📚 GCSE Edexcel German: Quick Reference Formulae Handbook | GCSE Edexcel 德语:公式定理速查手册
This GCSE Edexcel German revision guide is designed as a ‘formulae handbook’ for the language. Like mathematical formulas, German grammar follows structures and patterns that, once memorised, allow you to build accurate sentences with confidence. All essential rules are presented in concise tables and clear pairings, covering the core grammar required for the Edexcel specification. Use this handbook to quickly check a gender, a case ending, a word order rule, or a verb conjugation whenever you practise writing or speaking.
这本 GCSE Edexcel 德语复习指南是一本为语言学习打造的“公式手册”。就像数学公式一样,德语语法遵循一定的结构和模式,一旦记住这些规则,你就能自信地构建准确无误的句子。手册中所有核心规则都以简洁表格和清晰对照的方式呈现,覆盖了 Edexcel 考试大纲所要求的关键语法点。在你练习写作或口语时,随时查阅本手册,即可快速确认名词的性、格、词尾变化、词序规则或动词变位。
1. Noun Gender and Articles | 名词性与冠词
Every German noun has a grammatical gender: masculine, feminine, or neuter. The definite articles (the) are der (masculine), die (feminine), and das (neuter). The indefinite articles (a/an) are ein (masculine/neuter) and eine (feminine). Always learn the article together with the noun, as it determines many other endings across the sentence.
每个德语名词都有一个语法性别:阳性、阴性或中性。定冠词(相当于英语的 the)为 der(阳)、die(阴)和 das(中)。不定冠词(相当于英语的 a/an)为 ein(阳/中)和 eine(阴)。学习名词时必须连同冠词一起记忆,因为名词的性别决定了句子中许多其他词尾的变化。
| Case | Masc. (der) | Fem. (die) | Neut. (das) | Plural (die) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | der / ein | die / eine | das / ein | die / — |
| Accusative | den / einen | die / eine | das / ein | die / — |
| Dative | dem / einem | der / einer | dem / einem | den / — |
| Genitive | des / eines | der / einer | des / eines | der / — |
Plural nouns often have no indefinite article, but the definite article for all genders in the plural is die in nominative and accusative, den in dative, and der in genitive.
复数名词通常不带不定冠词,但所有性别的复数定冠词在主格和宾格中均为 die,与格为 den,属格为 der。
2. The Four Cases and Their Functions | 四个格及其功能
German uses four cases: nominative (subject), accusative (direct object), dative (indirect object), and genitive (possession). Each case triggers specific article, adjective, and pronoun forms. Recognising case signals in a sentence is essential for accurate grammar.
德语使用四个格:主格(主语)、宾格(直接宾语)、与格(间接宾语)和属格(所有关系)。每个格都会触发特定的冠词、形容词和代词形式。准确辨认句子中的格标记对语法正确至关重要。
- Nominative: answers ‘who?’ or ‘what?’ before the verb.
主格:回答动词前的“谁?”或“什么?”。 - Accusative: answers ‘whom?’ or ‘what?’ after the verb; used with prepositions like durch, für, ohne, um.
宾格:回答动词后的“谁?”或“什么?”;与介词如 durch, für, ohne, um 搭配使用。 - Dative: answers ‘to whom?’ or ‘for whom?’; used with prepositions like aus, bei, mit, nach, seit, von, zu.
与格:回答“对谁?”或“为谁?”;与介词如 aus, bei, mit, nach, seit, von, zu 搭配使用。 - Genitive: shows possession; often replaced by ‘von + dative’ in spoken German.
属格:表示所有关系;在口语中常被“von + 与格”替代。
3. Present Tense Verb Conjugation | 现在时动词变位
Regular verbs follow a fixed pattern of endings added to the stem. The stem is the infinitive without -en or -n. The endings are: -e, -st, -t, -en, -t, -en. Knowing this formula allows you to conjugate any weak verb correctly.
