Year 13 WJEC Accounting: Key Terms Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 13 WJEC 会计：核心术语速记指南

📚 Year 13 WJEC Accounting: Key Terms Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 13 WJEC 会计：核心术语速记指南

Mastering accounting terminology is essential for Year 13 WJEC students aiming for top marks. This guide breaks down the most frequently tested terms into logical groups and provides clever memory hooks, so you can recall definitions instantly under exam pressure. Whether you are tackling financial reporting, ratio analysis, or management accounting, the right vocabulary will sharpen your answers and boost your confidence.

对于希望取得高分的 Year 13 WJEC 会计考生而言，掌握术语是关键。本指南将最高频的考点词汇按逻辑分组，并提供巧妙的记忆挂钩，帮助你在考试压力下瞬间想起定义。无论你面对的是财务报表、比率分析还是管理会计，精准的词汇都能让你的答案更锋利，让你更加自信。

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1. Assets Terminology | 资产相关术语

Assets are resources controlled by the business as a result of past events and from which future economic benefits are expected to flow. They are classified as non-current or current, and tangible or intangible. A key memory trick is to associate ‘non-current’ with the ‘long-term backbone’ of the business, while ‘current’ assets are the ‘circulating cash cows’. Current assets constantly change form, whereas non-current assets provide the infrastructure for revenue generation.

资产是由企业因过去事项控制的、预期会带来未来经济利益的资源。资产分为非流动资产和流动资产，以及有形资产和无形资产。一个记忆技巧是把’非流动’联想为企业的’长期骨架’，而’流动’资产则是’循环现金牛’。流动资产形态不断变化，而非流动资产则为创收提供基础设施。

Non-current assets: These are held for long-term use (more than one year) and help generate revenue over time, such as property, plant and equipment (PPE) and intangible assets like goodwill and patents. Tangible non-current assets are depreciated; intangible ones are amortised.

非流动资产：长期持有（超过一年）用于长期创收的资产，如房产、厂房设备（PPE）以及商誉、专利等无形资产。有形非流动资产需要折旧，无形资产则需要摊销。

Current assets: Assets expected to be converted into cash or used up within one year, including inventory, trade receivables, and cash at bank. Memorisation aid: ‘I Rack Cash’ – Inventory, Receivables, Cash.

流动资产：预计在一年内变现或耗用的资产，包括存货、应收账款和银行存款。记忆口诀：’I Rack Cash’ — 存货 (Inventory)、应收款 (Receivables)、现金 (Cash)。

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2. Liabilities and Equity | 负债与权益

Liabilities are present obligations of the entity arising from past events, the settlement of which is expected to result in an outflow of resources. Equity is the residual interest in the assets after deducting all liabilities. The accounting equation A = L + E is the bedrock; flip it mentally: ‘All Eggs = Loans + Equity’.

负债是企业因过去事项而产生的现时义务，履行该义务预计会导致经济资源流出。权益是扣除所有负债后，在资产中剩余的权益。会计等式 A = L + E 是基石；可以这样想象：’All Eggs = Loans + Equity’（全部蛋=贷款+权益）。

Non-current liabilities: Debts payable after more than one year, such as bank loans and debentures. Think of them as ‘patient lenders’. Current liabilities: Obligations due within one year, e.g. trade payables, bank overdraft, and accruals. Memory aid: ‘Payables are Pushy’ – they demand quick settlement.

非流动负债：偿还期超过一年的债务，如银行贷款和债券。可以把它们想象成’有耐心的债主’。流动负债：一年内到期的义务，如应付账款、银行透支和应计费用。记忆点：’应付款很急’ —— 它们要求快速结清。

Equity components: Share capital, share premium, retained earnings, and revaluation reserve. In a limited company, equity is often called ‘shareholders’ funds’. The term ‘reserves’ can be confusing – remember that retained earnings is a revenue reserve, while revaluation reserve is a capital reserve.

