📚 IGCSE OCR Sociology: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | IGCSE OCR 社会学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering sociological terminology is half the battle in IGCSE OCR Sociology. This guide breaks down must-know terms into memorable definitions with quick mnemonic hooks. Read the English explanation followed by its Chinese counterpart to build dual-language recall, perfect for exam revision.
掌握社会学专业术语是 IGCSE OCR 社会学考试成功的一半。本指南将必背术语拆解为易记的定义，并附上速记钩子。先阅读英文解释再阅读对应的中文解释，建立双语回忆，非常适合考前复习。
1. Core Concepts | 核心概念
Culture refers to the whole way of life of a particular society, including language, beliefs, customs and material objects. Mnemonic: think of ‘Cult-ure’ as the practices a group cultivates together.
文化 指一个特定社会的整个生活方式，包括语言、信仰、习俗和物质对象。记忆法：可以将 ‘Culture’ 拆解为一群人共同养成的惯习。
Norms are the unwritten rules of behaviour that are considered acceptable in a group or society. They are specific to each culture. Mnemonic: ‘Norm’ sounds like ‘normal’ – what is normally done.
规范 是群体或社会中不成文的行为规则，被视为可接受的。规范因文化而异。记忆法：’Norm’ 和 ‘Normal’ 相似，即通常的做法。
Values are broad principles and beliefs that underpin norms, such as honesty, respect and equality. Mnemonic: ‘Values’ = ‘valuable beliefs’ that a society treasures.
价值观 是支撑规范的一般原则和信念，例如诚实、尊重和平等。记忆法：’Values’ 就像一个社会珍视的宝贵信念。
Socialisation is the lifelong process of learning the norms, values and culture of a society. Mnemonic: ‘Socialise’ means learning to fit into society.
社会化 是学习社会规范、价值观和文化的终身过程。记忆法：’Socialisation’ 本质就是学习如何融入社会。
2. Socialisation and Identity | 社会化与身份认同
Primary socialisation occurs in early childhood, mainly within the family. It teaches basic language, norms and values. Mnemonic: ‘Primary’ = first, like primary school, first stage of learning.
初级社会化 发生在儿童早期，主要在家庭中进行。它教授基本语言、规范和价值观。记忆法：’Primary’ 就像小学一样，是学习的第一阶段。
Secondary socialisation takes place later through schools, peer groups, media and work. It builds on primary socialisation. Mnemonic: ‘Secondary’ follows primary, like middle and high school.
次级社会化 随后通过学校、同伴群体、媒体和工作场所进行。它建立在初级社会化基础之上。记忆法：’Secondary’ 紧随初级，好比中学阶段。
Agents of socialisation are the individuals, groups and institutions that carry out socialisation, such as family, education and the media. Mnemonic: think of them as ‘agents’ delivering social lessons.
社会化主体 是执行社会化的个人、群体和机构，例如家庭、教育和媒体。记忆法：把他们想象成传递社会课程的’代理人’。
Roles are the expected patterns of behaviour attached to a particular status, like ‘student’ or ‘parent’. Mnemonic: a role in a play is a set of actions; in society, it’s also a script to follow.
角色 是附着于特定地位（如’学生’或’家长’）的预期行为模式。记忆法：戏剧中的角色有一套动作；在社会中，角色也是一套要遵循的剧本。
Status refers to the social position a person holds, which can be ascribed (given at birth) or achieved (earned). Mnemonic: ‘Status’ = your standing in society.
地位 指一个人拥有的社会位置，可以是先赋的（出生即获得）或自致的（后天赢得）。记忆法：’Status’ 就是你在社会中的站立位置。
3. Family and Household | 家庭与住户
Nuclear family consists of two generations: parents and their dependent children living together. Mnemonic: ‘nucleus’ means core – the core family unit.
核心家庭 由两代人组成：父母和他们的未成年子女同住。记忆法：’nucleus’ 意为核心 – 最核心的家庭单元。
Extended family includes relatives beyond the nuclear family, such as grandparents, aunts and uncles, often living together or nearby. Mnemonic: it ‘extends’ beyond the nuclear core.
扩展家庭 包括核心家庭以外的亲属，如祖父母、叔伯姑姨，经常同住或住得很近。记忆法：它从核心向外’扩展’。
Reconstituted family (or blended family) is formed when adults remarry or cohabit, bringing children from previous relationships into one household. Mnemonic: ‘reconstituted’ means rebuilt, like a puzzle put together again.
