Year 13 WJEC Spanish: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 13 WJEC 西班牙语：词汇术语速记指南

📚 Year 13 WJEC Spanish: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 13 WJEC 西班牙语：词汇术语速记指南

Mastering Spanish vocabulary and terminology is the cornerstone of success in the Year 13 WJEC examination. This guide is designed to help you internalise high-frequency terms, subject-specific jargon, and sophisticated expressions efficiently. By categorising vocabulary into thematic blocks and applying proven memory techniques, you can reduce revision time while boosting your confidence in both the oral and written papers. Whether you are discussing immigration, analysing a film, or evaluating a literary text, the right words at your fingertips will set your answers apart.

掌握西班牙语词汇和术语是在 Year 13 WJEC 考试中取得成功的基础。本指南旨在帮助你高效内化高频词汇、学科专用术语和高级表达方式。通过将词汇分主题归类并应用行之有效的记忆技巧，你既能缩短复习时间，又能在口语和笔试中提升自信。无论你是在讨论移民问题、分析电影还是评价文学作品，随手拈来的精准用词将使你的答案脱颖而出。

1. Mastering Noun Gender Patterns | 掌握名词性属规律

A significant number of errors in written Spanish stem from misassigned gender. Begin by learning the most reliable patterns: nouns ending in -ción, -sión, -dad, -tad, -tud, -umbre are overwhelmingly feminine. Examples include ‘la canción’, ‘la decisión’, ‘la universidad’, ‘la libertad’, ‘la actitud’ and ‘la costumbre’. Teaching yourself to spot these endings instantly will allow you to produce adjectives and articles correctly under time pressure.

书面西班牙语中的大量错误源自阴阳性误用。首先要掌握最可靠的规律：以 -ción、-sión、-dad、-tad、-tud、-umbre 结尾的名词绝大多数为阴性，例如 ‘la canción’, ‘la decisión’, ‘la universidad’, ‘la libertad’, ‘la actitud’ 和 ‘la costumbre’。训练自己瞬间识别这些词尾，你就能在时间压力下正确生成形容词和冠词。

Masculine patterns are equally important. Nouns ending in -ma, -pa, -ta of Greek origin are masculine: ‘el problema’, ‘el mapa’, ‘el planeta’. Days of the week, colours used as nouns, and infinitives used as nouns are also masculine. Create a visual acronym like PROBLEMA (Problema, Programa, Poema, Tema, Sistema, Clima) to recall them swiftly.

阳性规律同样重要。源自希腊语且以 -ma、-pa、-ta 结尾的名词为阳性：’el problema’, ‘el mapa’, ‘el planeta’。星期、作名词使用的颜色以及动词不定式作名词时也是阳性。你可以创造一个视觉首字母缩略词，例如 PROBLEMA（Problema, Programa, Poema, Tema, Sistema, Clima）来快速回忆。

Feminine Cues	Masculine Cues
-ción / -sión (la nación)	-ma / -pa / -ta (el drama)
-dad / -tad (la verdad)	-aje (el viaje) — exceptions exist
-tud (la juventud)	-or (el amor)
-umbre (la cumbre)	-án / -én / -ín / -ón stressed (el camión)

Use the table above as a quick reference card. Remember that exceptions such as ‘la mano’ and ‘el día’ must be memorised through repetitive writing or digital flashcards. Pairing the article with the noun at all times when learning new vocabulary is the single most effective habit to develop.

将上表用作速查卡。切记 ‘la mano’ 和 ‘el día’ 等例外情况需要通过反复书写或数字抽认卡来记忆。学习新词汇时始终将冠词与名词捆绑在一起，是值得培养的最有效习惯。

---

2. High-Frequency Irregular Verbs & Their Terminologies | 高频不规则动词及其术语

Command of irregular verbs is non-negotiable for A-level tasks. You must know the first-person present indicative of common verbs such as ‘hacer’ (hago), ‘poner’ (pongo), ‘salir’ (salgo), ‘traer’ (traigo), ‘caer’ (caigo) and ‘oír’ (oigo). These forms also appear in the present subjunctive, so learning them once unlocks multiple tenses. In the exam, label them mentally as ‘go-verbs’ to speed up retrieval.

熟练运用不规则动词是完成 A-level 任务的硬性要求。你必须掌握常用动词的陈述式现在时第一人称单数形式，如 ‘hacer’ (hago)、’poner’ (pongo)、’salir’ (salgo)、’traer’ (traigo)、’caer’ (caigo) 和 ‘oír’ (oigo)。这些形式也出现在现在时虚拟式中，因此一次掌握便可解锁多个时态。在考场上，可将其默认为 “go-verbs” 以加快提取速度。

Radical-changing verbs (also called stem-changing or boot verbs) demand equal attention. Pensar (pienso), poder (puedo), dormir (duermo) and pedir (pido) illustrate the e > ie, o > ue, and e > i shifts. The term ‘boot verb’ is useful because the change only occurs inside the ‘boot’ when drawn on a conjugation grid. Master the pattern rather than memorising each verb individually.

