) → 14 = 5B → B = 14/5。代入 x = −2: 5(−2) − 1 = A(−5) + B(0) → −11 = −5A → A = 11/5。
Thus f(x) = (11/5)/(x + 2) + (14/5)/(x − 3) = 11 / [5(x + 2)] + 14 / [5(x − 3)].
因此 f(x) = (11/5)/(x + 2) + (14/5)/(x − 3) = 11 / [5(x + 2)] + 14 / [5(x − 3)]。
2. Exponential Equation | 指数方程
Solve the equation e²ˣ − 5eˣ + 6 = 0, giving exact values for x.
解方程 e²ˣ − 5eˣ + 6 = 0,给出 x 的精确值。
Recognise this as a quadratic in eˣ. Let y = eˣ. Then e²ˣ = (eˣ)² = y². The equation becomes y² − 5y + 6 = 0.
将此看作关于 eˣ 的二次方程。设 y = eˣ,则 e²ˣ = y²。方程化为 y² − 5y + 6 = 0。
Factorise: (y − 2)(y − 3) = 0, so y = 2 or y = 3.
因式分解: (y − 2)(y − 3) = 0,因此 y = 2 或 y = 3。
Substitute back: eˣ = 2 → x = ln 2; eˣ = 3 → x = ln 3.
代回: eˣ = 2 → x = ln 2; eˣ = 3 → x = ln 3。
Hence the exact solutions are x = ln 2 and x = ln 3.
因此精确解为 x = ln 2 和 x = ln 3。
3. Trigonometric Identity and Equation | 三角恒等式与方程
(a) Prove that (1 − cos 2θ) / sin 2θ ≡ tan θ. (b) Hence solve (1 − cos 2θ) / sin 2θ = 1/√3 for 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π.
(a) 证明 (1 − cos 2θ) / sin 2θ ≡ tan θ。 (b) 据此求解 (1 − cos 2θ) / sin 2θ = 1/√3,其中 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π。
For (a), use double angle identities: 1 − cos 2θ = 2 sin² θ and sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ.
对于 (a),使用倍角公式: 1 − cos 2θ = 2 sin² θ, sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ。
Then (1 − cos 2θ) / sin 2θ = (2 sin² θ) / (2 sin θ cos θ) = sin θ / cos θ = tan θ, as required.
那么 (1 − cos 2θ) / sin 2θ = (2 sin² θ) / (2 sin θ cos θ) = sin θ / cos θ = tan θ,得证。
For (b), set tan θ = 1/√3. The principal value is θ = π/6. Since tan has period π, general solution is θ = π/6 + nπ.
对于 (b),令 tan θ = 1/√3。主值为 θ = π/6。因为 tan 周期为 π,通解为 θ = π/6 + nπ。
Find solutions in 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π: n = 0 → π/6; n = 1 → 7π/6; n = 2 → 13π/6 > 2π. Thus θ = π/6, 7π/6.
在 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π 内求解: n = 0 → π/6; n = 1 → 7π/6; n = 2 → 13π/6 > 2π。故 θ = π/6, 7π/6。
4. Parametric Differentiation | 参数求导
A curve is defined parametrically by x = 2t², y = 4t. Find dy/dx in terms of t, and determine the equation of the tangent at the point where t = 1.
一条曲线由参数方程 x = 2t², y = 4t 定义。求 dy/dx(用 t 表示),并求 t = 1 处的切线方程。
Differentiate: dx/dt = 4t, dy/dt = 4.
求导: dx/dt = 4t, dy/dt = 4。
Use the chain rule: dy/dx = (dy/dt) / (dx/dt) = 4 / (4t) = 1/t.
应用链式法则: dy/dx = (dy/dt) / (dx/dt) = 4 / (4t) = 1/t。
At t = 1, the gradient m = 1/1 = 1. The coordinates are x = 2(1)² = 2, y = 4(1) = 4.
