IGCSE Cambridge Geography: Core Knowledge Summary | IGCSE Cambridge 地理：核心知识点梳理

📚 IGCSE Cambridge Geography: Core Knowledge Summary | IGCSE Cambridge 地理：核心知识点梳理

This comprehensive revision guide covers the essential topics of the IGCSE Cambridge Geography syllabus, including population dynamics, natural environments, and economic development. Each key point is presented in a clear bilingual format to support both English and Chinese learners.

这份全面的复习指南涵盖了 IGCSE Cambridge 地理教学大纲的核心主题，包括人口动态、自然环境与经济发展。每个关键点均以清晰的双语形式呈现，方便中英文学习者理解。

1. Population Dynamics | 人口动态

Population density is the average number of people per unit area, usually expressed as persons per km². Areas with high population density include river valleys, coastal plains, and urban centres; low densities are found in deserts, mountains, and cold polar regions.

人口密度是单位面积的平均人数，通常以每平方公里人数表示。人口密度高的地区包括河谷、沿海平原和城市中心；沙漠、高山和寒冷的极地地区人口密度低。

The world’s population distribution is uneven due to physical factors (relief, climate, soils) and human factors (economic opportunities, historical settlement).

世界人口分布不均衡，原因包括自然因素（地形、气候、土壤）和人文因素（经济机会、历史定居）。

Birth rate is the number of live births per 1000 people per year, while death rate is the number of deaths per 1000 people per year. Natural increase is calculated as birth rate minus death rate, often expressed as a percentage.

出生率是每年每千人的活产数，死亡率是每年每千人的死亡数。自然增长量计算为出生率减去死亡率，通常以百分比表示。

The Demographic Transition Model (DTM) describes how birth and death rates change over time as a country develops. It consists of five stages: Stage 1 (high fluctuating), Stage 2 (early expanding), Stage 3 (late expanding), Stage 4 (low fluctuating), and Stage 5 (decline).

人口转变模型 (DTM) 描述了一个国家随着发展，出生率和死亡率如何随时间变化。它分为五个阶段：第一阶段（高位静止）、第二阶段（早期扩张）、第三阶段（晚期扩张）、第四阶段（低位静止）和第五阶段（衰退）。

A population pyramid displays the age and sex structure of a country. Broad bases indicate high birth rates (LEDCs), while narrow bases suggest low birth rates (MEDCs). A high proportion of elderly population creates a dependent population.

人口金字塔显示了一个国家的年龄和性别结构。宽底部表明高出生率（欠发达国家），而窄底部则意味着低出生率（较发达国家）。老年人比例高会造成受抚养人口。

2. Migration | 人口迁移

Migration is the permanent or semi-permanent movement of people from one place to another. It can be internal (within a country) or international (across borders).

迁移是指人们从一个地方永久或半永久地移动到另一个地方。可以是国内迁移（在一国之内）或国际迁移（跨越国界）。

Push factors drive people away from their origin (e.g., unemployment, war, natural disasters), while pull factors attract them to a destination (e.g., job opportunities, better services, safety).

推因素促使人们离开原住地（例如失业、战争、自然灾害），而拉因素吸引他们前往目的地（例如就业机会、更好的服务、安全）。

Rural-urban migration in LEDCs is often caused by the search for better jobs and education, leading to overpopulation in cities and a shortage of labour in rural areas.

欠发达国家中的城乡迁移通常是为了寻找更好的工作和教育，导致城市人口过剩而农村劳动力短缺。

International migration can have positive impacts such as remittances and cultural diversity, but also negative effects like pressure on housing and social tensions.

国际迁移可能带来积极影响，如汇款和文化多样性，但也会产生负面影响，如住房压力和社会紧张。

3. Settlement and Urbanisation | 定居与城市化

Settlements vary in size from isolated dwellings to conurbations. The settlement hierarchy ranks them by population size and services: hamlet, village, town, city, and megacity.

定居点规模不一，从独立住宅到大都市连绵区。定居点等级体系按人口规模和服务划分：小村、村庄、镇、城市和超级城市。

Urbanisation is the increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas. In MEDCs, urbanisation occurred early during the Industrial Revolution; in LEDCs, rapid urbanisation is happening now, often leading to shanty towns.

城市化是指居住在城市地区的人口比例增加。在较发达国家，城市化发生在工业革命早期；而在欠发达国家，快速城市化正在发生，往往导致棚户区出现。

Urban land use models include the Burgess concentric zone model and the Hoyt sector model. The Central Business District (CBD) is the commercial and transport hub, surrounded by zones of transition, industrial, and residential areas.

城市土地利用模型包括伯吉斯同心圆模型和霍伊特扇形模型。中央商务区 (CBD) 是商业和交通枢纽，周围是过渡地带、工业区和住宅区。

Problems of urbanisation include traffic congestion, air pollution, housing shortages, and inadequate services. Solutions involve sustainable city planning, green belts, and improved public transport.

城市化带来的问题包括交通拥堵、空气污染、住房短缺和服务不足。

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