📚 Year 13 WJEC Accounting: Key Terms Quick Memorisation Guide | WJEC 13年级会计核心术语速记指南
Mastering accounting terminology is vital for Year 13 WJEC candidates. This guide presents essential terms paired with Chinese explanations and memory hooks, enabling rapid recall and deeper understanding across financial and management accounting topics.
掌握会计术语是WJEC 13年级考生的关键。本指南提供核心术语，配以中文解释和记忆钩子，帮助你快速回忆并深入理解财务会计与管理会计的各个主题。
1. Profitability Ratios | 盈利能力比率
Gross Profit Margin: (Gross Profit ÷ Revenue) × 100%. Shows the percentage of revenue left after paying for cost of sales. Higher margin signals better cost control. Memory hook: ‘Gross’ covers only direct production costs, think ‘Grip on cost of sales’.
毛利率：（毛利 ÷ 收入）× 100%。反映收入扣除销售成本后留存的百分比。比率越高说明成本控制越好。记忆钩子：’毛’代表只覆盖直接生产成本，想象抓住销售成本。
Operating Profit Margin: (Operating Profit ÷ Revenue) × 100%. Operating profit is gross profit minus operating expenses. It measures how well a business controls both cost of sales and overheads. Memory hook: ‘Operating’ includes office and admin costs—think ‘overall expense control’.
营业利润率：（营业利润 ÷ 收入）× 100%。营业利润是毛利减去营业费用。它衡量企业控制销售成本和间接费用的能力。记忆钩子：’营业’包含了办公和行政费用——想想’全面费用控制’。
Return on Capital Employed (ROCE): (Operating Profit ÷ Capital Employed) × 100%, where Capital Employed = Total Assets − Current Liabilities or Equity + Non-current Liabilities. This is the primary profitability ratio, showing return on long-term funds invested. Memory hook: ‘ROCE rocks the core’—it evaluates how efficiently capital is used.
运用资本回报率 (ROCE)：（营业利润 ÷ 运用资本）× 100%，其中运用资本 = 总资产 − 流动负债 或 股权+非流动负债。这是最重要的盈利比率，反映长期投入资金的回报。记忆钩子：’ROCE是核心’——评估资本使用效率。
| Ratio | Quick Memory |
|---|---|
| Gross Profit Margin | Grip on cost of sales |
| Operating Profit Margin | Overall expense control |
| ROCE | Return on invested core capital |
2. Liquidity Ratios | 流动性比率
Current Ratio: Current Assets ÷ Current Liabilities. A healthy range is usually 1.5:1 to 2:1. It shows ability to cover short-term debts with short-term assets. Memory hook: ‘Current covers current—simple shield’.
流动比率：流动资产 ÷ 流动负债。健康区间通常为1.5:1至2:1。反映用短期资产偿还短期债务的能力。记忆钩子：’流动覆盖流动——简单的盾牌’。
Acid Test (Quick) Ratio: (Current Assets − Inventory) ÷ Current Liabilities. Inventory is excluded because it may not be quickly sold. A ratio of 1:1 or above is considered safe. Memory hook: ‘Acid eats inventory away’—it strips out slow-moving stock.
酸性测试（速动）比率：（流动资产 − 存货）÷ 流动负债。排除存货是因为它可能难以快速变现。1:1或以上认为是安全的。记忆钩子：’酸把库存吃掉’——剔除慢速流动的存货。
Working Capital: Current Assets − Current Liabilities. Too little working capital may cause liquidity problems; too much may indicate idle funds. Memory hook: ‘Working capital keeps the engine running’.
营运资本：流动资产 − 流动负债。营运资本太少会导致流动性问题，太多则说明资金闲置。记忆钩子：’营运资本让引擎持续运转’。
| Term | Memory Cue |
|---|---|
| Current Ratio | Shield of current assets |
| Acid Test Ratio | No stock, true liquid check |
3. Efficiency Ratios | 效率比率
Inventory Turnover: Cost of Sales ÷ Average Inventory. Tells how many times inventory is sold and replaced over a period. High turnover suggests efficient sales but also possible stock-out risk. Memory hook: ‘Turnover means how fast stock flies off the shelf’.
存货周转率：销售成本 ÷ 平均存货。表明一段时间内存货卖出并补充的次数。高周转率说明销售效率高，但也可能面临缺货风险。记忆钩子：’周转率衡量存货从货架飞出的速度’。
Trade Receivables Days: (Trade Receivables ÷ Credit Sales) × 365. Shows average time taken by customers to pay. Shorter period improves cash flow. Memory hook: ‘Days owed—shorter is sweeter’.
