📚 Year 13 Edexcel Physics: Quick Memorisation Guide for Key Terminology | Year 13 Edexcel 物理：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the precise terminology of Year 13 Edexcel Physics is the key to unlocking top-tier exam performance. This guide compacts the most important terms from every core module and pairs them with mnemonics, etymological breakdowns, and visual associations so you can recall them quickly under pressure.
精准掌握 Year 13 Edexcel 物理术语是冲击高分的钥匙。本指南浓缩了每个核心模块最重要的术语，并配上速记口诀、词源拆解与视觉联想，让你在考试压力下迅速调用。
1. Circular Motion & Angular Velocity | 圆周运动与角速度
Angular displacement θ is the angle swept out by the radius, measured in radians. A full turn equals 2π rad. Picture the Greek letter θ as a circle with a line that traces the swept angle – it literally shows the rotation that has taken place.
角位移 θ 是半径扫过的角度，单位为弧度，一整圈为 2π rad。将希腊字母 θ 想象成一个圆圈加上一条线，恰好描绘出扫出的角度。
Angular velocity ω = Δθ/Δt and has the unit rad s−1. Think of ω as a rolling wheel; the name ‘omega’ begins with a big ‘O’, reminding you of circular motion. The speed link v = ωr is vital.
角速度 ω = Δθ/Δt，单位为 rad s−1。把 ω 看成滚动的轮子；’omega’ 以大写 ‘O’ 开头，提示转动。关键公式 v = ωr 把角量与线量连接起来。
Centripetal acceleration a = v2/r = rω2 is always directed toward the centre. Break ‘centripetal’ into Latin ‘centrum’ (centre) + ‘petere’ (to seek) – it seeks the centre like a pedal that pushes inward.
向心加速度 a = v2/r = rω2 总是指向圆心。将 ‘centripetal’ 拆解为拉丁语 ‘centrum’（中心）+ ‘petere’（寻求），就像踏板向内推，始终寻求中心。
Period T = 2π/ω = 1/f is the time for one revolution. Simply remember T stands for ‘Time of a Turn’.
周期 T = 2π/ω = 1/f 是旋转一圈的时间。只需记住 T 代表 ‘Turn’ 所需的时间。
2. Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM) | 简谐运动
SHM occurs when acceleration is directly proportional to displacement from equilibrium and always acts towards it: a = −ω2x. The minus sign shows restoring. Associate SHM with a ‘Spring’s Happy Motion’ – always bouncing back.
简谐运动满足加速度与位移成正比且方向相反：a = −ω2x。负号代表回复。把 SHM 联想成 ‘弹簧快乐运动’，永远弹回平衡位置。
Amplitude A is the maximum displacement. Think of ‘A’ as the Absolute peak. Angular frequency ω links to T = 2π/ω and f = ω/(2π).
振幅 A 是最大位移。将 ‘A’ 视为绝对 (Absolute) 峰值。角频率 ω 与周期频率通过 T = 2π/ω 和 f = ω/(2π) 关联。
Phase difference compares two oscillations; a full cycle is 2π rad. If two identical pendulums start at opposite ends, the phase difference is π rad. Picture a clock face: half a circle is π out of phase.
相位差比较两个振动的步调差异；一整周为 2π rad。若两个相同摆从两端开始，相位差为 π rad。想象钟面：半圈就是反相。
3. Momentum & Impulse | 动量与冲量
Linear momentum p = mv (unit kg m s−1) is a vector quantity. The word ‘momentum’ shares the root with ‘moment’ – a measure of how much motion an object carries.
线动量 p = mv（单位 kg m s−1）是矢量。’momentum’ 与 ‘moment’ 同源，表示物体携带的运动量大小。
Impulse FΔt = Δp is the change in momentum. The term suggests a sudden ‘pulse’ of force. In force–time graphs, the area under the curve is impulse.