词根变化动词（也称词干变化或靴形动词）同样需要重视。pensar (pienso)、poder (puedo)、dormir (duermo) 和 pedir (pido) 体现了 e→ie、o→ue 和 e→i 的转变。“靴形动词”这个术语很实用，因为在变位表中，变化只发生在“靴形”区域内。你要掌握规律，而不是孤立背诵每个动词。

Infinitive	Yo form	Pattern
tener	tengo	go-verb
decir	digo	go-verb
querer	quiero	e > ie
volver	vuelvo	o > ue
repetir	repito	e > i

Familiarise yourself with the grammatical vocabulary used in the exam: ‘condicional compuesto’, ‘pluscuamperfecto de subjuntivo’, ‘oración condicional irreal’. Knowing these metalanguage terms enables you to follow rubric instructions and write analytical paragraphs about language features. Keep a terminology glossary in your revision folder.

要熟悉考试中使用的语法术语：’condicional compuesto’（条件式完成时）、’pluscuamperfecto de subjuntivo’（虚拟式过去完成时）、’oración condicional irreal’（非真实条件句）。掌握这些元语言术语能让你理解评分说明，并写出分析语言特点的段落。在复习文件夹中放置一份术语词汇表。

---

3. Social Issues Lexicon: Migration & Integration | 社会议题词汇：移民与融合

The WJEC themes require you to discuss migration, social integration, and the challenges of multicultural societies. Core nouns include ‘el desplazamiento’ (displacement), ‘la acogida’ (reception), ‘el prejuicio’ (prejudice), ‘la xenofobia’ (xenophobia) and ‘la cohesión social’. Use them in context: ‘La cohesión social se ve amenazada por los prejuicios arraigados.’

WJEC 的主题要求你讨论移民、社会融入以及多元文化社会的挑战。核心名词包括 ‘el desplazamiento’（流离失所）、’la acogida’（接待）、’el prejuicio’（偏见）、’la xenofobia’（仇外心理）和 ‘la cohesión social’（社会凝聚力）。要在语境中使用它们：’La cohesión social se ve amenazada por los prejuicios arraigados.’（社会凝聚力受到根深蒂固偏见的威胁。）

Verbs such as ‘integrarse’ (to integrate), ‘marginar’ (to marginalise), ‘refugiarse’ (to take refuge) and ‘desarraigarse’ (to become uprooted) are key to sophisticated essay writing. Pair them with prepositions accurately: ‘integrarse en’, ‘refugiarse de’. A worthwhile mnemonic is to think of the root ‘arraigo’ (rootedness) to remember ‘desarraigarse’.

‘integrarse’（融入）、’marginarse’（边缘化）、’refugiarse’（避难）和 ‘desarraigarse’（背井离乡）等动词是写出高水平论文的关键。要准确搭配介词：’integrarse en’、’refugiarse de’。一个值得推荐的记忆技巧是联想词根 ‘arraigo’（扎根），从而记住 ‘desarraigarse’。

• ‘El asilo político’ – political asylum; 政治庇护
• ‘La reagrupación familiar’ – family reunification; 家庭团聚
• ‘La mano de obra inmigrante’ – immigrant workforce; 移民劳动力
• ‘Los menores no acompañados’ – unaccompanied minors; 无人陪伴的未成年人

For the speaking exam, prepare a bank of linking phrases to structure an argument on immigration: ‘A corto plazo…’, ‘A largo plazo…’, ‘Conviene subrayar que…’, ‘No se debe subestimar…’. This will demonstrate high-level organisation and fluency.

为了应对口语考试，要准备一套用于组织移民问题论述的连接短语：’A corto plazo…’（短期内…）、’A largo plazo…’（长期来看…）、’Conviene subrayar que…’（有必要强调…）、’No se debe subestimar…’（不应低估…）。这将展示出高水平的条理性和流利度。

---

4. Political & Artistic Terminology | 政治与艺术术语

Political vocabulary is vital for the stimulus card discussions and essays on current affairs. Prioritise ‘el gobierno’ (government), ‘el partido político’ (political party), ‘las elecciones’ (elections), ‘el sufragio’ (suffrage), ‘la gestión’ (management), ‘el sindicato’ (trade union) and ‘la manifestación’ (demonstration). Repeating them aloud while reading the news solidifies retention.

