GCSE Edexcel Sociology: Rapid Guide to Key Terminology | GCSE Edexcel 社会学：核心术语速记指南

📚 GCSE Edexcel Sociology: Rapid Guide to Key Terminology | GCSE Edexcel 社会学：核心术语速记指南

Mastering key sociological terms is the gateway to high marks in your GCSE Edexcel exam. This bilingual guide breaks down the most important vocabulary into manageable categories, with clear definitions and memory aids to help you recall them quickly and accurately.

掌握核心社会学术语是取得 GCSE Edexcel 考试高分的关键。这份双语指南将最重要的词汇分解为易于管理的类别，提供清晰的定义和记忆提示，帮助你快速而准确地回忆这些术语。

1. Socialisation & Key Concepts | 社会化与核心概念

Socialisation and the concepts around it explain how individuals learn to become functioning members of society. These terms appear in almost every paper, so commit them to memory firmly.

社会化及其相关概念解释了个体如何学会成为社会的功能成员。这些术语几乎出现在每张试卷中，因此要牢牢记住。

Socialisation: The lifelong process through which individuals learn and internalise the norms, values, customs and ideologies of their society. It is essential for cultural transmission and maintaining social order.

社会化：个体学习并内化其社会规范、价值观、习俗和意识形态的终生过程。它对文化传承和维护社会秩序至关重要。

Primary socialisation: The early phase of socialisation occurring in infancy and childhood, mainly through close family. During this stage, children acquire language, basic norms and emotional attachments.

初级社会化：发生在婴儿期和儿童期的早期社会化阶段，主要通过亲密家庭进行。在这一阶段，儿童习得语言、基本规范和情感依附。

Secondary socialisation: The ongoing socialisation that takes place in later life through institutions such as education, peer groups, media and the workplace. It helps individuals adapt to wider society beyond the family.

次级社会化：生命后期通过教育、同伴群体、媒体和工作场所等机构进行的持续社会化。它帮助个体适应家庭以外的更广阔社会。

Norms: Unwritten rules of behaviour that are considered acceptable in a particular group or society. Norms guide everyday conduct and are upheld by positive or negative sanctions.

规范：在特定群体或社会中被认为可接受的不成文行为规则。规范指导着日常行为，并通过正面或负面制裁予以维持。

Values: Deeply held beliefs about what is good, desirable and important. Values underpin norms and influence major social policies, such as the value placed on equality or individual achievement.

价值观：关于什么是良好、可取和重要的深刻信念。价值观是规范的基础，并影响着重大社会政策，比如对平等或个人成就的重视。

Culture: The whole way of life of a society or group, including language, beliefs, traditions, norms, values and material objects. Culture is transmitted from generation to generation and shapes identity.

文化：一个社会或群体的整体生活方式，包括语言、信仰、传统、规范、价值观和物质对象。文化代代相传并塑造身份认同。

Identity: An individual’s sense of self, shaped by socialisation and group memberships such as class, gender, ethnicity and nationality. People have multiple identities that may shift over time.

身份认同：个体的自我感觉，由社会化和阶级、性别、族裔、国籍等群体成员身份塑造。人们拥有多重身份，并可能随时间变化。

---

2. Agencies of Socialisation | 社会化机构

Agencies of socialisation are the institutions and groups through which we learn norms and values. Recognising the distinct role of each agency strengthens your answers on identity and social control.

社会化机构是我们借以学习规范和价值观的体制与群体。认识每个机构的独特作用可以加强你在身份认同和社会控制问题上的答案。

Family: The primary agency of socialisation where children first learn emotional bonds, language and basic norms. It also provides long-term economic and emotional support, shaping early identity.

家庭：初级社会化机构，儿童在此首次学习情感纽带、语言和基本规范。家庭还提供长期的经济与情感支持，塑造早期身份认同。

Education: A secondary agency that transmits knowledge and formal qualifications, but also teaches norms such as punctuality and obedience through the hidden curriculum. It reproduces or challenges social inequalities.