冲量 FΔt = Δp 是动量的变化。’impulse’ 一词暗示力的瞬间 ‘脉冲’。在力–时间图中，曲线下的面积就是冲量。
Conservation of momentum: total momentum before collision = total momentum after, provided no external force acts. Use the phrase ‘Momentum is never lost, only exchanged.’
动量守恒：只要无外力，碰撞前后的总动量相等。记住口诀 ‘动量永不消失，只能交换’。
Elastic collisions conserve kinetic energy; inelastic collisions do not. The prefix ‘in-‘ signals ‘not’ elastic. In perfectly inelastic collisions, objects stick together.
弹性碰撞动能守恒；非弹性碰撞则否。前缀 ‘in-‘ 表示 ‘不’ 弹性。完全非弹性碰撞中物体会粘在一起。
4. Electric Fields & Potential | 电场与电势
Electric field strength E = F/q (N C−1 or V m−1) is the force per unit positive charge. Visualise field lines as paths a tiny positive ‘spy’ charge would follow.
电场强度 E = F/q（N C−1 或 V m−1）是单位正电荷所受的力。将电场线想象成一个小正电荷 ‘侦察兵’ 会行走的路径。
For a uniform field, E = V/d. Mother ‘Voltage’ walks a distance ‘d’ to produce the field. Coulomb’s law F = kQq/r2 (where k = 1/(4πε0)) describes the force between two point charges.
匀强电场中 E = V/d。想象电压 ‘V’ 跨越距离 ‘d’ 建立起电场。库仑定律 F = kQq/r2（其中 k = 1/(4πε0)）描述两个点电荷间的力。
Electric potential V = kQ/r is work done per unit charge. Think of ‘potential’ as the electrical ‘height’ in a landscape; a positive charge rolls downhill from high to low potential.
电势 V = kQ/r 是单位电荷的电势能。将 ‘电势’ 想象成电的 ‘高度’；正电荷会从高电势滚向低电势。
5. Capacitance & Exponential Decay | 电容与指数衰减
Capacitance C = Q/V (farad, F) measures how much charge a capacitor stores per unit voltage. ‘Capacity’ directly hints at its storage ability.
电容 C = Q/V（法拉，F）衡量单位电压下储存的电荷量。’Capacity’（容量）直接提示其储存本领。
Energy stored = ½QV = ½CV2. The factor ½ appears because the voltage builds up gradually; remember it is half of the rectangle Q×V.
储存能量 ½QV = ½CV2。因子 ½ 来自电压逐渐上升，记住它是 Q×V 矩形面积的一半。
The time constant τ = RC is the time for the charge to fall to 1/e (about 37 %) of its original value. The Greek letter τ resembles a stopwatch, fitting for a time constant.
时间常数 τ = RC 是电荷衰减至初始值 1/e（约37%）所需的时间。希腊字母 τ 形似秒表，恰好代表时间常数。
Discharge equations: Q = Q0e−t/RC, V = V0e−t/RC. Half-life t½ = τ ln 2. The negative exponent signals decay. A ‘leaking’ capacitor is easy to picture.
放电方程：Q = Q0e−t/RC，V = V0e−t/RC。半衰期 t½ = τ ln 2。负指数表示衰减，想象电容器在缓慢 ‘泄漏’。
6. Magnetic Fields & Electromagnetic Induction | 磁场与电磁感应
Magnetic flux density B (tesla, T) is defined by F = BIL for a current-carrying conductor and F = Bqv for a moving charge. Think of ‘B’ as the strength of the invisible magnetic ‘Brushes’.
磁通量密度 B（特斯拉，T）由 F = BIL（载流导体）和 F = Bqv（运动电荷）定义。把 ‘B’ 想象成无形磁 ‘刷子’ (Brushes) 的强度。
Magnetic flux Φ = BA (weber, Wb) for a uniform field perpendicular to area. Flux linkage = NΦ for a coil. Remember ‘flux’ flows through an area like a fluid.