规则动词遵循一套固定的词尾模式,加在词干上。词干是去掉 -en 或 -n 后的不定式部分。词尾为:-e, -st, -t, -en, -t, -en。掌握这一公式即可正确变位所有弱变化动词。
| Pronoun | spielen (to play) | arbeiten (to work) |
|---|---|---|
| ich | spiele | arbeite |
| du | spielst | arbeitest |
| er/sie/es | spielt | arbeitet |
| wir | spielen | arbeiten |
| ihr | spielt | arbeitet |
| sie/Sie | spielen | arbeiten |
Stem-vowel changing verbs (e.g., fahren – du fährst, sehen – du siehst) must be learned individually, but only affect the du and er/sie/es forms.
词干元音变化的动词(例如 fahren – du fährst, sehen – du siehst)需单独记忆,但这类变化只影响 du 和 er/sie/es 形式。
4. Perfect Tense: The Spoken Past | 完成时:口语中的过去式
The perfect tense is formed with an auxiliary verb (haben or sein) in the present tense and a past participle placed at the end of the clause. The formula is: subject + haben/sein + (other elements) + past participle. Most verbs use haben; verbs indicating movement or a change of state use sein.
完成时由现在时的助动词(haben 或 sein)和位于句末的过去分词构成。公式为:主语 + haben/sein +(其他成分)+ 过去分词。大多数动词使用 haben;表示移动或状态变化的动词使用 sein。
- Regular past participle: ge + stem + t (e.g., spielen → gespielt)
规则过去分词:ge + 词干 + t(如 spielen → gespielt) - Irregular past participle: ge + stem (changed) + en (e.g., sehen → gesehen)
不规则过去分词:ge + 词干(变化)+ en(如 sehen → gesehen) - Separable verbs: prefix + ge + stem + t/en (e.g., aufräumen → aufgeräumt)
可分动词:前缀 + ge + 词干 + t/en(如 aufräumen → aufgeräumt) - Inseparable verbs and verbs ending in -ieren: no ge- (e.g., besuchen → besucht, telefonieren → telefoniert)
不可分动词和以 -ieren 结尾的动词:不加 ge-(如 besuchen → besucht, telefonieren → telefoniert)
5. Future and Conditional Tenses | 将来时和条件时
The future tense is formed with werden + infinitive. The conditional is most commonly expressed in GCSE German by würde + infinitive. Both structures act as ‘formulas’ where the conjugated auxiliary takes second position and the infinitive moves to the end.
将来时由 werden + 不定式构成。在 GCSE 德语中,条件形式最常用 würde + 不定式 来表达。这两种结构都遵循“公式”模式:变位后的助动词占据第二位,不定式移至句末。
Ich werde morgen ins Kino gehen. (I will go to the cinema tomorrow.)
我明天将去电影院。
Ich würde gern in Deutschland leben. (I would like to live in Germany.)
我很想在德国生活。
The formula for werden conjugation in the present tense: werde, wirst, wird, werden, werdet, werden. Würde forms: würde, würdest, würde, würden, würdet, würden.
werden 的现在时变位公式:werde, wirst, wird, werden, werdet, werden。 würde 的形式:würde, würdest, würde, würden, würdet, würden。
6. Word Order Rules: Main and Subordinate Clauses | 词序规则:主句与从句
In a main clause, the conjugated verb is always the second element (the ‘verb second’ rule). The first element can be the subject, an adverb, or another phrase. Time – Manner – Place is the recommended order for adverbial phrases. In questions, the verb comes first.
在主句中,变位动词永远位于第二位(即“动词第二位”规则)。第一位可以是主语、副词或其他短语。状语短语的推荐顺序为时间—方式—地点。疑问句中动词位于句首。
Morgen fahre ich mit dem Bus zur Schule. (Tomorrow I am going to school by bus.)
明天我乘公交车去学校。
In a subordinate clause introduced by conjunctions like weil, dass, obwohl, wenn, als, the conjugated verb is pushed to the very end of the clause. The formula is: Conjunction + Subject + (… other elements …) + Verb.
在由 weil, dass, obwohl, wenn, als 等连词引导的从句中,变位动词被推到从句的末尾。公式为:连词 + 主语 +(……其他成分……)+ 动词。
Ich bleibe zu Hause, weil ich krank bin. (I am staying at home because I am ill.)