应收账款周转天数：（应收账款 ÷ 赊销收入）× 365。显示客户付款的平均时长。天数越短现金流越好。记忆钩子：’欠款天数——越短越甜’。
Trade Payables Days: (Trade Payables ÷ Credit Purchases) × 365. Shows average time taken to pay suppliers. Longer period helps preserve cash but may harm supplier relationships. Memory hook: ‘Payables days—delay but don’t betray’.
应付账款周转天数：（应付账款 ÷ 赊购金额）× 365。显示向供应商付款的平均时长。天数越长越能保留现金，但可能损害供应商关系。记忆钩子：’应付天数——可延迟，但别失信’。
4. Costing Methods: Absorption vs Marginal Costing | 成本计算方法：完全成本法与边际成本法
Absorption Costing: All manufacturing costs (variable and fixed) are absorbed into product cost. Fixed overheads are allocated per unit on a predetermined basis. Closing inventory includes fixed overheads, boosting profit when production exceeds sales. Memory hook: ‘Absorb everything—all fixed costs stick to products’.
完全成本法：所有制造费用（变动和固定）都计入产品成本。固定制造费用按预定基础分配到每单位。期末存货包括固定费用，当产量超过销量时利润会膨胀。记忆钩子：’吸收一切——所有固定成本粘在产品上’。
Marginal Costing: Only variable costs are charged to products; fixed costs are treated as period costs and deducted in full from contribution. Closing inventory is valued at marginal (variable) production cost. Profit varies directly with sales volume. Memory hook: ‘Marginal costing splits cost into variable chunk, fixed as period lump’.
边际成本法：只有变动成本计入产品；固定成本作为期间费用，全额从贡献利润中扣除。期末存货按边际（变动）生产成本计价。利润直接随销售量变化。记忆钩子：’边际成本法把成本分成变动块和固定期间块’。
Contribution: Selling Price minus Variable Cost per unit. It contributes towards covering fixed costs and generating profit. Formula: Total Contribution = Contribution per Unit × Sales Volume. Memory hook: ‘Contribution puts a cushion over fixed costs’.
贡献毛利：单位售价减去单位变动成本。它用于补偿固定成本并创造利润。公式：总贡献毛利 = 单位贡献毛利 × 销售量。记忆钩子：’贡献毛利是固定成本上的缓冲垫’。
5. Standard Costing and Variance Analysis | 标准成本法与差异分析
Standard Cost: A predetermined estimated cost per unit under specified conditions, used as a benchmark for performance evaluation. Memory hook: ‘Standard is the expected yardstick’.
标准成本：在特定条件下预先确定的单位成本估计值，作为业绩评价的基准。记忆钩子：’标准是预期的标尺’。
Material Price Variance: (Standard Price − Actual Price) × Actual Quantity Purchased. Favourable if actual price is lower. Points to purchasing department performance. Memory hook: ‘Price paid vs price planned’.
材料价格差异：（标准价格 − 实际价格）× 实际采购量。如果实际价格更低则为有利差异，反映采购部门业绩。记忆钩子：’支付价格与计划价格对比’。
Material Usage Variance: (Standard Quantity for Actual Output − Actual Quantity Used) × Standard Price. Highlights efficiency in material usage. Emphasis on production efficiency. Memory hook: ‘Waste less, gain favourable usage variance’.
材料用量差异：（实际产量的标准用量 − 实际用量）× 标准价格。反映材料使用效率。强调生产效率。记忆钩子：’浪费越少，用量差异越有利’。
Labour Rate Variance: (Standard Rate per Hour − Actual Rate) × Actual Hours Worked. Concerned with wage rates paid. Memory hook: ‘Rate of pay vs expected rate’.
人工工资率差异：（每小时标准工资率 − 实际工资率）× 实际工时。关注支付的工资水平。记忆钩子：’实际工资率与预期率比较’。
Labour Efficiency Variance: (Standard Hours for Actual Production − Actual Hours) × Standard Rate per Hour. Measures workforce productivity. Memory hook: ‘Speed and skill—less time means favourable’.
