📚 AS Edexcel Psychology: Glossary Quick Memorization Guide | AS Edexcel 心理学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the terminology is half the battle in AS Edexcel Psychology. This guide breaks down essential terms by topic, pairing each concept with a clear definition and a memorable Chinese translation to help bilingual learners build confidence and speed in recall.
掌握术语是攻克 AS Edexcel 心理学的一半。本指南按主题梳理必备词汇，为每个概念配上清晰的定义和易记的中文翻译，帮助双语学习者建立信心，提高记忆效率。
1. Research Methods Key Terms | 研究方法关键术语
Research methods form the backbone of psychology, and knowing these terms allows you to evaluate studies precisely.
研究方法是心理学的支柱，掌握这些术语能让你精确地评述各种研究。
Independent Variable (IV) – The variable that the researcher manipulates or changes to see if it has an effect on the DV.
自变量 (IV) – 研究者操纵或改变的变量，以观察它是否对因变量产生影响。
Dependent Variable (DV) – The variable that is measured; it is expected to change as a result of the manipulation of the IV.
因变量 (DV) – 被测量的变量；预期会因自变量的操纵而发生变化。
Operationalisation – Defining variables in a way that they can be clearly measured or manipulated.
操作化 – 以能够清晰测量或操纵的方式定义变量。
Confounding Variable – An extraneous variable that varies systematically with the IV, making it difficult to establish cause and effect.
混淆变量 – 与自变量系统性共变的额外变量，使得因果关系的建立变得困难。
Extraneous Variable – Any variable other than the IV that could affect the DV if not controlled.
额外变量 – 除自变量外，任何若不加控制就可能影响因变量的变量。
Hypothesis – A precise, testable statement predicting the relationship between variables.
假设 – 预测变量间关系的精确、可检验的陈述。
2. Experimental Design Terminology | 实验设计术语
Choosing the right design is crucial for validity. These terms help you compare independent groups, repeated measures, and matched pairs.
选择正确的实验设计对效度至关重要。这些术语帮你比较独立组、重复测量和配对组设计。
Independent Groups Design – Different participants are used in each condition of the experiment.
独立组设计 – 实验的每个条件下使用不同的参与者。
Repeated Measures Design – The same participants take part in all conditions of the experiment.
重复测量设计 – 相同的参与者参加实验的所有条件。
Matched Pairs Design – Participants are paired on relevant characteristics, and one from each pair is assigned to each condition.
配对组设计 – 根据相关特征将参与者配对，每对中的一人被分配到不同条件。
Order Effects – Changes in participants’ responses caused by the order in which conditions are presented (e.g., practice or fatigue).
顺序效应 – 由条件呈现顺序引起的参与者反应变化（如练习效应或疲劳效应）。
Counterbalancing – A method used to control order effects by varying the order of conditions across participants.
平衡抵消法 – 通过改变不同参与者的条件顺序来控制顺序效应的方法。
Random Allocation – Assigning participants to conditions purely by chance to reduce bias.
随机分配 – 纯粹按机会将参与者分配到不同条件，以减少偏差。
3. Biopsychology Vocabulary | 生物心理学词汇
Biopsychology links behaviour to brain structures and processes. These terms will help you describe biological explanations clearly.
生物心理学将行为与大脑结构和过程联系起来。这些术语帮你清晰描述生物学解释。
Central Nervous System (CNS) – Consists of the brain and spinal cord; processes and coordinates information.
中枢神经系统 (CNS) – 由脑和脊髓组成；处理和协调信息。
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) – Nerves outside the CNS that transmit information to and from the central nervous system.
周围神经系统 (PNS) – 中枢神经系统之外的神经，负责向中枢神经系统传递信息或从中传出信息。
Neurotransmitter – A chemical messenger that transmits signals across a synapse from one neuron to another.
神经递质 – 一种化学信使，跨突触将信号从一个神经元传递到另一个神经元。
Synapse – The tiny gap between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrite of the next.
突触 – 一个神经元轴突末梢与下一个神经元树突之间的微小间隙。
Limbic System – A group of brain structures (including the amygdala and hippocampus) involved in emotion and memory.
边缘系统 – 一组与情绪和记忆相关的脑结构（包括杏仁核和海马体）。
Amygdala – An almond-shaped structure in the limbic system critical for processing fear and aggression.
杏仁核 – 边缘系统中杏仁状的结构，对处理恐惧和攻击性至关重要。
4. Cognitive Psychology Terms | 认知心理学词汇
Cognitive psychology focuses on internal mental processes. Use these terms to write about memory, attention, and schemas.
认知心理学关注内部心理过程。用这些术语书写记忆、注意力和图式等内容。
Schema – A mental framework of beliefs and expectations that influences cognitive processing.
图式 – 由信念和期望构成的认知框架，影响信息加工。
Short-term Memory (STM) – The limited-capacity memory store that holds information temporarily for immediate use.
