📚 Year 13 Edexcel Politics: Key Terminology Quick Revision Guide | Year 13 Edexcel 政治：关键术语速记指南
This guide is designed to help Year 13 students master the essential terminology for Edexcel Politics, focusing on US politics, comparative approaches, and advanced political ideas. Each section provides a rapid recall table pairing English terms with their Chinese translations and concise definitions. Use it to reinforce your revision and sharpen your exam responses.
本指南旨在帮助 Year 13 学生掌握 Edexcel 政治的核心术语，重点涵盖美国政治、比较方法和高级政治思想。每个小节都提供了快速记忆表格，将英文术语与中文翻译和简明定义配对。利用它来巩固复习，提升考试答题能力。
1. Constitutional Foundations | 宪法基础
The US Constitution is the supreme law of the United States, establishing the structure of national government and guaranteeing fundamental rights. Key concepts include the separation of powers, checks and balances, and the amendment process.
美国宪法是美国的最高法律，确立了国家政府的结构并保障基本权利。关键概念包括权力分立、制衡和修正程序。
| Term & Definition (English) | 中文术语及定义 |
|---|---|
| Separation of Powers – The division of government responsibilities into three distinct branches (legislative, executive, judicial) to prevent concentration of power. | 权力分立 – 将政府职责分为三个独立的分支（立法、行政、司法），防止权力集中。 |
| Checks and Balances – A system that enables each branch to limit the actions of the others, ensuring no single branch dominates. | 制衡 – 一种使各分支能够相互限制的制度，确保没有一个分支独大。 |
| Limited Government – The principle that governmental power is restricted by law, usually through a written constitution. | 有限政府 – 政府权力受法律（通常通过成文宪法）限制的原则。 |
| Judicial Review – The power of courts to declare laws or executive actions unconstitutional; established by Marbury v. Madison (1803). | 司法审查 – 法院宣布法律或行政行为违宪的权力；由马伯里诉麦迪逊案 (1803) 确立。 |
| Amendment Process – The procedure for changing the Constitution, requiring a two-thirds majority in both houses of Congress and ratification by three-quarters of the states. | 修正程序 – 修改宪法的程序，需国会两院各自三分之二多数通过，并经四分之三的州批准。 |
| Enumerated Powers – Powers explicitly granted to Congress by the Constitution, listed mainly in Article I, Section 8. | 列举权力 – 宪法明确授予国会的权力，主要列于第一条第八款。 |
| Implied Powers – Powers not explicitly stated but inferred from the Necessary and Proper Clause, allowing Congress to carry out its enumerated powers. | 默示权力 – 未明确说明但通过必要和适当条款推断出的权力，使国会能执行其列举权力。 |
2. Federalism | 联邦制
Federalism divides sovereignty between the national government and state governments. Over time, the balance has shifted through various phases, and key fiscal tools influence the relationship.
联邦制将主权在联邦政府和州政府之间划分。随着时间的推移，这种平衡经历了不同阶段的演变，关键的财政工具影响着双方关系。
| Term & Definition (English) | 中文术语及定义 |
|---|---|
| Dual Federalism – A system where national and state governments operate independently in separate spheres of authority; often compared to a ‘layer cake’. | 二元联邦制 – 联邦政府和州政府在各自的职权范围内独立运作的制度；常被比作“分层蛋糕”。 |
| Cooperative Federalism – A model where federal and state governments work together to solve problems, blurring lines of authority; likened to a ‘marble cake’. | 合作联邦制 – 联邦和州政府共同解决问题、权限界限模糊的模式；被比作“大理石蛋糕”。 |
| New Federalism – A recent trend aiming to return power to the states through block grants and reduced federal mandates. | 新联邦主义 – 通过整笔拨款和减少联邦指令，将权力归还各州的最新趋势。 |
| Categorical Grant – Federal funds provided to states for a specific, narrowly defined purpose, often with conditions attached. | 分类拨款 – 联邦政府为特定、狭义目的向各州提供的资金，通常附带条件。 |
| Block Grant – Federal funding given to states with fewer restrictions, allowing state flexibility in spending. | 整笔拨款 – 联邦拨款限制较少，允许各州在支出上灵活使用。 |
| Unfunded Mandate – A federal requirement that states or local governments perform certain actions without providing funding. | 无资金授权 – 联邦要求各州或地方政府执行某些行动但不提供资金。 |
| Supremacy Clause – Article VI, Clause 2, which declares that the Constitution, federal laws, and treaties are the supreme law of the land. | 最高条款 – 宪法第六条第二款，宣布宪法、联邦法律和条约是全国的最高法律。 |
3. US Congress | 美国国会
Congress is the legislative branch, composed of the House of Representatives and the Senate. Its powers include law-making, oversight, and impeachment. The legislative process is shaped by committees, rules, and informal practices like filibustering.