权益组成部分：股本、股本溢价、留存收益和重估准备。在有限公司中，权益常被称为’股东资金’。’准备’这个术语容易混淆——记住留存收益是收益准备，而重估准备是资本准备。

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3. Revenue and Expenses | 收入与费用

Revenue (or turnover) is the gross inflow of economic benefits during the period arising from ordinary activities. Expenses are the outflows or depletions of assets incurred in generating that revenue. A pithy memory hook: ‘Revenue is what you earn; expenses are what you burn.’ The matching principle states that expenses should be recognised in the same period as the revenue they helped to generate, not when cash is paid.

收入（或营业额）是期间内由日常活动产生的经济利益的毛流入。费用是为产生该收入而发生的资产流出或耗减。一个简洁的记忆钩子：’收入是赚进来的，费用是烧出去的。’ 配比原则要求费用应与它帮助产生的收入在同一期间确认，而不是在支付现金时确认。

Capital expenditure vs. revenue expenditure: Capital expenditure buys or improves a non-current asset and goes to the statement of financial position, while revenue expenditure refers to day-to-day running costs charged to the statement of profit or loss. Misclassifying these distorts profit and asset values, so the exam often tests this distinction.

资本性支出与收益性支出：资本性支出用于购买或改良非流动资产，计入财务状况表；而收益性支出是日常运营成本，计入损益表。混淆这两种支出会扭曲利润和资产价值，因此考试经常考查这一区别。

Accruals and prepayments adjust expenses and income to match the correct accounting period. An accrual is an expense incurred but not yet paid; a prepayment is an expense paid in advance. Mnemonic: ‘Accrue before you Shoe’ (Accrual before the invoice, Shoe = paid? Keep it simple: Accrual adds, Prepayment Pushes back).

应计和预付款调整费用和收入以匹配正确的会计期间。应计费用是已发生但尚未支付的费用；预付款是提前支付的费用。记忆法：应计增加负债（应计费用），预付则递延费用（预付费用）。

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4. Depreciation and Amortisation | 折旧与摊销

Depreciation is the systematic allocation of a tangible non-current asset’s cost over its useful life. It matches the cost of using the asset to the revenue it generates. The two main methods examined are straight-line and reducing (diminishing) balance. Remember: straight-line gives a constant charge each year, while reducing balance applies a constant percentage to a falling carrying amount, resulting in a higher charge in early years.

折旧是将有形非流动资产在其使用寿命内系统分配成本的过程。它将使用资产的成本与产生的收入相配比。考试中两种主要方法是直线法和余额递减法。记住：直线法每年计提相等金额，而余额递减法对不断下降的账面值应用固定的百分比，导致早期费用更高。

Straight-line formula: (Cost − Residual value) ÷ Useful life. Reducing balance formula: Net book value at start of year × Depreciation rate (%). A mnemonic for straight-line is ‘SL = Same Level’; for reducing balance, think ‘RB = Rapidly Bites early’.

直线法公式：（成本 − 残值）÷ 使用寿命。余额递减法公式：年初账面净值 × 折旧率（%）。直线法的记忆口令是’SL = Same Level’（相同水平）；余额递减法是’RB = Rapidly Bites early’（早期快速吞噬）。

Amortisation applies the same concept to intangible non-current assets such as patents, licences, and goodwill. Under WJEC, goodwill is generally not amortised but may be subject to impairment. However, other intangibles with finite lives should be amortised on a systematic basis, typically straight-line. Link the word ‘amortisation’ with ‘a-mortal’ – intangible assets have no physical form, so they ‘fade’ systematically.

摊销将相同概念应用于无形非流动资产，如专利、许可证和商誉。在WJEC考纲中，商誉一般不摊销，但可能需要计提减值。然而，拥有有限使用寿命的其他无形资产应按系统基础进行摊销，通常采用直线法。可把’amortisation’与’a-mortal’（非肉身）联系起来——无形资产没有实物形态，因此它们系统地’消逝’。

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5. Bad Debts and Provisions | 坏账与准备金

A bad debt is an amount owed by a trade receivable that is deemed irrecoverable. It is written off as an expense in the statement of profit or loss. An allowance (provision) for doubtful debts is an estimate of the receivables that may not be collected; it is adjusted at the year-end. The key distinction: bad debt is specific and certain, while a provision is a prudent estimate based on experience.