短时记忆 (STM) – 容量有限的记忆存储，暂时保存信息以供即时使用。
Long-term Memory (LTM) – The relatively permanent memory store holding vast amounts of information over long periods.
长时记忆 (LTM) – 相对永久的记忆存储，能长期保持大量信息。
Working Memory Model – A model of STM that includes the central executive, phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and episodic buffer.
工作记忆模型 – 一种短时记忆模型，包括中央执行器、语音回路、视空画板和情节缓冲区。
Reconstructive Memory – The idea that memory is not a passive retrieval but an active reconstruction influenced by schemas.
重构记忆 – 认为记忆不是被动提取，而是受图式影响的主动重构。
Misleading Information – Information that can alter or distort a person’s memory of an event (e.g., leading questions).
误导信息 – 能够改变或扭曲一个人对事件记忆的信息（如引导性问题）。
5. Social Psychology Jargon | 社会心理学词汇
Social psychology examines how people influence each other. Here you will find terms for conformity, obedience, and prejudice.
社会心理学考察人们如何互相影响。这里你会看到关于从众、服从和偏见的术语。
Conformity – A change in a person’s behaviour or opinions as a result of real or imagined pressure from a group.
从众 – 因来自群体的真实或想象的压力而导致的行为或观点改变。
Obedience – Following a direct order from an authority figure.
服从 – 遵从权威人物直接下达的命令。
Social Identity Theory – The theory that a person’s sense of self is based on their group membership(s), leading to in-group favouritism.
社会认同理论 – 认为一个人的自我概念基于其所属群体成员身份，并导致内群体偏爱的理论。
Agentic State – A mental state in which a person believes they are acting as an agent for someone else and thus are not responsible for their actions.
代理状态 – 一种心理状态，个体认为自己在为他人代理行动，因此不对自身行为负责。
Authoritarian Personality – A personality type characterised by strict adherence to conventional values and submission to authority, linked to obedience and prejudice.
权威人格 – 一种以严格恪守传统价值观和屈服于权威为特征的人格类型，与服从及偏见相关。
Minority Influence – The process by which a small group or an individual changes the attitudes or behaviour of the majority through consistency and commitment.
少数派影响 – 小群体或个人通过一致性和投入性改变多数人态度或行为的过程。
6. Learning Theories Lexicon | 学习理论词汇
Learning theories explain how behaviour is acquired. Use these terms to discuss classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and social learning.
学习理论解释行为是如何习得的。用这些术语讨论经典条件作用、操作性条件作用和社会学习。
Classical Conditioning – Learning through association, where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response.
经典条件作用 – 通过联想进行学习，使中性刺激与非条件刺激建立联系，从而引发条件反应。
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) – A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response without prior learning.
非条件刺激 (UCS) – 无需先前学习就能自然且自动引发反应的刺激。
Conditioned Response (CR) – The learned response to a previously neutral stimulus.
条件反应 (CR) – 对先前中性刺激的习得反应。
Operant Conditioning – Learning in which behaviour is shaped by its consequences, such as reinforcement or punishment.
操作性条件作用 – 行为由其后果（如强化或惩罚）塑造的学习方式。
Positive Reinforcement – Adding a pleasant stimulus after a desired behaviour to increase the likelihood of that behaviour.
正强化 – 在期望行为之后呈现愉快刺激以增加该行为出现的可能性。
Social Learning Theory – The theory that people learn through observation, imitation, and modelling, especially when the model is rewarded.
社会学习理论 – 认为人们通过观察、模仿和示范进行学习，尤其当榜样受到奖励时。
7. Data & Statistics Terminology | 数据与统计术语
Understanding statistics is essential for interpreting research findings. These terms appear frequently in exam questions.
理解统计学对于解读研究发现至关重要，这些术语经常在考题中出现。
Mean – The arithmetic average of a set of scores; sensitive to extreme values.
平均数 – 一组分数的算术平均值；对极端值敏感。
Median – The middle score when data are arranged in order; not affected by extreme scores.
中位数 – 数据按顺序排列时居于中间位置的分数；不受极端分数影响。
Mode – The most frequently occurring score in a set of data.
众数 – 一组数据中出现频率最高的分数。
Range – The difference between the highest and lowest scores; a simple measure of dispersion.
全距 – 最高分与最低分之差；一种简单的离散量数。
Standard Deviation – A measure of how spread out scores are around the mean; a larger SD indicates greater variability.
标准差 – 衡量分数在平均值周围分散程度的指标；标准差越大变异性越大。
Significance Level – The probability threshold (usually p < 0.05) used to decide whether a result is likely due to chance.
显著性水平 – 用于判断结果是否可能由偶然因素引起的概率阈值（通常为 p < 0.05）。
Correlation Coefficient – A number between -1 and +1 that indicates the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables.
相关系数 – 介于 -1 与 +1 之间的数值，表示两个变量之间关系的强度和方向。
8. Ethics Glossary | 伦理术语
Ethical principles protect participants and guide psychological research. Remember these key terms for discussing the BPS code.
