Year 13 OCR Business: Formulas and Theorems Quick Reference Handbook | Year 13 OCR 商务：公式定理速查手册

📚 Year 13 OCR Business: Formulas and Theorems Quick Reference Handbook | Year 13 OCR 商务：公式定理速查手册

This handbook provides a concise summary of the essential formulas and quantitative techniques required for Year 13 OCR Business. It covers costs, break‑even, financial ratios, investment appraisal, decision tools, budget variances, critical path analysis and elasticity. Each formula is presented with a brief explanation to support revision and quick reference during problem solving.

本手册总结了 Year 13 OCR 商务考试中必备的公式与定量方法，涵盖成本、盈亏平衡、财务比率、投资评估、决策工具、预算差异、关键路径分析和弹性。每个公式都配有简要解释，便于复习和解题时快速查阅。

1. Cost, Revenue and Contribution | 成本、收入与贡献

Total costs are the sum of all fixed and variable expenses incurred by a business.

Total Costs (TC) = Fixed Costs (FC) + Variable Costs (VC)

总成本是企业发生的全部固定费用和变动费用之和。

总成本 (TC) = 固定成本 (FC) + 变动成本 (VC)

Contribution per unit shows how much each unit sold helps to cover fixed costs and then generate profit.

Contribution per unit = Selling price – Variable cost per unit

单位贡献表明每售出一件产品能够为覆盖固定成本和创造利润做出的贡献。

单位贡献 = 售价 – 单位变动成本

Total contribution scales unit contribution to the actual sales volume.

Total contribution = Contribution per unit × Quantity sold

总贡献是将单位贡献乘以实际销售量。

总贡献 = 单位贡献 × 销售量

Profit can be derived directly from total contribution by subtracting fixed costs.

Profit = Total contribution – Fixed costs

利润可以直接通过总贡献减去固定成本得出。

利润 = 总贡献 – 固定成本

Total revenue is simply the income from sales before any costs are deducted.

Total Revenue (TR) = Selling price × Quantity sold

总收入是扣除成本之前的销售收入。

总收入 (TR) = 售价 × 销售量

---

2. Break‑even Analysis | 盈亏平衡分析

The break‑even point tells managers how many units must be sold to cover all costs.

Break‑even output (units) = Fixed costs / Contribution per unit

盈亏平衡点告诉管理者必须销售多少件产品才能覆盖所有成本。

盈亏平衡产量（件）= 固定成本 / 单位贡献

It can also be expressed as the revenue needed to reach break‑even.

Break‑even revenue = Break‑even output × Selling price

盈亏平衡点也可以用所需收入来表示。

盈亏平衡收入 = 盈亏平衡产量 × 售价

The margin of safety measures how far actual sales can fall before the business makes a loss.

Margin of safety (units) = Actual output – Break‑even output

安全边际衡量实际销售量在亏损发生前能够下降多少。

安全边际（件）= 实际产量 – 盈亏平衡产量

Contribution per unit must be positive to justify continuing operations in the short term.

在短期内，单位贡献必须为正才值得继续经营。

---

3. Profitability Ratios | 盈利能力比率

Gross profit margin evaluates the percentage of revenue remaining after the cost of sales.

Gross Profit Margin (%) = (Gross profit / Revenue) × 100

毛利率衡量扣除销售成本后剩余收入的百分比。

毛利率 (%) = (毛利 / 收入) × 100

Net profit margin reflects the percentage of revenue that becomes profit after all expenses.

Net Profit Margin (%) = (Net profit before interest and tax / Revenue) × 100

净利率反映扣除所有费用后利润占收入的百分比。

净利率 (%) = (息税前净利润 / 收入) × 100

Return on capital employed (ROCE) measures how efficiently a firm uses its long‑term funds.

ROCE (%) = (Operating profit / Capital employed) × 100

资本运用回报率衡量企业运用长期资金的效率。

ROCE (%) = (营业利润 / 资本运用) × 100

Capital employed typically equals total equity plus non‑current liabilities.

资本运用通常等于总权益加上非流动负债。

---

4. Liquidity Ratios | 流动性比率

The current ratio assesses the ability to meet short‑term obligations with liquid assets.

Current Ratio = Current assets / Current liabilities

流动比率评估用流动资产偿还短期债务的能力。

流动比率 = 流动资产 / 流动负债

The acid‑test (quick) ratio removes inventory, which is the least liquid current asset.

Acid‑test Ratio = (Current assets – Inventories) / Current liabilities

酸性测试比率（速动比率）剔除了流动性最低的存货。

速动比率 = (流动资产 – 存货) / 流动负债

A ratio significantly above 1.0 indicates good short‑term financial health.