坏账是指被认定为无法收回的应收账款金额，在损益表中确认为费用。坏账准备（呆账准备）是对可能无法收回的应收账款的估计，在年末进行调整。关键区别：坏账是具体且确定的，而准备金是基于经验做出的审慎估计。

When a provision is increased, the increase is expensed; when decreased, it is credited as income. A common memory phrase: ‘Bad debts write-off is final; provision is a predictor.’ Always remember to adjust the provision in the trade receivables extract and show both the expense and the closing provision.

当准备金增加时，增加的部分计入费用；减少时，则作为收益计入。常见的记忆语：’坏账注销是终局；准备金是预测器。’务必记得在应收账款明细表中调整准备金，并同时列示费用和期末准备金。

Aging analysis (ageing schedule) segments receivables by how long they have been outstanding, helping to determine a suitable provision percentage. Older debts attract a higher provision rate. WJEC questions often require you to produce an aged receivables schedule and compute the required allowance.

账龄分析将应收账款按逾期时间分层，有助于确定适当的准备金比率。逾期越久的债务，准备金比率越高。WJEC试题经常要求你编制应收账款账龄表并计算所需的准备金。

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6. Financial Statement Analysis Ratios | 财务报表分析比率

Ratio analysis transforms raw figures into meaningful relationships, helping stakeholders assess liquidity, efficiency, profitability, and gearing. Grouping ratios by category makes them easier to memorise. Liquidity ratios answer ‘Can we pay bills?’, efficiency ratios ask ‘Are we using assets well?’, profitability ratios probe ‘How profitable are we?’, and gearing ratios check ‘How risky is our debt level?’.

比率分析将原始数字转化为有意义的关系，帮助利益相关者评估流动性、效率、盈利能力和杠杆水平。按类别分组更容易记忆。流动性比率回答’我们能付得起账单吗？’，效率比率追问’我们是否有效使用资产？’，盈利能力比率探询’我们盈利情况如何？’，杠杆比率检查’我们的债务水平风险多大？’。

The table below summarises the essential ratios for WJEC Year 13. Use the mnemonic ‘CLIP Ever’ to remember the order: Current ratio, Liquid (acid test), Inventory turnover, Payables days, ROCE, Efficiency… But better to memorise with flashcards.

Ratio	Formula	中文名称	Memory hook
Current ratio	Current assets ÷ Current liabilities	流动比率	‘Cushion’ – quick check of short-term safety
Liquid (acid test) ratio	(Current assets – Inventory) ÷ Current liabilities	速动比率	‘Acid eats stock’ – stock is removed
Inventory turnover (times)	Cost of sales ÷ Average inventory	存货周转次数	‘How many times stock sold’
Trade receivables days	(Trade receivables ÷ Credit sales) × 365	应收账款周转天数	‘Collect cash quicker’
Trade payables days	(Trade payables ÷ Credit purchases) × 365	应付账款周转天数	‘Delay payment advantage’
Gross profit margin	(Gross profit ÷ Revenue) × 100%	毛利率	‘Mark-up cousin’
Net profit margin	(Profit before interest and tax ÷ Revenue) × 100%	净利率	‘Bottom line health’
Return on capital employed (ROCE)	(Profit before interest and tax ÷ Total equity + Non-current liabilities) × 100%	已动用资本回报率	‘ROar of Capital’
Gearing ratio	(Non-current liabilities ÷ (Total equity + Non-current liabilities)) × 100%	杠杆比率	‘Gear up risk’

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7. Management Accounting Core Terms | 管理会计核心术语

Management accounting supplies internal stakeholders with information for planning, control, and decision-making. Key topics include costing methods, budgeting, standard costing, and variance analysis. Contribution is a cornerstone: it is calculated as Selling price minus Variable cost per unit. Contribution first covers fixed costs, then any remainder is profit. A mnemonic: ‘Contribution Cruises above Variable’ – it is what remains to contribute to fixed costs and profit.