当 t = 1 时,斜率 m = 1/1 = 1。坐标为 x = 2(1)² = 2, y = 4(1) = 4。
Equation of tangent: y − 4 = 1(x − 2) → y = x + 2.
切线方程: y − 4 = 1(x − 2) → y = x + 2。
5. Implicit Differentiation | 隐函数求导
Given x² + y² − 4xy = 5, find dy/dx in terms of x and y.
已知 x² + y² − 4xy = 5,求用 x 和 y 表示的 dy/dx。
Differentiate term by term with respect to x, treating y as a function. d/dx (x²) = 2x. d/dx (y²) = 2y (dy/dx). d/dx (−4xy) = −4 [x (dy/dx) + y·1] = −4x dy/dx − 4y. The derivative of 5 is 0.
逐项对 x 求导,将 y 视为函数。 d/dx (x²) = 2x。 d/dx (y²) = 2y (dy/dx)。 d/dx (−4xy) = −4 [x (dy/dx) + y·1] = −4x dy/dx − 4y。5 的导数为 0。
Thus: 2x + 2y dy/dx − 4x dy/dx − 4y = 0.
因此: 2x + 2y dy/dx − 4x dy/dx − 4y = 0。
Collect dy/dx terms: (2y − 4x) dy/dx = 4y − 2x.
合并 dy/dx 项: (2y − 4x) dy/dx = 4y − 2x。
So dy/dx = (4y − 2x) / (2y − 4x) = 2(2y − x) / 2(y − 2x) = (2y − x) / (y − 2x), provided y ≠ 2x.
所以 dy/dx = (4y − 2x) / (2y − 4x) = 2(2y − x) / 2(y − 2x) = (2y − x) / (y − 2x),其中 y ≠ 2x。
6. Integration by Substitution | 换元积分法
Find ∫ x (x² + 1)³ dx using the substitution u = x² + 1.
使用代换 u = x² + 1 求 ∫ x (x² + 1)³ dx。
Let u = x² + 1, then du/dx = 2x, so du = 2x dx → x dx = ½ du.
设 u = x² + 1,那么 du/dx = 2x,因此 du = 2x dx → x dx = ½ du。
Rewrite the integral: ∫ x (x² + 1)³ dx = ∫ (x² + 1)³ · (x dx) = ∫ u³ (½ du) = ½ ∫ u³ du.
改写积分: ∫ x (x² + 1)³ dx = ∫ (x² + 1)³ · (x dx) = ∫ u³ (½ du) = ½ ∫ u³ du。
Integrate: ½ · (u⁴/4) + C = u⁴/8 + C.
积分: ½ · (u⁴/4) + C = u⁴/8 + C。
Substitute back: (x² + 1)⁴ / 8 + C.
代回原变量: (x² + 1)⁴ / 8 + C。
7. Inverse Trigonometric Integrals | 反三角函数积分
Evaluate ∫₀² 2 / √(4 − x²) dx, giving the answer as an exact multiple of π.
计算 ∫₀² 2 / √(4 − x²) dx,答案用 π 的精确倍数表示。
Recall the standard integral ∫ 1 / √(a² − x²) dx = arcsin(x / a) + C. Here a² = 4, so a = 2.
回顾标准积分公式 ∫ 1 / √(a² − x²) dx = arcsin(x / a) + C。这里 a² = 4,所以 a = 2。
Then ∫ 2 / √(4 − x²) dx = 2 ∫ 1 / √(4 − x²) dx = 2 arcsin(x / 2) + C.
那么 ∫ 2 / √(4 − x²) dx = 2 ∫ 1 / √(4 − x²) dx = 2 arcsin(x / 2) + C。
Apply limits from 0 to 2: [2 arcsin(x/2)]₀² = 2 arcsin(1) − 2 arcsin(0) = 2(π/2) − 0 = π.
代入上下限 0 到 2: [2 arcsin(x/2)]₀² = 2 arcsin(1) − 2 arcsin(0) = 2(π/2) − 0 = π。
Thus the exact value is π.