政治词汇对于提示卡讨论和时事论文至关重要。要优先掌握 ‘el gobierno’（政府）、’el partido político’（政党）、’las elecciones’（选举）、’el sufragio’（选举权）、’la gestión’（管理）、’el sindicato’（工会）和 ‘la manifestación’（示威游行）。在浏览新闻时大声跟读这些词汇，可巩固记忆。

When discussing art and heritage, be ready to use ‘el patrimonio cultural’ (cultural heritage), ‘la obra maestra’ (masterpiece), ‘el legado artístico’ (artistic legacy), ‘la restauración’ (restoration) and ‘el mecenazgo’ (patronage). Describing a painting or sculpture requires terms like ‘el primer plano’ (foreground), ‘el fondo’ (background), ‘la pincelada’ (brushstroke) and ‘el claroscuro’ (chiaroscuro).

在讨论艺术和遗产时，要准备好使用 ‘el patrimonio cultural’（文化遗产）、’la obra maestra’（杰作）、’el legado artístico’（艺术遗产）、’la restauración’（修复）和 ‘el mecenazgo’（赞助）。描述绘画或雕塑需要用到 ‘el primer plano’（前景）、’el fondo’（背景）、’la pincelada’（笔触）和 ‘el claroscuro’（明暗对照法）等术语。

Spanish Term	English Equivalent
la dictadura	dictatorship
la transición democrática	democratic transition
el golpe de estado	coup d’etat
el muralismo	muralism
el autorretrato	self-portrait

Combine these terms with evaluative adjectives: ‘innovador(a)’, ‘controvertido(a)’, ‘influyente’, ‘vanguardista’. This avoids repetitive language and lifts your marks in the AO4 criteria for quality of language.

将这些术语与评价性形容词结合使用：’innovador(a)’（创新的）、’controvertido(a)’（有争议的）、’influyente’（有影响力的）、’vanguardista’（先锋的）。这能避免语言重复，并在 AO4 语言质量评分标准中赢得高分。

---

5. Literature Analysis Vocabulary | 文学分析词汇

For the literary essay, precise analytical language is non-negotiable. Learn to distinguish between ‘el narrador omnisciente’ (omniscient narrator), ‘el narrador en primera persona’ (first-person narrator) and ‘el narrador testigo’ (witness narrator). Additionally, ‘la voz narrativa’, ‘el punto de vista’ and ‘el monólogo interior’ are essential tools for commenting on narrative technique.

在文学论文中，精确的分析语言必不可少。要学会区分 ‘el narrador omnisciente’（全知叙述者）、’el narrador en primera persona’（第一人称叙述者）和 ‘el narrador testigo’（见证叙述者）。此外，’la voz narrativa’（叙事声音）、’el punto de vista’（视角）和 ‘el monólogo interior’（内心独白）也是评论叙事技巧的核心工具。

Stylistic devices should be memorised in both languages to ensure you can identify them quickly. Key devices include ‘la metáfora’ (metaphor), ‘el símil’ (simile), ‘la hipérbole’ (hyperbole), ‘la personificación’ (personification), ‘la ironía’ (irony) and ‘la aliteración’ (alliteration). Create example sentences for each: ‘El autor recurre a la hipérbole para subrayar la desesperación del protagonista.’

修辞手法要同时记忆西班牙语和英语术语，以确保能快速识别。关键手法包括 ‘la metáfora’（隐喻）、’el símil’（明喻）、’la hipérbole’（夸张）、’la personificación’（拟人）、’la ironía’（反讽）和 ‘la aliteración’（头韵）。为每种手法造个例句：’El autor recurre a la hipérbole para subrayar la desesperación del protagonista.’（作者借助夸张来凸显主人公的绝望。）

• ‘el argumento’ – plot; 情节
• ‘el desenlace’ – denouement; 结局
• ‘el presagio’ – foreshadowing; 预兆
• ‘el ambiente opresivo’ – oppressive atmosphere; 压抑的氛围

When structuring your essay, use phrases like ‘A lo largo de la obra…’ (Throughout the work…), ‘En el capítulo inicial…’ (In the opening chapter…) and ‘Esto refleja la crítica social del autor…’ (This reflects the author’s social critique…). These signposts keep your analysis focused and examiner-friendly.

组织论文时，要使用 ‘A lo largo de la obra…’（在整个作品中）、’En el capítulo inicial…’（在开篇章节中）和 ‘Esto refleja la crítica social del autor…’（这反映了作者的社会批判）等短语。这些路标能让你的分析焦点明确，方便阅卷人理解。

---

6. Film Terminology for Essay Writing | 电影术语用于论文写作

Film analysis features prominently in the WJEC AS/A Level. You must be able to discuss technical aspects using accurate Spanish terminology. Memorise ‘el director/la directora’, ‘el guion’ (script), ‘la escenografía’ (set design), ‘el montaje’ (editing), ‘la banda sonora’ (soundtrack) and ‘los efectos especiales’ (special effects).

