📚 CIE A-Level Physical Education: Quick Vocabulary Memorisation Guide | CIE A-Level 体育：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the terminology of CIE A-Level Physical Education is essential for both written examinations and practical understanding. This guide breaks down key terms across the syllabus into logical categories, offers memory shortcuts, and provides paired English–Chinese explanations to speed up your revision. By linking unfamiliar words to familiar roots, acronyms, or vivid mental images, you can retain and recall PE vocabulary with confidence.
掌握 CIE A-Level 体育的术语对笔试和应用理解都至关重要。本指南把大纲中的关键术语按逻辑分类，提供记忆捷径，并给出英中双语对照讲解，助力快速复习。通过将生词与熟悉的词根、首字母缩略词或生动的心像联系起来，你能自信地记住并提取体育词汇。
1. Anatomy and Physiology Essentials | 解剖与生理核心术语
The term ‘antagonistic pair’ describes two muscles that work opposite to each other, such as the biceps and triceps during elbow flexion. Memorise it by thinking of an ‘antagonist’ in a story who opposes the protagonist.
“拮抗肌对”指工作方向相反的两块肌肉，例如肘屈时的肱二头肌和肱三头肌。记忆时可联想故事中与主角对立的“对手（antagonist）”。
‘Stroke volume’ is the amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per beat. Picture a heart ‘stroking’ out a fixed spoonful of blood each time it contracts.
“每搏输出量”是左心室每次收缩泵出的血液量。想象心脏每“搏”一下就舀出一勺固定量的血。
‘VO₂ max’ stands for maximal oxygen uptake, a key indicator of aerobic endurance. The ‘V’ reminds you of volume, and ‘O₂’ is oxygen. Think: ‘V’ for vast amount of oxygen you can consume at maximum effort.
“最大摄氧量（VO₂ max）”指人体剧烈运动时摄取氧气的最大能力，是衡量有氧耐力的核心指标。记住“V”代表体积，O₂是氧气；联想：极限运动时你能消耗的巨量氧气。
2. Biomechanics in Plain Words | 生物力学术语浅释
‘Centre of mass’ is the point where all body mass is equally distributed. In many stunts, your centre of mass must stay over the base of support to avoid falling. Visualise a tightrope walker balancing exactly at this invisible point.
“质心”是身体质量均匀分布的点。许多技巧动作要求质心保持在支撑面内才不会摔倒。想象走钢丝的人恰好在这个看不见的点上保持平衡。
‘Moment of inertia’ relates to how difficult it is to rotate an object. The farther the mass is from the axis of rotation, the higher the moment of inertia. A figure skater pulling arms in reduces it and spins faster — just like a spinning ice skater is a classic visual anchor.
“转动惯量”反映物体转动的难易程度。质量离转轴越远，转动惯量越大。花样滑冰运动员收臂时转动惯量减小，转速加快——用旋转中的溜冰者作为视觉锚点非常有效。
‘Newton’s third law’ in sport: for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. Sprinters push back against the blocks, and the blocks push them forward. This action–reaction pair is easy to recall if you think ‘push back, go forward’.
运动中的牛顿第三定律：每一个作用力都有一个大小相等、方向相反的反作用力。短跑运动员向后蹬起跑器，起跑器则向前推动他们。用“向后蹬，向前冲”来记忆这对作用力与反作用力。
3. Skill Acquisition Quick Reference | 技能习得术语速查
‘Open skill’ is a skill performed in an unpredictable, changing environment, such as a football pass during a match. ‘Open’ suggests the environment is open to change and you must adapt.
“开放性技能”是在不可预测、多变的环境中执行的技能，比如比赛中的传球。“开放”提示环境随时变化，你必须不断适应。
‘Closed skill’ occurs in a stable, predictable setting, like a free throw in basketball. The conditions are ‘closed’ and under the performer’s control.
“闭锁性技能”发生在稳定、可预测的情境中，如篮球罚球。环境是“封闭”的，由动作执行者掌控。
‘Whole practice’ means learning a skill in its entirety without breaking it down, suitable for fast, discrete skills like a golf swing. The word ‘whole’ is your cue — keep the movement whole.
“完整练习法”指不拆解动作而整体学习，适用于高尔夫挥杆这类快速、离散的技能。关键词“完整”提示保持动作的完整性。
‘Part practice’ involves breaking a complex skill into sections. Think of a gymnastics routine practised as separate elements before linking them. ‘Part’ simply signals working on parts first.