因此精确值为 π。
8. Newton-Raphson Method | 牛顿-拉弗森方法
Use the Newton-Raphson method to find an improved estimate for the root of f(x) = x³ − 2x − 5 = 0, starting with x₀ = 2. Apply one iteration.
使用牛顿-拉弗森方法,从初始值 x₀ = 2 开始,对方程 f(x) = x³ − 2x − 5 = 0 的根进行一次迭代。
The Newton-Raphson formula is x₁ = x₀ − f(x₀) / f'(x₀). First find f'(x) = 3x² − 2.
牛顿-拉弗森公式为 x₁ = x₀ − f(x₀) / f'(x₀)。首先求 f'(x) = 3x² − 2。
Evaluate at x₀ = 2: f(2) = 2³ − 2(2) − 5 = 8 − 4 − 5 = −1. f'(2) = 3(4) − 2 = 12 − 2 = 10.
代入 x₀ = 2: f(2) = 8 − 4 − 5 = −1。 f'(2) = 12 − 2 = 10。
Then x₁ = 2 − (−1)/10 = 2 + 0.1 = 2.1. Thus the improved approximation is 2.1.
那么 x₁ = 2 − (−1)/10 = 2 + 0.1 = 2.1。因此改进近似值为 2.1。
9. Integrating Powers of Sine | 正弦幂的积分
Find ∫ sin³ x cos x dx.
求 ∫ sin³ x cos x dx。
Use substitution u = sin x, then du = cos x dx. The integral becomes ∫ u³ du.
使用代换 u = sin x,则 du = cos x dx。积分化为 ∫ u³ du。
Integrate: u⁴/4 + C.
积分: u⁴/4 + C。
Substitute back: (sin⁴ x)/4 + C.
代回: (sin⁴ x)/4 + C。
10. Differential Equation with Separation of Variables | 可分离变量的微分方程
Solve the differential equation dy/dx = (xy + y) / x, given that y = 2 when x = 1. Give your answer in the form y = f(x).
解微分方程 dy/dx = (xy + y) / x,已知 x = 1 时 y = 2。将答案表示为 y = f(x) 的形式。
Factor the right-hand side: (xy + y) / x = y(x + 1)/x. So dy/dx = y(x + 1)/x.
对右端进行因式分解: (xy + y) / x = y(x + 1)/x。于是 dy/dx = y(x + 1)/x。
Separate variables: (1/y) dy = ((x + 1)/x) dx = (1 + 1/x) dx.
分离变量: (1/y) dy = ((x + 1)/x) dx = (1 + 1/x) dx。
Integrate both sides: ∫ 1/y dy = ∫ (1 + 1/x) dx → ln|y| = x + ln|x| + C.
两边积分: ∫ 1/y dy = ∫ (1 + 1/x) dx → ln|y| = x + ln|x| + C。
Use initial condition y(1) = 2: ln|2| = 1 + ln|1| + C → ln 2 = 1 + 0 + C → C = ln 2 − 1.
代入初始条件 y(1) = 2: ln|2| = 1 + ln|1| + C → ln 2 = 1 + 0 + C → C = ln 2 − 1。
So ln|y| = x + ln|x| + ln 2 − 1. Combine logs: ln|y| = ln|2x| + x − 1.
因此 ln|y| = x + ln|x| + ln 2 − 1。合并对数: ln|y| = ln|2x| + x − 1。
Exponentiate: |y| = e^(ln|2x| + x − 1) = e^(ln|2x|) · e^(x−1) = 2|x| e^(x−1). Since domain x > 0 from original equation (division by x) and y=2 positive, we can write y = 2x e^(x−1).
取指数: |y| = e^(ln|2x| + x − 1) = e^(ln|2x|) · e^(x−1) = 2|x| e^(x−1)。由原方程的定义域 x > 0 及 y=2 为正,可得 y = 2x e^(x−1)。
Final answer: y = 2x e^(x−1).
最终答案: y = 2x e^(x−1)。
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