重组家庭（或混合家庭）由再婚或同居的成年人形成，将之前关系中的孩子带入同一个家庭。记忆法：’reconstituted’ 意思是重建，像重新拼好的拼图。
Symmetrical family (Young and Willmott) describes a family where roles and responsibilities are shared more equally between husband and wife. Mnemonic: ‘symmetrical’ = mirror image, both partners do similar tasks.
对称家庭（杨和威尔莫特）描述夫妻间角色和责任更加平等分担的家庭。记忆法：’symmetrical’ 即镜像对称，伴侣双方做相似的任务。
Patriarchy is a social system in which men hold primary power and dominate in roles of political leadership, moral authority and control of property. Mnemonic: ‘patr-‘ refers to father; think of father-rule.
父权制 是一种社会系统，男性掌握主要权力，在政治领导、道德权威和财产控制中占主导地位。记忆法：’patr-‘ 指父亲；可联想为父系统治。
4. Education and Achievement | 教育与成就
Hidden curriculum refers to the informal lessons, values and perspectives that students learn in school beyond the official syllabus, such as obedience and punctuality. Mnemonic: it is ‘hidden’ but still taught through routines.
隐性课程 指学生在学校学到的非正式课程、价值观和观点，如服从和守时，它们超越了正式教学大纲。记忆法：它虽是’隐藏的’，却通过日常常规传授。
Labelling is the process of attaching a definition or stereotype to an individual or group, which can affect their self-identity and behaviour. Mnemonic: like sticking a label on someone, it may stick and shape them.
贴标签 是将一种定义或刻板印象贴在个人或群体身上的过程，可能影响其自我认同和行为。记忆法：就像给人贴标签，标签可能粘住并塑造他们。
Self-fulfilling prophecy occurs when a false label or belief leads to behaviour that makes the original false belief come true. Mnemonic: ‘I predict you will fail’ can lead a student to give up, thus failing – prophecy fulfilled.
自我实现预言 指一个错误的标签或信念导致行为改变，使原本错误的预言成真。记忆法：’我预测你会失败’可能导致学生放弃，于是真的失败 – 预言实现。
Meritocracy is a system in which social positions are allocated on the basis of individual talent, effort and achievement, rather than ascribed characteristics. Mnemonic: ‘merit’ = earned through merit, + ‘ocracy’ = rule. Rule by merit.
精英统治 是一种根据个人才能、努力和成就而非先赋特征来分配社会位置的制度。记忆法：’merit’ 即凭本事获得，’+ocracy’ 意为治理，凭本事治理。
5. Crime and Deviance | 犯罪与越轨
Deviance refers to behaviour that violates social norms but is not necessarily against the law. Mnemonic: ‘Deviate’ means to stray from the normal path.
越轨 指违反社会规范但未必违法的行为。记忆法：’Deviate’ 意为偏离正常轨道。
Crime is an act that breaks the formal written laws of a society and is punishable by the state. Mnemonic: ‘Crime’ involves the ‘criminal law’ – always illegal.
犯罪 是违反社会正式成文法并受到国家惩罚的行为。记忆法：’Crime’ 涉及刑事法 – 总是非法的。
Anomie (Durkheim) describes a state of normlessness or breakdown of social norms, often occurring during rapid social change. Mnemonic: ‘a-nomie’ = without norms.
失范（涂尔干）描述一种规范缺失或社会规范瓦解的状态，常发生在社会急剧变迁时。记忆法：’a-nomie’ 即没有规范 (no norms)。
Social control encompasses the mechanisms, strategies and institutions used to regulate individual and group behaviour in order to maintain social order. It can be formal (police, courts) or informal (family, peer pressure). Mnemonic: ‘control’ to keep society orderly.
社会控制 包括用于调节个人和群体行为以维护社会秩序的机制、策略和制度。它可以是正式的（警察、法院）或非正式的（家庭、同伴压力）。记忆法：’控制’ 让社会保持有序。
6. Social Stratification | 社会分层
Social class is a form of stratification based on economic factors such as occupation, income and wealth. Mnemonic: ‘class’ hints at classification of people into economic levels.
社会阶级 是一种基于职业、收入和财富等经济因素的分层形式。记忆法：’class’ 暗示按经济水平对人进行分类。
Life chances (Weber) refer to the opportunities an individual has to achieve desirable outcomes such as good health, education and a long life, which are shaped by social class. Mnemonic: chances you get in life depending on your social position.