伦理原则保护参与者并指导心理学研究。记住这些关键术语，以便讨论英国心理学会准则。
Informed Consent – Participants must be given sufficient information about the study to make a voluntary decision to take part.
知情同意 – 参与者必须获得有关研究的充分信息，从而做出自愿参与的决定。
Right to Withdraw – Participants may leave the study at any time without penalty, and their data will not be used if they choose.
退出权 – 参与者可随时退出研究而不受惩罚，若选择退出其数据将不被使用。
Confidentiality – Personal data must be protected, and participants should not be identifiable in published research.
保密性 – 必须保护个人数据，在发表的研究中不应能识别出参与者身份。
Deception – Intentionally misleading participants about the true nature of the study; should be avoided unless essential and approved.
欺骗 – 故意误导参与者了解研究的真实性质；除非必要且获批准，否则应避免。
Debriefing – After the study, participants are informed of the full aims, results, and any deception used, and their rights are reaffirmed.
事后说明 – 研究结束后，向参与者告知全部目的、结果及任何欺骗行为，并重申其权利。
Protection from Harm – Researchers must ensure that participants are not exposed to physical or psychological harm greater than in everyday life.
免受伤害 – 研究者必须确保参与者不会遭受大于日常生活中的身体或心理伤害。
9. Mnemonics for Memorization | 记忆术助记
Using mnemonics makes recall faster. Here are some creative tricks to lock terminology into your long-term memory.
使用记忆术能让提取更迅速。以下是一些创意技巧，帮你把术语刻入长时记忆。
IRIS for ethical issues: Informed consent, Right to withdraw, Integrity of the researcher, Safety (protection from harm).
IRIS 记伦理问题：Informed consent（知情同意）、Right to withdraw（退出权）、Integrity（研究者诚信）、Safety（安全/免受伤害）。
OCEAN for the Big Five personality traits: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism. (Useful for individual differences topics.)
OCEAN 记大五人格特质：Openness（开放性）、Conscientiousness（尽责性）、Extraversion（外向性）、Agreeableness（宜人性）、Neuroticism（神经质）。
CRAVEN for learning theory concepts: Classical conditioning, Reinforcement, Association, Vicarious reinforcement, Extinction, Negative punishment.
CRAVEN 记学习理论：Classical conditioning（经典条件作用）、Reinforcement（强化）、Association（联想）、Vicarious reinforcement（替代强化）、Extinction（消退）、Negative punishment（负惩罚）。
SMART for hypothesis writing: Specific, Measurable, Achievable/Applicable, Relevant, Testable.
SMART 记假设写作：Specific（具体）、Measurable（可测量）、Achievable（可实现）、Relevant（相关）、Testable（可检验）。
MRS GREN for characteristics of living things (biopsychology link): Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion, Nutrition – helps remember biological processes.
MRS GREN 记生物特征（链接生物心理学）：运动、呼吸、感应、生长、繁殖、排泄、营养。
10. Commonly Confused Terms | 常见混淆术语
Don’t let similar-sounding terms trip you up. These contrast pairs will sharpen your exam answers.
别让相似术语绊倒你。这些对比组合能磨利你的考试回答。
Reliability vs. Validity – Reliability refers to consistency of measurement; validity refers to whether the test measures what it claims to measure. (可靠性与效度：可靠性指测量的一致性，效度指测验是否测量了它声称要测量的东西。)
Reliability vs. Validity – Reliability refers to consistency of measurement; validity refers to whether the test measures what it claims to measure.
自然观察 vs. 控制观察 – Naturalistic observation takes place in the subject’s real environment with no manipulation; controlled observation occurs in a setting where variables are regulated, often a lab.
Naturalistic vs. Controlled Observation – Naturalistic observation occurs in a natural environment without interference; controlled observation happens in a structured setting where some variables are regulated.
随机抽样 vs. 分层抽样 – Random sampling gives every member of the target population an equal chance of being selected; stratified sampling involves dividing the population into subgroups and then randomly selecting from each.
Random vs. Stratified Sampling – Random sampling gives everyone an equal chance of being chosen; stratified sampling divides the population into strata and then randomly samples from each.
定性数据 vs. 定量数据 – Qualitative data is non-numerical, expressing qualities or descriptions; quantitative data is numerical and can be counted or measured.
Qualitative vs. Quantitative Data – Qualitative data is descriptive and non-numerical; quantitative data is numerical and can be statistically analysed.
内部效度 vs. 外部效度 – Internal validity concerns whether the IV truly caused the change in DV within the study; external validity concerns whether findings can be generalised beyond the research setting.
Internal vs. External Validity – Internal validity asks whether the study establishes a causal relationship; external validity asks whether results apply to real-world settings and other people.
零假设 vs. 实验假设 – The null hypothesis states there is no difference or relationship; the experimental hypothesis predicts a difference or relationship.
Null vs. Experimental Hypothesis – The null hypothesis predicts no effect; the experimental (or alternative) hypothesis predicts an effect.
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