“分解练习法”则把复杂技能拆成若干部分。想象体操成套动作先分别练习单个元素再串联。“部分”暗示先各个击破。
4. Sport Psychology Vocabulary Demystified | 运动心理学术语解密
‘Intrinsic motivation’ is the drive to perform an activity for its own sake, for the satisfaction and enjoyment it brings. Link ‘intrinsic’ to ‘inside’ — the reward comes from within the athlete.
“内在动机”是为活动本身而行动的驱动力，源于活动带来的满足与乐趣。把“内在（intrinsic）”与“内部”联系——奖赏来自运动员内心。
‘Extrinsic motivation’ comes from external rewards like trophies, money, or praise. ‘Extrinsic’ sounds like ‘external’, making the connection obvious.
“外在动机”来自奖杯、金钱或表扬等外部奖励。“外在（extrinsic）”与“外部（external）”发音相近，关联明显。
‘Trait anxiety’ is a personality characteristic predisposing an individual to perceive situations as threatening. ‘Trait’ is a stable personality feature, like a ‘trait’ in a character description.
“特质焦虑”是一种人格特征，使个体倾向于将情境视为威胁。“特质”是稳定的人格特点，犹如角色描述中的“特征”。
‘State anxiety’ is a temporary emotional response to a specific situation, e.g., nervousness before a penalty kick. ‘State’ signals a temporary condition — like a ‘state’ of mind that can change.
“状态焦虑”是对特定情境的暂时性情绪反应，如罚点球前的紧张。“状态”意味着短暂的条件，如同可以改变的心理“状态”。
5. Sport and Society Key Terms | 体育与社会学关键术语
‘Socialisation’ in sport refers to the process by which individuals learn the norms, values, and behaviours associated with participation. Remember it as the way society ‘socialises’ you into sport — much like learning a language.
体育中的“社会化”是指个体学习与参与体育相关的规范、价值观和行为的过程。把它记作社会让你“社会化”进入体育的方式，就像学习一门语言。
‘Institution’ means a formal, established organisation or practice. The IOC is a prime example of a sporting institution. Think ‘institute’ — a structured body with rules.
“制度/机构”指正式、确立的组织或惯例。国际奥委会就是体育机构的典型例子。联想到“学院/机构（institute）”——一个有规则的结构化实体。
‘Ethnocentrism’ is judging other cultures by the standards of one’s own culture. In PE, it surfaces when certain sports are viewed as superior because of their cultural origin. Break it down: ‘ethno-‘ means culture, ‘-centrism’ puts your culture at the centre.
“种族中心主义”是用自己文化的标准来评判其他文化。在体育中，这表现为因某项运动的文化起源而视其为优越。拆分记忆：“ethno-”指文化，“-centrism”表示以自我文化为中心。
6. Training and Fitness Terminology | 训练与体能术语
‘Periodisation’ is the systematic planning of athletic training by dividing it into cycles (macrocycle, mesocycle, microcycle). Picture a calendar ‘period’ being divided into smaller blocks to reach peak performance at the right time.
“周期化”是将运动训练系统性地划分为不同周期（大周期、中周期、小周期）的规划方法。想象把日历“周期”切分成小方块，以在关键时刻达到巅峰状态。
‘Plyometrics’ involves explosive, stretch-shortening cycle exercises like depth jumps. The ‘plio-‘ part sounds like ‘ply’ in ‘plywood’, but more usefully, think of ‘plio’ as implying ‘more’ or ‘extra’ — the muscles create extra force after a rapid stretch.
“增强式训练/超等长训练”包含深度跳跃等爆发性的拉长-缩短周期练习。“plyo-”音近“ply（层板）”，但更有效的联想是“plio”暗示“更多”——肌肉在快速拉长后产生更多力量。
‘FITT principle’ stands for Frequency, Intensity, Time, and Type, used to design training programmes. The acronym itself is your memory hook: just remember the four letters and what they represent.
“FITT 原则”代表频率（Frequency）、强度（Intensity）、时间（Time）和类型（Type），用于设计训练计划。首字母缩略词本身就是记忆挂钩：记住这四个字母及其含义即可。
7. Nutrition and Health Vocabulary at a Glance | 营养与健康术语一览
‘Glycaemic index (GI)’ ranks carbohydrates based on how quickly they raise blood glucose levels. ‘Glyc-‘ relates to sugar, and ‘index’ is a ranking. High GI foods spike blood sugar rapidly; low GI foods provide a slow release.