教育：一个次级社会化机构，它传递知识和正式资格证书，同时也通过隐性课程教导守时、服从等规范。教育可以再现或挑战社会不平等。

Peer group: Friends and people of similar age who provide companionship and influence behaviour, attitudes and style. Peer groups often become increasingly important during adolescence and can shape subcultures.

同伴群体：提供陪伴并影响行为、态度和风格的同龄朋友。同伴群体在青春期往往变得愈发重要，并可能形成亚文化。

Media: A powerful agency that exposes individuals to a vast range of information, representations and lifestyles. The media can reinforce stereotypes or challenge norms, influencing both identity and public opinion.

媒体：一个强大的机构，使个体接触到广泛的信息、再现形象和生活方式。媒体可以强化刻板印象或挑战规范，影响身份认同和舆论。

Religion: An agency that provides moral codes, shared beliefs and a sense of community. It influences norms concerning marriage, family and ethical behaviour, although its impact varies across societies.

宗教：一个提供道德准则、共同信仰和社群感的机构。宗教影响关于婚姻、家庭和伦理行为的规范，但在不同社会其影响力度各异。

---

3. Social Control & Sanctions | 社会控制与制裁

Mechanisms of social control ensure conformity to norms and laws. This vocabulary is vital for discussing crime, deviance and the maintenance of order.

社会控制机制确保对规范和法律的遵从。这套词汇对于讨论犯罪、越轨和维护秩序至关重要。

Social control: The various methods used to persuade or force people to conform to the dominant norms and values of society. It operates through both formal and informal means.

社会控制：用来劝说或强制人们遵从社会主流规范和价值观的各种方法。它通过正式和非正式两种方式运作。

Formal social control: Control exercised by official organisations and agents, such as the police, courts and schools, based on written rules and laws. Failure to comply typically leads to official sanctions.

正式社会控制：由官方机构和行动者（如警察、法院和学校）基于成文规则和法律实施的控制。不服从通常导致正式制裁。

Informal social control: Control exerted through everyday interactions, such as peer pressure, criticism or praise from family and friends. It enforces unwritten norms without legal force.

非正式社会控制：通过日常互动实施的控制，如同辈压力、来自家人和朋友的批评或赞扬。它强制执行不成为文规范，没有法律强制力。

Sanctions: Rewards or punishments used to enforce norms and laws. Positive sanctions (like certificates or praise) encourage conformity, while negative sanctions (such as fines or detention) discourage deviance.

制裁：用来执行规范和法律的奖励或惩罚。正面制裁（如证书或表扬）鼓励从众，负面制裁（如罚款或留校）阻止越轨行为。

Deviance: Behaviour that violates the norms or expectations of a particular group or society. Deviance is relative – what is deviant in one context may be accepted in another.

越轨：违反特定群体或社会规范或期望的行为。越轨是相对的——在一种情境中被视为越轨的行为，在另一种情境中可能被接受。

---

4. Social Stratification Basics | 社会分层基础

Stratification describes how society is divided into layers based on factors such as wealth, power and status. These terms are central to understanding inequality in GCSE Sociology.

分层描述社会如何根据财富、权力和地位等因素划分为不同层级。这些术语是理解 GCSE 社会学中不平等问题的核心。

Social stratification: The hierarchical organisation of individuals and groups into layers based on their access to resources, power and social prestige. It is a structural feature of all known societies.

社会分层：根据个人和群体对资源、权力和社会声望的获取程度，将其分层排列的等级结构。它是所有已知社会的一个结构性特征。

Social class: A large grouping of people sharing similar economic positions, lifestyles and life chances. Class is often defined by occupation, income and wealth, and it powerfully shapes identity and opportunities.

社会阶级：一个共享相似经济地位、生活方式和生活机会的大群体。阶级通常由职业、收入和财富所定义，并有力地塑造身份认同和机会。

Life chances: The opportunities individuals have to improve their quality of life, for instance through education, healthcare and employment. Sociologists use this concept to highlight how social position affects real outcomes.