管理会计为内部利益相关者提供规划、控制和决策所需的信息。核心专题包括成本核算方法、预算、标准成本法和差异分析。边际贡献是基石：计算公式为 售价 − 每单位变动成本。贡献毛益首先弥补固定成本，剩余部分则为利润。记忆法：’贡献在变动之上巡航’ —— 它是用来贡献给固定成本和利润的剩余部分。

Marginal costing treats only variable costs as product costs; fixed costs are treated as period costs and charged in full in the period incurred. Absorption costing, conversely, absorbs both variable and fixed manufacturing overheads into product cost units, often using a predetermined overhead absorption rate (OAR). WJEC candidates must recast profit between the two methods using over/under-absorption adjustments.

边际成本法只将变动成本视为产品成本；固定成本则作为期间成本在该期间全额扣除。相反，吸收成本法将变动和固定制造间接费用都吸收到产品成本单位中，通常使用预定的间接费用吸收率（OAR）。WJEC考生必须使用多吸收/少吸收调整来调节两种方法下的利润。

Standard costing and variance analysis: A standard cost is a predetermined target cost under efficient conditions. Variances are the differences between actual and standard figures. An adverse variance (A) reduces expected profit, while a favourable variance (F) increases it. Remember ‘F is Fantastic, A is Awful’. Key labour variances: labour rate variance = (Actual rate − Standard rate) × Actual hours paid; labour efficiency variance = (Actual hours − Standard hours for actual output) × Standard rate.

标准成本法和差异分析：标准成本是在有效条件下预定的目标成本。差异是实际数字与标准数字之间的差异。不利差异（A）降低预期利润，有利差异（F）增加利润。记住 ‘F是极好的，A是糟糕的’。关键人工差异：人工工资率差异 = (实际工资率 − 标准工资率) × 实际工时；人工效率差异 = (实际工时 − 实际产量下的标准工时) × 标准工资率。

Budgets are financial plans for the future; flexible budgets adjust to actual activity levels for fair variance analysis. The term ‘budgetary control’ refers to comparing actual results to budget, identifying variances, and taking corrective action. Link ‘budget’ to ‘budge it’ – a plan you can adjust.

预算是未来的财务计划；弹性预算根据实际活动水平进行调整，以实现公平的差异分析。’预算控制’是指比较实际结果与预算，识别差异并采取纠正措施。把’预算'(budget)联想为’可以挪动'(budge it) —— 一个你可以调整的计划。

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8. Investment Appraisal Terms | 投资评估术语

Investment appraisal techniques evaluate whether a capital project is worth pursuing. The four main methods tested by WJEC are Payback period, Accounting Rate of Return (ARR), Net Present Value (NPV), and Internal Rate of Return (IRR). Each method has its own vocabulary. Payback measures the time to recover the initial investment, favouring liquidity. ARR uses accounting profits, not cash flows, and ignores the time value of money.

投资评估技术用于评估资本项目是否值得进行。WJEC考查的四种主要方法是回收期法、会计报酬率法（ARR）、净现值法（NPV）和内部回报率法（IRR）。每个方法都有自己的术语。回收期衡量收回初始投资所需的时间，注重流动性。ARR使用会计利润而非现金流，并忽略货币时间价值。

NPV discounts future cash flows to present value using a discount rate (cost of capital) and subtracts the initial investment. Decision rule: Accept if NPV > 0. A positive NPV means the project increases shareholder wealth. Memory aid: ‘NPV – Net Victor Present’ – when positive, you are victorious. IRR is the discount rate that makes NPV exactly zero; it is the project’s break-even rate of return. Compare IRR with the cost of capital.

NPV使用折现率（资本成本）将未来现金流折现为现值，并减去初始投资。决策规则：若NPV > 0则接受。正NPV意味着项目增加股东财富

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