IGCSE AQA Geography: Core Concepts and Knowledge Review | IGCSE AQA 地理：核心知识点梳理

📚 IGCSE AQA Geography: Core Concepts and Knowledge Review | IGCSE AQA 地理：核心知识点梳理

This article is a comprehensive review of the essential topics in the IGCSE AQA Geography syllabus. From population dynamics to natural hazards, it covers key definitions, models, and processes that students need to master for their examinations. Each section pairs English explanations with Chinese translations to reinforce understanding.

本文全面回顾了 IGCSE AQA 地理教学大纲中的核心主题。从人口动态到自然灾害，涵盖学生备考需要掌握的关键定义、模型和过程。每节内容均以英汉对照形式呈现，以加深理解。

1. Population Dynamics | 人口动态

The study of population dynamics examines how populations change over time in terms of size, structure, and distribution. Key indicators include birth rate, death rate, natural increase, and fertility rate. These are influenced by social, economic, and environmental factors.

人口动态研究人口在规模、结构和分布方面随时间的变化。关键指标包括出生率、死亡率、自然增长率和生育率。这些指标受到社会、经济和环境因素的影响。

Birth rate is defined as the number of live births per 1000 people per year. A high birth rate is often associated with limited access to contraception, high infant mortality, and agricultural economies where children are an economic asset.

出生率定义为每年每千人的活产婴儿数。高出生率通常与避孕措施获取有限、婴儿死亡率高以及农业经济（儿童是经济资产）有关。

Death rate is the number of deaths per 1000 people per year. It reflects a country’s healthcare, sanitation, and food security. Improved medical care and hygiene have led to declining death rates worldwide.

死亡率是每年每千人的死亡人数。它反映了一个国家的医疗保健、卫生条件和粮食安全状况。医疗和卫生条件的改善导致全球死亡率下降。

Natural increase is calculated as birth rate minus death rate, expressed as a percentage. When the birth rate exceeds the death rate, the population grows; if the reverse occurs, it shrinks. The global rate of natural increase has slowed due to falling fertility rates.

自然增长率是出生率减去死亡率，以百分比表示。当出生率高于死亡率时，人口增长；反之则人口缩减。全球自然增长率已因生育率下降而放缓。

2. The Demographic Transition Model | 人口转变模型

The Demographic Transition Model (DTM) illustrates how a country’s population changes over time through five stages, based on birth and death rates. It explains the shift from high birth and death rates to low, stable rates as a country develops.

人口转变模型（DTM）基于出生率和死亡率，说明一个国家的人口如何经历五个阶段变化。它解释了随着国家发展，出生率和死亡率从高向低且稳定转变的过程。

Stage 1: High birth and death rates, fluctuating but low natural increase. Population growth is slow and variable. This stage characterised pre-industrial societies before 1750.

第一阶段：高出生率和高死亡率，波动不定，自然增长率低。人口增长缓慢且不稳定。这一阶段是前工业社会的特征（1750年以前）。

Stage 2: Death rate falls rapidly due to medical advances and improved sanitation, while birth rate remains high. This creates a rapid population increase. Many least developed countries entered this stage after World War II.

第二阶段：由于医疗进步和卫生改善，死亡率迅速下降，而出生率仍居高不下。这导致人口快速增长。许多最不发达国家在二战后进入这一阶段。

Stage 3: Birth rate begins to decline as a result of economic factors such as increased urbanisation and access to family planning. Natural increase moderates but remains positive. Industrialising countries like India are in this stage.

第三阶段：由于城市化程度提高和计划生育普及等经济因素，出生率开始下降。自然增长率趋缓，但仍为正增长。像印度这样的工业化国家正处于这一阶段。

Stage 4: Both birth and death rates are low, resulting in a stable population with zero or very slow growth. Modern developed countries such as the UK and Japan are in this stage.

第四阶段：出生率和死亡率都低，人口稳定，增长为零或非常缓慢。英国、日本等现代发达国家处于这一阶段。

Stage 5: Birth rates fall below death rates, leading to natural decrease. This is observed in some European countries like Germany, where the population is ageing and shrinking.

第五阶段：

Published by TutorHao | IGCSE Geography Revision Series | aleveler.com

更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）