电影分析在 WJEC AS/A Level 中占有突出地位。你必须能用准确的西班牙语术语讨论技术层面。请熟记 ‘el director/la directora’（导演）、’el guion’（剧本）、’la escenografía’（舞美设计）、’el montaje’（剪辑）、’la banda sonora’（原声音乐）和 ‘los efectos especiales’（特效）。

Shots and camera movements add depth to your commentary. Learn ‘el primer plano’ (close-up), ‘el plano medio’ (mid-shot), ‘el plano general’ (wide shot), ‘el plano secuencia’ (long take), ‘la cámara en mano’ (hand-held camera) and ‘el travelling’ (tracking shot). The adjective ‘angustiante’ (anguishing) commonly pairs with hand-held shots to describe tension.

镜头和运镜能为你的评论增加深度。要学习 ‘el primer plano’（特写）、’el plano medio’（中景）、’el plano general’（全景）、’el plano secuencia’（长镜头）、’la cámara en mano’（手持摄影）和 ‘el travelling’（推拉镜头）。形容词 ‘angustiante’（令人窒息的）常与手持镜头搭配，用来描述紧张感。

Spanish	English
el encuadre	framing
la iluminación tenebrista	chiaroscuro lighting
el flashback / la analepsis	flashback
la voz en off	voice-over
el ritmo narrativo	narrative pace

A useful sentence template is: ‘Mediante el uso de …, el director pretende transmitir …’ (Through the use of …, the director aims to convey …). Practise inserting the vocabulary above into this frame until it becomes automatic.

一个实用的句子模板是：’Mediante el uso de …, el director pretende transmitir …’（通过运用…，导演旨在传达…）。反复练习将上述词汇填入这个框架，直到熟能生巧。

---

7. Linking Words & Discourse Markers | 连接词与话语标记

Discourse markers are the glue that holds complex arguments together. To move from a pass to a distinction, you need a wide repertoire beyond ‘y’, ‘pero’ and ‘porque’. Organise them by function: addition (además, asimismo, incluso), contrast (sin embargo, no obstante, por el contrario, en cambio), cause (puesto que, dado que, a causa de) and consequence (por lo tanto, por consiguiente, así que).

话语标记是将复杂论证粘合起来的胶水。要想从及格跃升至优秀，你需要拥有远超 ‘y’、’pero’ 和 ‘porque’ 的丰富储备。按功能分类记忆：补充（además, asimismo, incluso）、对比（sin embargo, no obstante, por el contrario, en cambio）、原因（puesto que, dado que, a causa de）和结果（por lo tanto, por consiguiente, así que）。

For balanced arguments, introduce ‘por una parte … por otra parte …’ (on one hand … on the other hand …) and ‘mientras que’ (whereas). To express your own opinion forcefully, embed ‘a mi juicio’, ‘desde mi punto de vista’, ‘estoy convencido de que’. In oral exams, these fillers buy you thinking time while sounding articulate.

为了呈现平衡的论点，可引入 ‘por una parte … por otra parte …’（一方面…另一方面…）和 ‘mientras que’（然而）。要强有力地表达个人观点，可嵌入 ‘a mi juicio’（依我之见）、’desde mi punto de vista’（在我看来）、’estoy convencido de que’（我确信）。在口语考试中，这些填充语能为你争取思考时间，同时显得口齿清晰。

Spanish Marker	English Meaning
en resumidas cuentas	in short
cabe destacar que	it should be noted that
en cuanto a	regarding / as for
sea cual sea	whatever it may be

Record yourself speaking on a topic and count how many different connectors you use. Aim to integrate at least five sophisticated markers per spoken response. The variety will have a direct impact on your interaction and fluency marks.

录下自己就某个话题的发言，数一数你使用了多少种不同的连接词。目标是在每个口语回答中至少融入五个高级标记。这种多样性将对你的互动和流利度分数产生直接影响。

---

8. False Friends & Common Confusions | 假朋友与常见混淆

False friends can undermine an otherwise excellent essay. The classic traps include ‘actualmente’ (currently, not actually), ‘asistir’ (to attend, not to assist), ‘constipado’ (having a cold, not constipated), ’embarazada’ (pregnant, not embarrassed) and ‘sensible’ (sensitive, not sensible). Write each pair on a flashcard and test yourself under timed conditions.

假朋友可能毁掉一篇原本出色的论文。经典陷阱包括 ‘actualmente’（目前，而非 actually）、’asistir’（出席，而非协助）、’constipado’（感冒的，而非便秘的）、’embarazada’（怀孕的，而非尴尬的）和 ‘sensible

Published by TutorHao | Year 13 西班牙语 Revision Series | aleveler.com

更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）