比率远高于 1.0 表明短期财务状况良好。

---

5. Efficiency and Working Capital Ratios | 效率与营运资本比率

Inventory turnover measures how many times stock is sold and replaced over a period.

Inventory turnover (times) = Cost of sales / Average inventory held

存货周转率衡量一定时期内存货售出并更新的次数。

存货周转率（次）= 销售成本 / 平均存货额

Trade receivable days show the average time taken to collect money from credit customers.

Trade receivable days = (Trade receivables / Credit sales) × 365

应收账款周转天数反映收回赊销款项的平均时间。

应收账款周转天数 = (应收账款 / 赊销收入) × 365

Trade payable days indicate how long a business takes to pay its suppliers.

Trade payable days = (Trade payables / Credit purchases) × 365

应付账款周转天数表明企业支付供应商货款的平均天数。

应付账款周转天数 = (应付账款 / 赊购成本) × 365

A shorter trade receivable days and longer payable days can improve cash flow.

较短的应收账款天数和较长的应付账款天数可以改善现金流。

---

6. Gearing and Financial Structure Ratios | 资本结构与负债比率

Gearing evaluates the proportion of a firm’s capital that comes from long‑term debt.

Gearing (%) = (Non‑current liabilities / Capital employed) × 100

资本负债比率衡量企业长期债务占资本运用的比例。

资本负债比率 (%) = (非流动负债 / 资本运用) × 100

Capital employed is defined as total equity plus non‑current liabilities; a gearing ratio above 50% is often considered high risk.

资本运用等于总权益加上非流动负债；负债比率超过 50% 通常被视为高风险。

Interest cover reveals how easily a business can pay interest from its operating profit.

Interest cover (times) = Operating profit / Interest payable

利息保障倍数显示企业用营业利润支付利息的能力。

利息保障倍数（倍）= 营业利润 / 应付利息

A low interest cover signals financial distress if profits fall.

如果利润下滑，较低的利息保障倍数意味着财务困境。

---

7. Investment Appraisal | 投资评估

Payback period is the time needed for an investment to recover its initial cost from net cash flows.

Payback period = Year before full recovery + (Unrecovered cost at start of year / Net cash flow in year)

回收期是指投资从净现金流中收回初始成本所需的时间。

回收期 = 完全收回的前一年 + (年初未收回成本 / 当年净现金流)

Average rate of return (ARR) compares average annual profit to the initial investment.

ARR (%) = (Average annual profit / Initial investment) × 100

平均回报率将平均年利润与初始投资进行比较。

ARR (%) = (平均年利润 / 初始投资) × 100

Net present value (NPV) discounts future cash flows using a chosen discount rate to reflect the time value of money.

NPV = Σ [CFₜ / (1 + r)ᵗ] – I₀

净现值使用选定的折现率将未来现金流折算，体现货币时间价值。

NPV = 整个项目期 (第t年的净现金流 / (1 + 折现率)ᵗ) 的总和 – 初始投资

A positive NPV suggests the project should be accepted as it adds shareholder value.

净现值为正表示项目可以增加股东价值，应该被接受。

---

8. Decision Trees and Expected Value | 决策树与期望值

Decision trees map out choices, possible outcomes, probabilities and financial returns.

决策树将备选方案、可能结果、概率和财务收益绘制出来。

Expected monetary value (EMV) is calculated by weighting each possible payoff by its probability.

EMV = Σ (Payoffᵢ × Probabilityᵢ)

期望货币值通过每个可能收益乘以相应概率然后求和得出。

期望值 = 每个结果的收益乘以其概率之和

Net gain is obtained by subtracting the initial cost of a decision from the total EMV of the chosen branch.

Net gain = EMV – Initial investment

净收益等于所选分支的期望值减去初始投资。

净收益 = 期望值 – 初始投资

The option with the highest net gain is normally recommended, though managers also consider risk attitudes.

通常建议选择净收益最高的方案，但管理者也会考虑风险偏好。

---

9. Budgeting and Variance Analysis | 预算与差异分析

A budget is a financial plan for the future; a variance measures the difference between actual and budgeted figures.

预算是对未来的财务计划；差异衡量实际与预算数据之间的差额。

A favourable variance occurs when actual revenue is higher than budgeted or actual cost is lower.

Variance = Actual figure – Budgeted figure

当实际收入高于预算或实际成本低于预算时，产生有利差异。

差异 = 实际数值 – 预算数值

Sales variance and cost variance are the two most common types analysed by managers.

销售差异和成本差异是管理者最常分析的两种类型。

Total profit variance can be broken down into sales volume variance, sales price variance, material usage and labour efficiency variances, helping pinpoint problems.

总利润差异可分解为销售量差异、售价差异、材料用量差异和人工效率差异，有助于

Published by TutorHao | Year 13 商务 Revision Series | aleveler.com

更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）