磁通量 Φ = BA（韦伯，Wb）适用于磁场垂直于面积时。线圈的磁链为 NΦ。把 ‘flux’（通量）联想成像流体一样流过面积。
Faraday’s law: induced e.m.f. ε = −d(NΦ)/dt. The rate of change of flux linkage matters. The minus sign signals Lenz’s law: the induced current opposes the change creating it. Lenz says ‘No!’ to change.
法拉第定律：感应电动势 ε = −d(NΦ)/dt。关键在于磁链的变化率。负号代表楞次定律：感应电流阻碍引起它的变化。楞次对变化说 ‘不！’。
Use Fleming’s left-hand rule for motor effect (FBI: thuMb – Motion, First finger – Field, seCond – Current). ‘FBI’ is a memorable reminder.
用弗莱明左手定则判断马大效应：拇指 (M) – 运动，食指 (F) – 磁场，中指 (C) – 电流。’FBI’ 是易记的缩写。
7. Gravitational Fields & Orbits | 引力场与轨道
Gravitational field strength g = F/m (N kg−1) is the force per unit mass. On Earth’s surface, g ≈ 9.81 N kg−1. Newton’s law F = GMm/r2 gives the attraction between two masses.
引力场强度 g = F/m（N kg−1）是单位质量所受的力。地表 g 约为 9.81 N kg−1。牛顿引力定律 F = GMm/r2 给出两质量间的引力。
Radial field: g = GM/r2. Inverse-square law means doubling distance quarters the field. Picture the field lines spreading like butter over an ever-growing sphere.
径向场中 g = GM/r2。平方反比律意味着距离加倍场强变为四分之一。想象场线像黄油一样涂抹在不断扩大的球面上。
Gravitational potential Vg = −GM/r (J kg−1) is always negative, with zero at infinity. The negative sign shows work must be done to escape. A ‘potential well’ is a deep debt you must repay to leave.
引力势 Vg = −GM/r（J kg−1）始终为负，无穷远处为零。负号表明逃离时必须克服引力做功，像身处一个 ‘势阱’ 需要还债才能离开。
Escape velocity vesc = √(2GM/r). ‘Escape’ requires enough kinetic energy to climb out of the potential hole.
逃逸速度 vesc = √(2GM/r)。’Escape’ 需要足够的动能爬出势阱。
8. Thermal Physics & Ideal Gases | 热物理与理想气体
Internal energy is the sum of randomly distributed kinetic and potential energies of particles. The first law: ΔU = Q − W. Think of ‘U’ as the internal ‘pool’ of energy.
内能是粒子随机分布的动能与势能之和。热一律：ΔU = Q − W。将 ‘U’ 想象成系统内部的能量 ‘池’。
Temperature (kelvin) measures average kinetic energy. Specific heat capacity c = ΔQ/(mΔθ) and specific latent heat L = Q/m describe energy needed for temperature change or phase change without temperature change. ‘Latent’ means hidden – energy disappears into breaking bonds.
温度（开尔文）量度平均动能。比热容 c = ΔQ/(mΔθ)，比潜热 L = Q/m（无温度变化）。’Latent’ 意为隐藏 – 能量用于打破键合而不升高温度。
Ideal gas equation: pV = nRT (moles) or pV = NkT (particles). The Boltzmann constant k = R/NA. Recall ‘k’ as the ‘kinetic link’ between temperature and energy.
理想气体状态方程：pV = nRT（摩尔）或 pV = NkT（粒子数）。玻尔兹曼常数 k = R/NA。记住 ‘k’ 是温度与能量之间的 ‘动力学纽带’。
Kinetic theory gives pV = ⅓ N m <c2>. The factor ⅓ arises from averaging three directions; think of a ‘three-way split’.
分子运动论给出 pV = ⅓ N m <c2>。因子 ⅓ 源于对三个方向的平均，可记为 ‘三向平分’。
9. Nuclear Physics & Radioactivity | 核物理
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