📚 Year 13 Edexcel Physics: Key Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 13 Edexcel 物理：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the precise terminology in Year 13 Edexcel Physics is just as important as solving equations. Many marks in A-level exams depend on using the correct definitions and understanding what physical quantities represent. This guide breaks down the most essential terms across all topic areas, offering clear definitions, key equations, and memorable tips to help you internalise them quickly. Read each section, test yourself, and use the patterns to lock these concepts into your long-term memory.
掌握 Year 13 Edexcel 物理中精确的术语，与解题同样重要。A-level 考试中许多分数依赖正确的定义和对物理量含义的理解。本指南梳理了所有主题领域最核心的词汇，提供清晰的定义、关键方程和助记技巧，帮助你快速内化它们。阅读每个部分，自我测试，并利用这些模式将这些概念牢固地存储在长期记忆中。
1. Further Mechanics: Momentum and Circular Motion | 进阶力学：动量与圆周运动
Linear momentum is defined as the product of an object’s mass and its velocity, and it is a vector quantity. Always remember that momentum points in the direction of the velocity.
线动量定义为物体质量与速度的乘积，是矢量。务必记住动量指向速度的方向。
p = mv
Impulse is the change in momentum of an object, equal to the average force multiplied by the time for which it acts. You can recall it with ‘Impulse = Force × time’.
冲量是物体动量的变化，等于平均力乘以作用时间。可以用“冲量 = 力 × 时间”来记忆。
FΔt = Δp
The principle of conservation of momentum states that in a closed system with no external forces, total momentum before a collision equals total momentum after the collision. Think of it as ‘momentum can never be created or destroyed in an isolated system’.
动量守恒定律指出，在没有外力的封闭系统中，碰撞前的总动量等于碰撞后的总动量。可以想成“孤立系统中动量永不创生或消灭”。
Centripetal force is the resultant force directed towards the centre of a circular path, required to keep an object moving in that circle. It is not a separate force but a role played by tension, gravity or friction.
向心力是指向圆心的合力，使物体维持圆周运动。它不是一种特殊的力，而是由张力、重力或摩擦力所担任的角色。
F = mv²/r = mω²r
Angular velocity measures the rate of change of angle and is given by ω = 2πf or v/r. Memorise it as ‘omega relates linear speed to radius’.
角速度衡量角度的变化率，ω = 2πf 或 v/r。记住“角速度将线速度与半径联系起来”。
2. Electric Fields | 电场
Electric field strength E at a point is the force per unit positive charge experienced by a small test charge placed there. The defining equation E = F/q helps you recall it is a vector quantity.
某点的电场强度 E 是放置在该点的小检验正电荷所受的力除以电荷量。定义式 E = F/q 有助于记住它是矢量。
E = F/q
Coulomb’s law describes the force between two point charges: the force is directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of their separation. Link it to the gravitational force equation to see the similarities.
库仑定律描述两点电荷间的力：力与电荷乘积成正比，与距离平方成反比。可以将它与引力公式对比，发现相似之处。
F = kQ₁Q₂/r²
Electric potential V at a point is the work done per unit positive charge in bringing a test charge from infinity to that point. For a point charge, V = kQ/r. Remember ‘potential is energy per charge, and it drops with distance like 1/r’.
某点的电势 V 是将单位正电荷从无穷远移至该点所做的功。点电荷的电势 V = kQ/r。记住“电势是每单位电荷的能量，按 1/r 衰减”。
Equipotential surfaces are surfaces of constant potential; no work is done when moving a charge along an equipotential. Visualise them as ‘contour lines’ around a charge.
等势面是电势恒定的面；沿等势面移动电荷不做功。可想象为电荷周围的“等高线”。
3. Capacitors | 电容器
Capacitance C is defined as the charge stored per unit potential difference across a capacitor. C = Q/V, and its unit is the farad (F). Think ‘capacitor stores charge for a given voltage’.
电容 C 定义为电容器单位电势差下储存的电荷量。C = Q/V，单位法拉(F)。可以想成“电容器在给定电压下储存电荷”。
C = Q/V
The time constant τ for an RC circuit is the product of resistance and capacitance, τ = RC. It represents the time for the charge to fall to about 37% of its initial value during discharge. Make it stick: ‘RC time tells you how fast the capacitor drains’.
RC 电路的时间常数 τ 是电阻与电容的乘积，τ = RC。它表示放电时电荷降至初始值约37%所需的时间。这样记：“RC 时间告知电容器放电多快”。
Energy stored in a capacitor can be expressed as E = ½QV = ½CV² = ½Q²/C. These three forms all give the same energy; choose the one that suits the data you have.