“血糖生成指数（GI）”根据碳水化合物升高血糖的速度进行排序。“Glyc-”与糖有关，“index”是指数。高 GI 食物使血糖快速升高；低 GI 食物则缓慢释放。
‘Ergogenic aid’ is any substance or technique that enhances performance. ‘Ergo-‘ means work, and ‘-genic’ means producing. So it literally means ‘work-producing’ — think of it as a helper that produces better performance.
“促力剂”指任何提升运动表现的物质或技术。“Ergo-”意为工作，“-genic”意为产生。字面意思即“产生工作”——把它想象成产出更好表现的助手。
‘Body mass index (BMI)’ is a measure of body fat based on height and weight: BMI = mass (kg) ÷ height² (m²). The formula is straightforward, but the interpretation tables (underweight, normal, overweight, obese) are what you need to recall.
“身体质量指数（BMI）”是基于身高和体重衡量体脂的指标：BMI = 体重(kg) ÷ 身高²(m²)。公式简单，但需要记住解读表格（偏瘦、正常、超重、肥胖）。
8. Common Prefixes, Suffixes, and Roots in PE | 体育术语常用词根词缀
Once you recognise recurring word parts, many PE terms become self-explanatory. Below is a table of frequent medical and scientific stems used across the syllabus.
一旦学会识别反复出现的词素，许多体育术语便不言自明。下表列出大纲中常见的医学和科学词干。
| Stem | Meaning | Example | 词干 | 含义 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a- / an- | without, lack | anaerobic (without oxygen) | a- / an- | 无、缺乏 | 无氧 (anaerobic) |
| cardi- | heart | cardiac output | cardi- | 心脏 | 心输出量 |
| myo- | muscle | myofibril | myo- | 肌肉 | 肌原纤维 |
| oste- / osteo- | bone | osteoporosis | oste- / osteo- | 骨 | 骨质疏松 |
| hyper- | excessive, above | hyperextension | hyper- | 过度、高于 | 过度伸展 |
| hypo- | under, below | hypothermia | hypo- | 不足、低于 | 体温过低 |
| iso- | equal, same | isometric (equal length) | iso- | 相等、相同 | 等长收缩 |
Learning a small set of stems helps you decode unfamiliar words on the spot. For example, ‘isokinetic’ breaks into ‘iso-‘ (equal) and ‘kinetic’ (movement) — equal speed of movement.
学习少量词干能帮你现场解构生词。例如 “isokinetic” 拆成 “iso-”（相等）和 “kinetic”（运动），即运动速度恒定。
9. Acronyms and Mnemonics for Quick Recall | 首字母缩略与助记法
Creating vivid acronyms turns lists of terms into memorable chunks. For the three energy systems — ATP-PC, glycolytic, and aerobic — use ‘AGA’ (Aerobic, Glycolytic, ATP-PC), or the phrase ‘All Good Athletes’ (Aerobic, Glycolytic, Alactic) to recall the systems from longest to shortest duration.
创建鲜明的首字母缩略词可将术语列表变成易记的语块。针对三大供能系统——ATP-CP、糖酵解和有氧氧化，可用“AGA”或短语“所有好运动员（All Good Athletes）”按持续时间从长到短记忆：有氧(Aerobic)、糖酵解(Glycolytic)、无乳酸(Alactic)。
To memorise the order of the four stages of information processing (input, decision-making, output, feedback), think of the word ‘IDOF’. Alternatively, the sentence ‘I Don’t Often Forget’ links Input, Decision-making, Output, Feedback.
为记忆信息加工的四个阶段（输入、决策、输出、反馈），可记为“IDOF”或句子“I Don’t Often Forget”对应 Input, Decision-making, Output, Feedback。
For the six nutrients (carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, water), the mnemonic ‘Can Friendly Pete Visit My Window?’ works delightfully.
六大营养素（碳水化合物、脂肪、蛋白质、维生素、矿物质、水）可借助句子“Caring Friends Play Very Much, Wow!”（碳水、脂肪、蛋白质、维生素、矿物质、水）轻松记下。
10. Techniques to Memorise Definitions | 背诵定义的实用技巧
Instead of rote learning, associate the term with a concrete image. For ‘cardiac output = stroke volume × heart rate’, picture a conveyor belt: each ‘stroke’ is a box placed on the belt, and the rate is how many boxes pass per minute. The output is the total number of boxes.