国会是立法分支，由众议院和参议院组成。其权力包括立法、监督和弹劾。立法过程受委员会、议事规则以及冗长辩论等非正式做法的影响。
| Term & Definition (English) | 中文术语及定义 |
|---|---|
| Bicameralism – The practice of having two legislative chambers, ensuring deliberation and representation of both states and population. | 两院制 – 立法机构由两院组成，确保审议并代表各州和民众。 |
| Filibuster – A tactic used in the Senate to delay or block a bill by extending debate; requires 60 votes (cloture) to end. | 冗长辩论（费力把事拖） – 参议院通过延长辩论来拖延或阻挠法案的策略；需要 60 票（终止辩论）才能结束。 |
| Cloture – A procedure to end a filibuster requiring a supermajority of 60 senators. | 终止辩论 – 结束冗长辩论的程序，需要 60 名参议员的绝对多数。 |
| Pork Barrel – Government spending for localized projects secured primarily to bring money to a representative’s district. | 政治分肥 – 主要为议员选区争取资金的局部项目支出。 |
| Logrolling – An agreement where legislators trade votes to support each other’s bills. | 互投赞成票 – 立法者交换选票以互相支持对方法案的协议。 |
| Oversight – Congressional review of the executive branch’s implementation of laws, often through committee hearings. | 国会监督 – 国会审查行政部门执行法律的情况，通常通过委员会听证会进行。 |
| Impeachment – The House’s power to charge a federal official (including the president) with ‘Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors’; trial occurs in the Senate. | 弹劾 – 众议院控告联邦官员（包括总统）犯有“叛国、贿赂或其他重罪和轻罪”的权力；参议院进行审判。 |
4. The Presidency | 总统制
The president serves as head of state, head of government, and commander-in-chief. Presidential power has expanded through unilateral actions, executive orders, and the growth of the Executive Office of the President.
总统既是国家元首、政府首脑，又是三军统帅。总统权力通过单边行动、行政命令和总统行政办公室的扩张而不断扩大。
| Term & Definition (English) | 中文术语及定义 |
|---|---|
| Executive Order – A directive issued by the president that has the force of law without congressional approval, based on existing statute or constitutional authority. | 行政命令 – 总统发布的指令，依据现有法律或宪法权力，无需国会批准即具有法律效力。 |
| Signing Statement – A written comment issued by the president when signing a bill, often indicating how the administration will interpret or enforce the law. | 签署声明 – 总统在签署法案时发表的书面意见，常说明政府将如何解释或执行该法律。 |
| Imperial Presidency – A term used to describe a presidency that has become too powerful, exceeding constitutional limits without effective checks. | 帝王式总统 – 形容总统权力过于强大、超出宪法限制且缺乏有效制衡的情况。 |
| Veto – The president’s power to reject a bill passed by Congress; can be overridden by a two-thirds vote in both houses. | 否决权 – 总统否决国会通过的法案的权力；国会两院三份之二多数可推翻否决。 |
| Pocket Veto – An indirect veto that occurs if the president does not sign a bill within ten days while Congress is adjourned. | 搁置否决 – 如果国会在休会期间总统未在十日内签署法案，法案自动失效的一种间接否决。 |
| Executive Agreement – An international agreement made by the president that does not require Senate ratification, unlike a formal treaty. | 行政协定 – 总统缔结的国际协议，无需参议院批准，与正式条约不同。 |
| Cabinet – A body of advisors consisting of the heads of executive departments, appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate. | 内阁 – 由行政部门部长组成的顾问班子，由总统任命并经参议院确认。 |
5. The Supreme Court & Judicial Branch | 最高法院与司法分支
The Supreme Court is the highest federal court, wielding the power of judicial review. Its justices serve lifetime appointments, and their judicial philosophies shape landmark rulings.
最高法院是联邦最高司法机关，行使司法审查权。其大法官终身任职，司法理念塑造了众多里程碑式的裁决。
| Term & Definition (English) | 中文术语及定义 |
|---|---|
| Judicial Review – The Court’s authority to invalidate laws or executive actions that conflict with the Constitution. | 司法审查 – 法院宣布违宪的法律或行政行为无效的权力。 |
| Stare Decisis – The doctrine of precedent, meaning that courts follow previous rulings when deciding similar cases. | 遵循先例 – 判例原则，即法院在裁决类似案件时遵循先前的裁决。 |
| Judicial Activism – A philosophy that
Published by TutorHao | Year 13 政治 Revision Series | aleveler.com 更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信） CommentsMore posts |
屏轩国际教育cambridge primary/secondary checkpoint, cat4, ukiset,ukcat,igcse,alevel,PAT,STEP,MAT, ibdp,ap,ssat,sat,sat2课程辅导，国外大学本科硕士研究生博士课程论文辅导