生活机会：个体改善自身生活质量的机会，例如通过教育、医疗和就业。社会学家用这一概念来强调社会地位如何影响实际结果。

Social mobility: The movement of individuals or groups between different positions in the stratification system. Upward mobility means moving to a higher class, while downward mobility involves a fall in status.

社会流动：个体或群体在分层体系中不同位置之间的移动。向上流动意味着上升到更高阶级，向下流动则意味着地位下降。

Absolute poverty: A condition of severe deprivation where people lack the basic necessities to survive, such as food, clean water and shelter. This definition is fixed and universal.

绝对贫困：一种严重匮乏的状况，人们缺乏维持生存的基本必需品，如食物、清洁水和住所。这一定义是固定且普遍的。

Relative poverty: Poverty defined in relation to the living standards of the majority in a given society. It means having insufficient resources to participate fully in normal social and cultural activities.

相对贫困：相对于特定社会大多数人生活水平所定义的贫困。它意味着缺乏足够资源以充分参与正常的社会和文化活动。

---

5. Families & Households | 家庭与住户

Families are a core topic, and precise terminology helps you analyse changing family forms and roles. Use these definitions to structure paragraphs about diversity and domestic life.

家庭是核心话题，精确的术语有助于你分析不断变化的家庭形式和角色。用这些定义来组织关于多样性和家庭生活的段落。

Nuclear family: A family unit consisting of two generations – a mother and father and their dependent children – living together. It was traditionally viewed as the typical family form in industrial societies.

核心家庭：由两代人——一位母亲和父亲及其受养子女——共同居住的家庭单位。它曾被视为工业社会中的典型家庭形式。

Extended family: A family structure that includes relatives beyond the nuclear core, such as grandparents, aunts and uncles, often living together or in close proximity. It provides a wider support network.

扩展家庭：包含核心家庭以外亲属的家庭结构，如祖父母、姑姨和叔舅，他们通常同住或邻近居住。它提供了更广泛的支持网络。

Reconstituted family: A family formed when one or both partners bring children from previous relationships into a new union. It is sometimes called a blended family.

重组家庭：当一方或双方带着前一段关系中的子女组成新结合时所形成的家庭。有时也称为混合家庭。

Household: A person living alone or a group of people sharing living arrangements and domestic expenses. Not all households are families, as they may consist of individuals who are not related.

住户：独自居住或共享居住安排并分担家庭开支的一群人。并非所有住户都是家庭，因为它们可能由不相关的人组成。

Conjugal roles: The roles played by male and female partners in a household. Segregated conjugal roles involve separate domestic tasks, while joint conjugal roles involve sharing housework and decision-making.

夫妻角色：男性和女性伴侣在家庭中扮演的角色。隔离型夫妻角色意味着家务分开承担，而联合型夫妻角色则共同分担家务和决策。

Symmetrical family: A family form identified by Young and Willmott where partners share domestic labour, childcare and leisure more equally. It reflects a trend towards greater gender equality in roles.

对称家庭：由扬和威尔莫特提出的一种家庭形式，伴侣更平等地分担家务劳动、育儿和休闲。它反映了性别角色趋向更平等的趋势。

---

6. Education & Achievement | 教育与成就

Sociologists examine how schools transmit culture and reproduce inequality. Mastering these terms will help you explain differential educational achievement.

社会学家探究学校如何传递文化和再现不平等。掌握这些术语将帮助你解释教育成就的差异。

Hidden curriculum: The informal learning of norms, values and attitudes that takes place through the school’s structure and routines, such as obedience to authority, punctuality and competition, beyond the official academic content.

隐性课程：通过学校的结构和常规发生的、超出正式学术内容的规范、价值观和态度的非正式学习，如服从权威、守时和竞争。

Labelling: The process of attaching a definition or identity to an individual, such as ‘bright’ or ‘troublemaker’. Teachers’ labels can influence pupils’ self-concept and academic performance, potentially leading to a self-fulfilling prophecy.

标签化：将某种定义或身份加诸于个体身上的过程，例如’聪明’或’捣蛋鬼’。教师的标签会影响

Published by TutorHao | GCSE 社会学 Revision Series | aleveler.com

更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）