与其死记硬背，不如将术语与具体图像关联。对于“心输出量 = 每搏输出量 × 心率”，可想象传送带：每次“搏动”就是一个箱子放上带子，心率是每分钟通过的箱子数，输出量即箱子总数。
Use the ‘method of loci’ — mentally place terms along a familiar route. For the conduction system of the heart (SA node → AV node → Bundle of His → Purkinje fibres), imagine walking past a SAndwich shop, then an Audio-Visual shop, then a Bundle of HIS books, and finally a Purkinje sparkling water stand.
使用“地点记忆法”——将术语沿熟悉的路线上摆放。对于心脏传导系统（窦房结 → 房室结 → 希氏束 → 浦肯野纤维），想象路过一家三明治店（SA node），然后是音像店（AV node），再看到一堆捆好的书（Bundle of His），最后是一个浦肯野气泡水摊。
Chunking groups terms by category. All exercise physiology terms like ‘lactate threshold’, ‘respiratory exchange ratio’, ‘OBLA’ can be learned together because they relate to exercise intensity and metabolism. Grouping reduces cognitive load.
组块化记忆按类别归组术语。所有运动生理学术语如“乳酸阈”“呼吸交换率”“血乳酸积累起点(OBLA)”可一起学习，因为它们都与运动强度及代谢相关。归类降低认知负荷。
11. Applying Vocabulary in Exam Questions | 在考试题目中运用术语
Simply knowing the definition is not enough. CIE mark schemes reward precise use of terminology in context. When describing a lever system, you must state ‘fulcrum’, ‘effort’, ‘load’ accurately and explain the mechanical advantage. Always link the term to a practical example.
光知道定义还不够。CIE 评分方案奖励在语境中精准使用术语。描述杠杆系统时，必须准确说出“支点”“力点”“阻力点”并解释机械利益。始终将术语与一个实际例子相联系。
For ‘Newton’s first law of inertia’, write: ‘The football will remain at rest until the player applies an external force to kick it.’ This demonstrates understanding, not just recall.
对于“牛顿第一定律（惯性定律）”，可写：“足球将保持静止，直到球员施加外部力量踢它。”这展示了理解，而不仅是记忆。
Use connectives to build explanations: ‘Because the moment arm of the resistance is greater than the moment arm of the effort, this second-class lever provides a mechanical advantage, enabling the calf muscles to lift the body weight with less force.’ Such sentences show command of biomechanical language.
使用连接词构建解释：“由于阻力臂大于力臂，这个第二类杠杆提供了机械利益，使小腿肌肉能用较小的力提起体重。”这类句子展现了生物力学语言的运用能力。
12. Revision Games and Self-Testing | 复习游戏与自测
Active recall beats passive reading. Create flashcards with the term on one side and the definition, example, and related image on the other. Use a spaced repetition app or simple paper cards. Test yourself by writing a sentence that correctly embeds three target terms from different topics, e.g., ‘The athlete’s high state anxiety reduced her ability to use closed skills effectively during the penalty shootout.’
主动回忆胜过被动阅读。制作术语闪卡，正面写术语，背面写定义、例子和相关图像。使用间隔重复软件或纸质卡片。用自测的方式，写一个句子，正确嵌入三个来自不同主题的目标术语，例如：“该运动员的高状态焦虑降低了她在点球大战中有效运用闭锁性技能的能力。”
Quizzing a study partner is another powerful method. Explain ‘periodisation’ to a friend without looking at notes; if you can teach it, you truly know it. When you stumble, it reveals gaps that need more attention.
与学习伙伴互相提问是另一高效方法。不看笔记向朋友解释“周期化”；如果能教会别人，说明你真正掌握了。遇到卡壳的地方就暴露出需要加强的薄弱点。
Finally, read past examiner reports. They highlight common mistakes in terminology usage, such as confusing ‘health’ with ‘fitness’ or ‘trait’ with ‘state’ anxiety. Knowing these pitfalls sharpens your accuracy.
最后，阅读历年考官报告。这些报告指出了术语使用中的常见错误，如混淆“健康”与“体适能”、或“特质焦虑”与“状态焦虑”。了解这些陷阱能提升准确性。
Published by TutorHao | Physical Education Revision Series | aleveler.com
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