我待在家里,因为我生病了。
7. Adjective Endings: Three Tables | 形容词词尾:三张表格
Adjective endings depend on whether the adjective is preceded by a definite article (weak declension), an indefinite article (mixed declension), or no article (strong declension). The endings signal case and gender, functioning like a built-in safety net for meaning. Familiarise yourself with these three patterns so you can apply them quickly in writing.
形容词词尾取决于形容词前面是定冠词(弱变化)、不定冠词(混合变化)还是没有冠词(强变化)。词尾标示出格和性别,相当于内置的语义安全网。请熟悉这三种模式,以便在写作中快速应用。
| After der/die/das (Weak) | Masc. | Fem. | Neut. | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | -e | -e | -e | -en |
| Accusative | -en | -e | -e | -en |
| Dative | -en | -en | -en | -en |
| Genitive | -en | -en | -en | -en |
After ein/eine (Mixed): Nominative masc. -er, neut. -es; Accusative masc. -en; all other singular endings -en, plural -en.
在 ein/eine 后(混合变化):主格阳性 -er,中性 -es;宾格阳性 -en;其他单数各格词尾均为 -en,复数 -en。
No article (Strong): The adjective takes the distinctive endings of the definite article except in masculine and neuter genitive (where it is -en).
无冠词(强变化):形容词承担定冠词的标志性词尾,但阳性和中性属格用 -en。
8. Prepositions and Their Fixed Cases | 介词及其固定格
Certain prepositions always require a specific case. Others, called two-way prepositions, can take either accusative (motion towards) or dative (static location). Memorising these sets is essential for GCSE writing accuracy.
某些介词总是要求固定的格。另外一些“两可介词”可根据语境接宾格(表示运动方向)或与格(表示静止位置)。牢记这些介词组合是 GCSE 写作准确性的基础。
| Accusative Only | Dative Only |
|---|---|
| durch (through) | aus (from/out of) |
| für (for) | bei (at/with) |
| gegen (against) | mit (with) |
| ohne (without) | nach (after/to) |
| um (around/at) | seit (since/for) |
| von (from/of) | |
| zu (to) |
Two-way prepositions: an, auf, hinter, in, neben, über, unter, vor, zwischen. Accusative if movement (wohin?); dative if location (wo?).
两可介词:an, auf, hinter, in, neben, über, unter, vor, zwischen。表示移动时用宾格(wohin?),表示位置时用与格(wo?)。
9. Modal Verbs and the Double-Infinitive Formula | 情态动词与双不定式公式
Modal verbs (können, müssen, wollen, sollen, dürfen, mögen) modify the main verb. The structure is: conjugated modal verb in position 2 + infinitive at the end. In the perfect tense, the double-infinitive structure applies: haben + infinitive + modal infinitive.
情态动词(können, müssen, wollen, sollen, dürfen, mögen)修饰主动词。结构为:变位情态动词在第二位 + 不定式在句末。在完成时中,使用双不定式结构:haben + 不定式 + 情态动词原形。
Ich muss meine Hausaufgaben machen. (I must do my homework.)
我必须做作业。
Ich habe meine Hausaufgaben machen müssen. (I had to do my homework.)
我之前必须做作业。
Present tense stem changes: können (kann), müssen (muss), wollen (will), sollen (soll), dürfen (darf), mögen (mag), but the plural stems are regular.
现在时词干变化:können (kann), müssen (muss), wollen (will), sollen (soll), dürfen (darf), mögen (mag),但复数形式词干规则。
10. Comparatives and Superlatives | 比较级和最高级
To form the comparative, add -er to the adjective; for the superlative, add -st (or -est after d/t/s). Many common adjectives add an umlaut in the comparative and superlative. The comparative is followed by als (than), and the superlative can be used with am … -sten or as an attributive adjective.
比较级在形容词词尾加 -er;最高级加 -st(或在 d/t/s 后加 -est)。许多常用形容词在比较级和最高级中需加变音。比较级后用 als(比……),最高级可与 am … -sten 连用,或作定语形容词。
| Positive | Comparative | Superlative |
|---|---|---|
| klein (small) | kleiner | am kleinsten |
| groß (big) | größer | am größten |
| alt (old) | älter | 更多咨询请联系16621398022(同微信)
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