人生机会（韦伯）指个人获得健康、良好教育和长寿等理想结果的机会，这些机会由社会阶级塑造。记忆法：你在生活中获得的机会取决于你的社会地位。
Absolute poverty is a condition characterised by severe deprivation of basic human needs, including food, safe water, sanitation and shelter. Mnemonic: ‘absolute’ as in the absolute minimum – not having enough to survive.
绝对贫困 是一种严重缺乏基本人类需求（食物、安全饮水、卫生设施和住所）的状况。记忆法：’absolute’ 意为绝对最低限度 – 连生存都不够。
Relative poverty is defined in relation to the average living standards in a society; individuals are poor relative to others around them. Mnemonic: ‘relative’ to others – you are poor compared to the average person in your society.
相对贫困 是相对于一个社会平均生活水平来定义的；个人相对周围其他人而言是贫穷的。记忆法：相对于他人 – 与社会普通人相比你处于劣势。
Social mobility is the movement of individuals or groups between different social class positions. It can be vertical (upward or downward) or horizontal. Mnemonic: ‘mobility’ means moving – moving up or down the social ladder.
社会流动 指个人或群体在不同社会阶级位置之间的移动。可以是垂直（向上或向下）或水平的。记忆法：’mobility’ 即移动 – 在社会阶梯上上下下。
7. Power and Authority | 权力与权威
Power is the ability of an individual or group to achieve their will, even in the face of resistance from others. Mnemonic: ‘power’ = potential to overcome opposition.
权力 是个人或群体实现自己意志的能力，即使面对他人的抵制。记忆法：’power’ 即克服阻力的潜能。
Authority is legitimate power that is accepted as right by those subject to it, often based on consent. Mnemonic: ‘authority’ comes from the acceptance that someone has the ‘right’ to command.
权威 是合法的、被支配者认为是正当的权力，通常基于同意。记忆法：’authority’ 源于人们认可某人有权发号施令。
Coercion involves the use of force or threats to make someone do something against their will, the opposite of authority. Mnemonic: ‘coerce’ sounds like ‘force’ – using force.
强制 涉及使用武力或威胁迫使某人违背意愿行事，是权威的反面。记忆法：’coerce’ 听起来像’force’ – 使用武力。
Democracy is a political system in which citizens hold power, either directly or through elected representatives. Mnemonic: ‘demos’ (people) + ‘kratia’ (rule) = rule by the people.
民主 是一种公民直接或通过民选代表握有权力的政治制度。记忆法：’demos’（人民）+ ‘kratia’（统治）= 人民统治。
8. Research Methods | 研究方法术语
Validity concerns whether a research method measures what it claims to measure. A valid study gives a true picture. Mnemonic: ‘Valid’ = truthful and accurate, like a valid ticket.
效度 指研究方法是否测量了它声称要测量的东西。高效度的研究呈现真实画面。记忆法：’Valid’ 像有效车票一样真实准确。
Reliability refers to the consistency and repeatability of research findings. If another researcher repeats the study, should get similar results. Mnemonic: ‘Reliable’ = dependable, results you can rely on again.
信度 指研究结果的一致性和可重复性。如果另一位研究者重复该研究，应得到类似结果。记忆法：’Reliable’ 即可靠的，你可以再次信赖的结果。
Primary data is information collected first-hand by the researcher for the specific purpose of their study, e.g., through questionnaires or interviews. Mnemonic: ‘Primary’ = first-hand, original data.
一手资料 是研究者为特定研究目的亲自收集的信息，如通过问卷或访谈。记忆法：’Primary’ 即第一手的原始数据。
Secondary data refers to information that already exists and was collected by someone else for another purpose, e.g., official statistics, historical documents. Mnemonic: ‘Secondary’ = second-hand, used by you after being collected.
二手资料 指已经存在、由他人为其他目的收集的信息，例如官方统计数据、历史文献。记忆法：’Secondary’ 即第二手的，你使用别人已收集的数据。
Random sampling is a technique where every member of the target population has an equal chance of being selected, reducing bias. Mnemonic: ‘Random’ like lottery – everyone has a ticket.
随机抽样 是一种目标人群中每个成员都有均等被选中机会的技术，可减少偏差。记忆法：’Random’ 就像抽奖 – 每个人都有票。
Stratified sampling divides the population into subgroups (strata) and then randomly selects participants from each stratum proportionate to their size. Mnemonic: ‘Stratified’ = divided into layers or strata before sampling.
分层抽样 将总体分为子群体（层），然后按比例从每一层中随机选取参与者。记忆法：’Stratified’ 就像先分成层，再抽样。
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