电容器储存的能量可表示为 E = ½QV = ½CV² = ½Q²/C。这三种形式得出的能量相同，根据已知量选用即可。
In an exponential discharge, the quantity decreases to 1/e of its initial value in one time constant. Remember that after three time constants, over 95% of the discharge has occurred.
在指数放电中，一个时间常数内物理量降至初始值的 1/e。记住三个时间常数后，放电已超过95%。
4. Magnetic Fields | 磁场
Magnetic flux density B, often called magnetic field strength, is defined by the force on a current-carrying conductor: F = BIL sinθ. One tesla is the flux density that produces a force of 1 newton per metre of conductor carrying 1 amp perpendicular to the field.
磁通量密度 B，常称磁场强度，由载流导体所受的力定义：F = BIL sinθ。1 特斯拉表示当导体与磁场垂直且通过 1 安电流时，每米导体受力 1 牛。
F = BIL sinθ
The force on a moving charge in a magnetic field is given by F = Bqv sinθ. The direction is determined by Fleming’s left-hand rule. This force is the basis for circular motion of charges in a magnetic field.
运动电荷在磁场中的受力为 F = Bqv sinθ，方向由弗莱明左手定则判定。该力是电荷在磁场中做圆周运动的基础。
Magnetic flux φ is the product of magnetic flux density and the area perpendicular to the field: φ = BA cosθ. It tells you how much magnetic field passes through a loop.
磁通量 φ 是磁通量密度与垂直于场的面积之积：φ = BA cosθ。它描述穿过线圈的磁场有多少。
When a charged particle moves perpendicular to a uniform B-field, its path is circular with radius r = mv/Bq. Link angular velocity to this: ω = Bq/m, known as the cyclotron frequency.
带电粒子垂直于匀强磁场运动时，路径为圆形，半径 r = mv/Bq。将此与角速度关联：ω = Bq/m，即回旋频率。
5. Electromagnetic Induction | 电磁感应
Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction states that the magnitude of induced e.m.f. in a circuit equals the rate of change of magnetic flux linkage. In short: ‘e.m.f. = rate of flux cutting’.
法拉第电磁感应定律指出，电路中感应电动势的大小等于磁链变化率。简言之：“电动势 = 切割磁通量的速率”。
ε = -N(Δφ/Δt)
Lenz’s law adds that the induced e.m.f. always acts to oppose the change causing it. This is the meaning of the minus sign in Faraday’s law. Think ‘nature resists a change in magnetic conditions’.
楞次定律补充说，感应电动势总是反抗引起它的变化。这就是法拉第定律中负号的意义。记住“自然界抵抗磁状态的变化”。
Magnetic flux linkage is the product of magnetic flux and the number of turns N in a coil. It is represented as Nφ. A changing flux linkage is what triggers the induced voltage.
磁链是磁通量与线圈匝数 N 的乘积，记作 Nφ。变化的磁链是产生感应电压的原因。
Alternators and dynamos exploit the change in flux linkage by rotating a coil in a magnetic field. The induced e.m.f. is sinusoidal for a uniform rotational speed.
交流发电机与直流发电机利用线圈在磁场中旋转引起的磁链变化。匀角速旋转时，感应电动势为正弦波。
6. Nuclear Physics | 核物理
Activity A of a radioactive source is the number of decays per unit time, measured in becquerels (Bq). 1 Bq = 1 decay per second. Think ‘activity is the rate at which nuclei disintegrate’.
放射源的活度 A 是单位时间内的衰变次数，单位为贝克勒尔(Bq)。1 Bq = 1 次衰变/秒。可记为“活度是原子核衰变的速率”。
A = λN
The decay constant λ is the probability per unit time that a given nucleus will decay. Its reciprocal is the mean lifetime τ. A larger decay constant means faster decay.
衰变常数 λ 是给定原子核在单位时间内衰变的概率。其倒数为平均寿命 τ。衰变常数越大，衰变越快。
Half-life T½ is the time taken for half of the unstable nuclei in a sample to decay. For an exponential process, T½ = ln2/λ. Commit this formula to memory; it appears frequently.
半衰期 T½ 是样本中一半不稳定原子核发生衰变所用的时间。对于指数过程，T½ = ln2/λ。要熟记该公式，考试中经常出现。
The unified atomic mass unit u is 1/12 of the mass of a carbon-12 atom, equal to 1.661×10⁻²⁷ kg. Energy equivalent: 1 u = 931.5 MeV. This conversion is vital for mass-energy calculations.
