Year 13 WJEC Philosophy: Core Knowledge Review | Year 13 WJEC 哲学：核心知识点梳理

📚 Year 13 WJEC Philosophy: Core Knowledge Review | Year 13 WJEC 哲学：核心知识点梳理

Welcome to the ultimate core knowledge review for Year 13 WJEC Philosophy. This course builds on your AS foundation and deepens your understanding of two major areas: ethical theory and the philosophy of mind. Mastering these topics is essential for exam success, as you will need to analyse arguments, evaluate philosophical positions, and write balanced essays. In this article, we will systematically review the key theories, thinkers, and debates that define the WJEC A2 specification, helping you consolidate your learning and identify areas for further revision.

欢迎来到 Year 13 WJEC 哲学终极核心知识梳理。这门课程在 AS 基础上进一步深入两大领域：伦理学理论与心灵哲学。掌握这些主题对考试成功至关重要，因为你将需要分析论证、评估哲学立场，并写出平衡的论文。本文将系统梳理 WJEC A2 教学大纲中的核心理论、思想家和争论，帮助你巩固学习并找出需要进一步复习的方面。

1. Overview of Year 13 Philosophy | 课程概述

Year 13 WJEC Philosophy consists of two examined units: Unit 3 (Ethics) and Unit 4 (Philosophy of Mind). In Ethics, you explore meta-ethics (the meaning of moral language), normative ethical theories (utilitarianism, Kantian deontology, virtue ethics), and their application to real-world issues. In Philosophy of Mind, you examine what the mind is, covering dualism, materialism, functionalism, and the problem of consciousness. Both units require philosophical analysis and evaluation of arguments, drawing on key texts and thinkers.

Year 13 WJEC 哲学包含两个考试单元：单元3（伦理学）和单元4（心灵哲学）。在伦理学中，你将探索元伦理学（道德语言的意义）、规范伦理学理论（功利主义、康德义务论、美德伦理学）及其在现实议题中的应用。在心灵哲学中，你将探讨心灵是什么，涵盖二元论、唯物主义、功能主义以及意识问题。两个单元都要求进行哲学分析和论证评估，并借鉴关键文本与思想家。

2. Meta-Ethics: Cognitivism vs Non-Cognitivism | 元伦理学：认知主义与非认知主义

Meta-ethics investigates the nature of moral judgement. The central divide is between cognitivism and non-cognitivism. Cognitivists hold that moral statements (e.g. “murder is wrong”) express beliefs that can be true or false. Non-cognitivists, however, argue that such statements do not express truth-apt beliefs; rather, they express emotions, prescriptions, or other non-cognitive attitudes. This distinction shapes how we understand moral disagreement and the possibility of moral knowledge. WJEC students must grasp the main arguments for both positions and the challenges each faces.

元伦理学探究道德判断的本质。其核心分歧在于认知主义与非认知主义之间。认知主义者认为，道德陈述（如”谋杀是错的”）表达了可为真或为假的信念。而非认知主义者则主张，这类陈述不表达具有真值的信念，而是表达情感、规定或其他非认知的态度。这一区分塑造了我们理解道德分歧和道德知识可能性的方式。WJEC 学生必须掌握支持两种立场的主要论证及其各自面临的挑战。

3. Naturalism and Intuitionism | 自然主义与直觉主义

Within cognitivism, two major theories are naturalism and intuitionism. Ethical naturalism claims that moral properties are identical to natural properties (e.g. pleasure, desire-satisfaction) and can be known empirically. Utilitarians often adopt a naturalist stance. Intuitionism, championed by G.E. Moore, argues that ‘good’ is a simple, non-natural property. Moore accused naturalists of committing the ‘naturalistic fallacy’ – wrongly defining moral terms using natural ones. He held that moral truths are self-evident and grasped by intuition. Students should evaluate the success of these positions and consider criticisms such as the open-question argument.

在认知主义内部，两大主要理论是自然主义与直觉主义。伦理自然主义声称，道德属性等同于自然属性（如快乐、愿望满足），并可通过经验认识。功利主义者往往采取自然主义立场。由 G.E. 摩尔倡导的直觉主义则认为，”善”是一种单纯的、非自然的属性。摩尔指责自然主义者犯了”自然主义谬误”——即错误地用自然术语定义道德术语。他主张道德真理是不证自明的，由直觉把握。学生应评估这些立场的有效性，并考虑诸如开放问题论证等的批评。

4. Emotivism and Prescriptivism | 情感主义与规定主义

Non-cognitivism is represented by emotivism and prescriptivism. A.J. Ayer’s emotivism argues that moral sentences merely express the speaker’s feelings and are designed to evoke similar feelings in others; for Ayer, they are unverifiable and literally meaningless. C.L. Stevenson developed a more sophisticated emotivism, adding descriptive meanings. R.M. Hare’s prescriptivism claims that moral judgements are universalisable prescriptions: when we say “X is wrong”, we are prescribing that no one do X in relevantly similar circumstances. Evaluate these theories by considering how they handle moral reasoning, disagreement, and logical deduction.

非认知主义以情感主义和规定主义为代表。A.J. 艾耶尔的情感主义认为，道德句子仅表达说话者的情感，并旨在唤起他人相似的情感；对艾耶尔而言，它们不可证实且字面上无意义。C.L. 史蒂文森发展了更精致的情感主义，加入了描述性意义。R.M. 黑尔的规定主义声称，道德判断是可普遍化的规定：当我们说”X 是错误的”，我们是在规定所有相关相似情形下都不得做 X。通过考虑这些理论如何处理道德推理、分歧和逻辑演绎来评估它们。

5. Normative Ethics: Utilitarianism | 规范伦理学：功利主义

Normative ethics examines standards for right action. Utilitarianism is a consequentialist theory stating the right action is the one that maximises utility (happiness or pleasure). Jeremy Bentham’s act utilitarianism uses the hedonic calculus to quantify pleasure. John Stuart Mill’s rule utilitarianism distinguishes higher and lower pleasures and appeals to general rules that tend to maximise happiness. Key strengths include its impartiality and intuitive appeal. Criticisms include the problem of measuring happiness, ignoring justice, and the demandingness objection. Students must be able to apply utilitarian reasoning to moral dilemmas.

规范伦理学考察正确行为的标准。功利主义是一种后果论理论，主张正确行为就是最大化效用（幸福或快乐）的行为。杰里米·边沁的行为功利主义使用快乐计算来量化快乐。约翰·斯图尔特·密尔的规则功利主义区分高级与低级快乐，并诉诸于倾向于最大化幸福的一般规则。其主要优势包括公正性和直觉吸引力。批评包括快乐度量难题、忽视正义以及要求过高的反对意见。学生必须能够将功利主义推理应用于道德困境。

6. Normative Ethics: Kantian Deontology | 规范伦理学：康德义务论

Kantian ethics is a deontological theory centred on duty and the categorical imperative.

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