人工效率差异：（实际产量的标准工时 − 实际工时）× 每小时标准工资率。衡量劳动生产率。记忆钩子：’速度与技能——耗时越少越有利’。
6. Break-even Analysis and Margin of Safety | 盈亏平衡分析与安全边际
Break-even Point (BEP) in units: Fixed Costs ÷ Contribution per Unit. Sales volume at which total revenue equals total costs, resulting in zero profit. Memory hook: ‘Break-even—where profit breaks into zero’.
盈亏平衡点（单位）：固定成本 ÷ 单位贡献毛利。总收入等于总成本的销售量，利润为零。记忆钩子：’盈亏平衡——利润刚好破裂为零’。
Margin of Safety: (Actual Sales Units − Break-even Sales Units) or as a percentage. Indicates how far sales can fall before losses begin. Memory hook: ‘Cushion before the cliff’.
安全边际：（实际销售量 − 盈亏平衡销售量）或以百分比表示。表明在开始亏损前销售额可下降的幅度。记忆钩子：’悬崖前的缓冲带’。
Target Profit Analysis: Required Sales in Units = (Fixed Costs + Target Profit) ÷ Contribution per Unit. Extends break-even to reach a profit goal. Memory hook: ‘Aim beyond zero—add profit to fixed costs’.
目标利润分析：所需销售量 = （固定成本 + 目标利润）÷ 单位贡献毛利。将盈亏平衡拓展至实现利润目标。记忆钩子：’目标超过零——将利润加到固定成本上’。
7. Budgeting and Budgetary Control | 预算与预算控制
Budget: A financial plan for a future period, expressed in monetary terms, serving as a control mechanism. Memory hook: ‘Budget is the business roadmap’.
预算：以货币表示的、未来期间的财务计划，作为控制机制。记忆钩子：’预算是企业的路线图’。
Sales Budget: First operational budget, estimating sales volume and revenue. All other budgets are based on it. Memory hook: ‘Sales budget leads the chain’.
销售预算：第一份经营预算，预估销售量和销售收入。所有其他预算均以其为基础。记忆钩子：’销售预算引领整个链条’。
Cash Budget: Forecasts cash inflows and outflows to indicate liquidity needs. It does not show profit—only cash positions. Memory hook: ‘Cash is king; profit can be illusory’.
现金预算：预测现金流入和流出，以显示流动性需求。它不反映利润——仅体现现金状况。记忆钩子：’现金为王；利润可能是幻象’。
Flexible Budget: Adjusts budgeted figures to actual activity levels, enabling meaningful variance analysis. Memory hook: ‘Flex to volume—compare like with like’.
弹性预算：将预算数字根据实际业务水平进行调整，便于有意义的差异分析。记忆钩子：’随量而变——同类比较’。
8. Capital Investment Appraisal | 资本投资评估
Payback Period: Time taken for net cash inflows to recover initial investment. Simple and focuses on liquidity and risk. Memory hook: ‘How quick you get your money back’.
投资回收期：净现金流入回收初始投资所需的时间。简单，关注流动性和风险。记忆钩子：’拿回你的钱有多快’。
Accounting Rate of Return (ARR): (Average Annual Profit ÷ Initial Investment) × 100%. Uses profit, not cash flow; easy to compare with target return. Memory hook: ‘ARR uses profit, not cash—accounting viewpoint’.
会计收益率 (ARR)：（平均年利润 ÷ 初始投资）× 100%。使用利润而非现金流；便于与目标回报率比较。记忆钩子：’ARR用利润而非现金——会计视角’。
Net Present Value (NPV): Sum of discounted future cash flows minus initial investment. Positive NPV means value is added. Discounting uses cost of capital. Memory hook: ‘NPV discounts to today—positive means go’.
净现值 (NPV)：未来现金流折现总和减去初始投资。净现值为正意味着增加价值。折现使用资本成本。记忆钩子：’NPV折现到今天——正值就投’。
Internal Rate of Return (IRR): Discount rate at which NPV equals zero. It shows the true percentage return of the project. Memory hook: ‘IRR is the break-even discount rate’.
内部收益率 (IRR)：使净现值等于零的折现率。反映项目的真实百分比回报。记忆钩子：’IRR即盈亏平衡的折现率’。
9. Working Capital Management | 营运资本管理
Working Capital Cycle: The period from paying for raw materials to receiving cash from customers. Shorter cycle improves liquidity. Memory hook: ‘Cycle speed—quick conversion to cash’.