统一原子质量单位 u 是碳-12 原子质量的 1/12，等于 1.661×10⁻²⁷ kg。能量当量：1 u = 931.5 MeV。这个换算对质能计算至关重要。
7. Particle Physics | 粒子物理
A hadron is a particle made of quarks and subject to the strong interaction. Baryons (like protons and neutrons) consist of three quarks, while mesons are quark-antiquark pairs. Use ‘hadrons feel the strong force’.
强子是夸克组成的粒子，参与强相互作用。重子（如质子和中子）由三个夸克组成，介子则由夸克-反夸克对组成。记住“强子感受强力”。
Leptons, such as electrons and neutrinos, are fundamental particles that do not experience the strong interaction. Remember ‘leptons are lightweight and ignore the strong force’.
轻子，如电子和中微子，是不参与强相互作用的基本粒子。记住“轻子轻巧，无视强力”。
Quarks have fractional charges and combine to give hadrons their properties. An up quark has charge +⅔e, a down quark has –⅓e. Proton = uud (charge +1), neutron = udd (charge 0).
夸克带分数电荷，组合后赋予强子特性。上夸克电荷 +⅔e，下夸克 –⅓e。质子 = uud（电荷 +1），中子 = udd（电荷 0）。
The strong nuclear force binds nucleons together. Its key features: very short range (~10⁻¹⁵ m), charge independent, and repulsive at very short distances to prevent collapse.
强核力将核子束缚在一起。其主要特征：极短程（~10⁻¹⁵ m），与电荷无关，在极短距离呈排斥性以防塌缩。
8. Thermodynamics | 热力学
Internal energy U is the sum of the random kinetic and potential energies of all particles in a substance. A change in internal energy is given by ΔU = Q + W, where Q is heat added and W is work done on the system. Sign conventions are crucial.
内能 U 是物质中所有粒子无规则动能与势能之和。内能变化由 ΔU = Q + W 给出，其中 Q 为加热量，W 为对系统做的功。符号规定极为重要。
ΔU = Q + W
The first law of thermodynamics is essentially the conservation of energy for thermal systems. Think of it as ‘energy you put in either raises internal energy or does work’.
热力学第一定律本质上是热系统的能量守恒。可以记作“输入的能量或提升内能，或对外做功”。
The specific heat capacity c of a material is the energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of the substance by 1 K. Q = mcΔθ. Water has a remarkably high value (4200 J kg⁻¹ K⁻¹).
材料的比热容 c 是将 1 kg 物质升高 1 K 所需的能量。Q = mcΔθ。水的比热容非常高（4200 J kg⁻¹ K⁻¹）。
An ideal gas obeys pV = nRT = NkT, where n is moles and N is number of molecules. The kinetic theory model relates pressure to mean square speed: p = ⅓ρ
理想气体遵循 pV = nRT = NkT，n 为摩尔数，N 为分子数。气体动理论模型将压强与均方速率联系：p = ⅓ρ
9. Gravitational Fields | 引力场
Newton’s law of gravitation: the force between two point masses is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the separation. F = Gm₁m₂/r². Compare with Coulomb’s law to see the parallel.
牛顿万有引力定律：两质点间的引力与质量乘积成正比，与距离平方成反比。F = Gm₁m₂/r²。与库仑定律对比可见相似之处。
F = -Gm₁m₂/r²
Gravitational field strength g at a point is the force per unit mass on a test mass: g = F/m. Near Earth’s surface, g ≈ 9.81 N kg⁻¹. It is the negative gradient of gravitational potential.
某点的引力场强度 g 是检验质量每单位质量所受力：g = F/m。近地表 g ≈ 9.81 N kg⁻¹。它是引力势的负梯度。
g = GM/r²
Gravitational potential Vgrav at a point is the work done per unit mass to move a test mass from infinity to that point. It is always negative: Vgrav = -GM/r. The negative sign indicates that gravity is attractive.
引力势 Vgrav 是将单位质量从无穷远移至该点所做的功。它恒为负值：Vgrav = -GM/r。负号表明引力是吸引力。
Escape velocity is the minimum speed needed for an object to escape a planet’s gravitational field without further propulsion: vₑ = √(2GM/r). This is derived by equating kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy.
逃逸速度是物体脱离行星引力场而不需进一步推进的最小速度：vₑ = √(2GM/r)。由动能等于引力势能推出。
10. Oscillations and Simple Harmonic Motion | 振动与简谐运动
Simple harmonic motion (SHM) is defined by an acceleration that is directly proportional to displacement from equilibrium and always directed towards the equilibrium position: a = -ω²x. The minus sign is the signature of SHM.
简谐运动（SHM）的定义是加速度与离开平衡位置的位移成正比，且方向总指向平衡位置：a = -ω²x。负号是 SHM 的标志。
a = -ω²x
The period T of oscillation in a mass-spring system is T = 2π√(m/k), independent of amplitude. For a simple pendulum, T = 2π√(L/g). Memorise these forms by focusing on what is under the square root.
弹簧振子的周期 T = 2π√(m/k)，与振幅无关。单摆周期 T = 2π√(L/g)。重点记忆根号内的量。
Resonance occurs when the driving frequency matches the natural frequency of the system, resulting in a sharp increase in amplitude. Damping reduces the sharpness and shifts the resonant frequency slightly.
共振发生在驱动力频率等于系统固有频率时，振幅急剧增大。阻尼会降低锐度并使共振频率略微偏移。
Total energy in undamped SHM is constant and swaps between kinetic and potential forms. At maximum displacement all energy is potential; at equilibrium all energy is kinetic.
无阻尼 SHM 的总能量恒定，在动能与势能之间转换。在最大位移处全为势能；在平衡位置全为动能。
11. Waves and the Nature of Light | 波与光的本质
A transverse wave has particle oscillations perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer. Electromagnetic waves are transverse. Use ‘transverse = perpendicular’ to remember.
横波的质点振动与能量传播方向垂直。电磁波是横波。用“transverse = perpendicular”来记忆。
Coherence means two wave sources have a constant phase difference and the same frequency. Only coherent sources produce a stable interference pattern.
相干指两个波源具有恒定的相位差且频率相同。唯有相干波源才能产生稳定的干涉图样。
Path difference is the extra distance one wave travels relative to another. Constructive interference occurs when path difference = nλ, destructive when path difference = (n+½)λ.
波程差是一个波相对于另一个波多走的距离。波程差 = nλ 时发生相长干涉，波程差 = (n+½)λ 时发生相消干涉。
Young’s double-slit experiment demonstrates the wave nature of light. Fringe spacing w = λD/s, where D is screen distance and s is slit separation. Use ‘wavelength times distance over slit separation’.
杨氏双缝实验印证光的波动性。条纹间距 w = λD/s，其中 D 为屏距，s 为缝距。记成“波长乘屏距除以缝间距”。
The photoelectric effect shows the particle nature of light. The maximum kinetic energy of emitted electrons is governed by Ekmax = hf – φ, where φ is the work function. The effect is instantaneous and depends on frequency, not intensity.
光电效应显示光的粒子性。逸出电子的最大动能由 Ekmax = hf – φ 决定，φ 为逸出功。该效应是瞬时的，且取决于频率而非强度。
12. Astrophysics and Cosmology | 天体物理与宇宙学
Luminosity L of a star is the total energy it radiates per second. It is related to the apparent brightness b measured on Earth by b = L/(4πd²), where d is the distance. Use the inverse square law form.
恒星的光度 L 是其每秒辐射的总能量。它与地球上测得的视亮度 b 关系为 b = L/(4πd²)，d 为距离。用平方反比律记忆。
Black body radiation is the radiation emitted by a perfect absorber and emitter, described by two laws. Wien’s displacement law: λmaxT = constant (2.9×10⁻³ m K). Hotter objects peak at shorter wavelengths.
黑体辐射是理想吸收和放射体发出的辐射，由两条定律描述。维恩位移定律：λmaxT = 常数 (2.9×10⁻³ m K)。温度越高，峰值波长越短。
λmaxT = 2.9×10⁻³ m K
Stefan-Boltzmann law states that the total energy radiated per unit area of a black body per second is proportional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature: L = 4πR²σT⁴. The σ is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant.
斯特藩-玻尔兹曼定律指出，黑体每秒每单位面积辐射的总能量与其绝对温度四次方成正比：L = 4πR²σT⁴。σ 为斯特藩-玻尔兹曼常数。
Hubble’s law tells us that the recession velocity of a galaxy is directly proportional to its distance from us: v = H₀d. This is the key evidence for the expanding universe. The value of H₀ is around 70 km s⁻¹ Mpc⁻¹.
哈勃定律指出，星系的退行速度与它到我们的距离成正比：v = H₀d。这是宇宙膨胀的关键证据。H₀ 值约为 70 km s⁻¹ Mpc⁻¹。
Red-shift z for a receding galaxy is given by z = Δλ/λ ≈ v/c for small velocities. It is used to estimate the speed and distance of galaxies.
红移 z 对退行星系为 z = Δλ/λ，低速时 ≈ v/c。用于估算星系的速度和距离。
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