营运资本循环：从支付原材料货款到从客户收回现金的期间。循环越短流动性越好。记忆钩子：’循环速度——快速转化为现金’。
Overtrading: Rapid sales growth without adequate long-term capital, causing liquidity squeeze. Profitable but short of cash. Memory hook: ‘Growing too fast without fuel drains cash’.
过度交易：销售快速增长却缺乏足够长期资本，导致流动性紧张。情况有利可图但缺少现金。记忆钩子：’增长过快没有燃料会榨干现金’。
Inventory Management: Balancing stock levels to avoid stock-outs and excess holding costs. JIT (Just-in-Time) aims for minimal inventory. Memory hook: ‘Stock—enough to sell, not to shelf’.
存货管理：平衡库存水平以避免缺货和过多的持有成本。准时制 (JIT) 追求最低存货。记忆钩子：’存货——够卖就好，别堆在架上’。
Cash Operating Cycle: Inventory Days + Receivables Days − Payables Days. Measures net days cash is tied up. Memory hook: ‘Own cash stuck in operations’.
现金营业周期：存货周转天数 + 应收账款周转天数 − 应付账款周转天数。衡量现金被占用的净天数。记忆钩子：’自有现金困在运营中’。
10. Financial Statements and Adjustments | 财务报表与调整
Accruals (Matching Concept): Expenses incurred but not yet paid are accrued so they appear in the income statement of the correct period. Prepayments are the opposite. Memory hook: ‘Accrue before you pay, match expense to period’.
应计项目（匹配概念）：已发生但尚未支付的费用应计提，使其出现在正确期间的利润表中。预付款项则相反。记忆钩子：’付款前先计提，费用匹配当期’。
Depreciation: Systematic allocation of a non-current asset’s cost over its useful life. Methods: straight-line (constant amount) and reducing balance (higher charge early). Memory hook: ‘Depreciation eats asset value away over time, not cash’.
折旧：将非流动资产成本在其使用寿命内系统分配。方法：直线法（等额）和余额递减法（早期高额）。记忆钩子：’折旧逐渐蚕食资产价值，而非现金’。
Provision for Doubtful Debts: An allowance against potential bad debts, applying prudence. It reduces trade receivables in the statement of financial position. Memory hook: ‘Provision for bad old debts, be prudent’.
坏账准备：针对潜在坏账的备抵，体现谨慎性原则。会减少财务状况表中的应收账款。记忆钩子：’为坏账提取准备，保持谨慎’。
Revaluation Reserve: When non-current assets are revalued upward, the increase is credited to revaluation reserve in equity, not to income statement. Memory hook: ‘Unrealised gain stays in reserve, not profit’.
重估价储备：当非流动资产向上重估时，增加额计入权益中的重估价储备，而不计入利润表。记忆钩子：’未实现利得留在储备，不列为利润’。
11. Key Ratios Quick Reference Table | 关键比率速查表
| Category | Ratio | Formula |
|---|---|---|
| Profitability | Gross Profit Margin | (GP ÷ Revenue) × 100% |
| Profitability | ROCE | (Operating Profit ÷ Capital Employed) × 100% |
| Liquidity | Current Ratio | Current Assets ÷ Current Liabilities |
| Liquidity | Acid Test | (CA − Inventory) ÷ Current Liabilities |
| Efficiency | Inventory Turnover | Cost of Sales ÷ Average Inventory |
| Investment | NPV | ∑ PV of future cash flows − Initial Investment |
Use this table as a rapid revision tool. The more you link formulas to memory hooks, the faster your recall in the exam.
可以将此表作为快速复习工具。将公式与记忆钩子联系起来，你在考试中的回忆速度就会越快。
12. Final Memory Reinforcement | 最终记忆强化
Phrase Association: ‘More Gross, More Operating, More ROCE; Current Shields, Acid Cuts; Turnover Flies; Days Delay; Standard Cents Vary; Breakeven Splits Zero; Budgets Lead; Payback Quick; NPV Positive; Cycle Shortcuts; Accrue Prudently.’ Repeat this rhyme to lock in all categories.
短语联想：‘毛利多，营业多，ROCE 多；流动盾，酸切除；周转飞；天数延；标准分毫差异；盈亏平衡零分隔；预算引领；回收快；净现值正；周期缩短；谨慎计提。’ 重复此韵律以锁定所有类别。
Consistent practice with past-paper application will turn these terms into second nature. Good luck on your WJEC Year 13 Accounting exam.
持续练习历年真题，这些术语将变成你的习惯反应。祝你在WJEC 13年级会计考试中好运。
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