📚 AS OCR Engineering: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick-Memory Guide | AS OCR 工程：词汇术语速记指南
This guide is designed to help AS OCR Engineering students quickly memorise and recall the essential technical vocabulary required for examinations. The terms span mechanical systems, materials, electronics, and design processes. Each term is paired with a bilingual explanation to reinforce understanding in both English and Chinese, making it ideal for revision.
本指南旨在帮助 AS OCR 工程方向的学生快速记忆和回顾考试所必需的核心技术词汇。这些术语涵盖机械系统、材料、电子与设计流程。每个术语都配有中英双语解释，以双语方式加深理解，非常适合复习使用。
1. Mechanical Systems Terminology | 机械系统术语
A mechanism is an assembly of moving parts that perform a specific function. Typical components include levers, linkages, gears, and cams, each having a specific input and output motion relationship.
机构是一组执行特定功能的运动部件。常见组件包括杠杆、连杆机构、齿轮和凸轮，每种都具有特定的输入与输出运动关系。
Linear motion refers to movement in a straight line, while rotary motion refers to circular movement about an axis. The conversion between these motions is a key objective in mechanical design.
直线运动指沿直线的移动，而旋转运动指绕轴线的圆周运动。这两种运动之间的转换是机械设计中的一个关键目标。
The mechanical advantage (MA) is the ratio of output force to input force in a system. A high MA means less effort is needed to overcome a larger load, but usually at the expense of speed or distance moved.
机械效益 (MA) 是系统中输出力与输入力之比。较高的 MA 意味着用较小的力即可克服较大负载，但通常以牺牲速度或移动距离为代价。
Velocity ratio (VR) is the ratio of the distance moved by the effort to the distance moved by the load in the same time. In an ideal frictionless machine, MA = VR, but in reality efficiency reduces MA.
速比 (VR) 是同一时间内动力端移动的距离与负载端移动的距离之比。在理想无摩擦机器中，MA = VR，但现实中效率会降低 MA。
Efficiency is expressed as (useful work output / total energy input) × 100%. In mechanical systems, energy losses are primarily due to friction, sound, and heat.
效率表示为 (有用功输出 / 总能量输入) × 100%。在机械系统中，能量损失主要由于摩擦、声音和发热。
2. Materials & Properties | 材料与性能
Tensile strength is the maximum stress a material can withstand while being stretched before breaking. It is measured in pascals (Pa) or megapascals (MPa).
抗拉强度是材料在拉伸断裂前所能承受的最大应力。其单位为帕斯卡 (Pa) 或兆帕 (MPa)。
Hardness is the resistance of a material to indentation, scratching, or surface deformation. Common tests include Brinell, Vickers, and Rockwell.
硬度是材料抵抗压痕、划伤或表面变形的能力。常见测试方法有布氏、维氏和洛氏硬度测试。
Ductility describes a material’s ability to be drawn into a wire or undergo significant plastic deformation before rupture. Copper is highly ductile, whereas cast iron is brittle.
延展性描述材料被拉成丝或在断裂前发生显著塑性变形的能力。铜的延展性很好，而铸铁则呈脆性。
Toughness is the ability of a material to absorb energy and plastically deform without fracturing. It combines strength and ductility; toolbox steels need high toughness.
韧性是材料吸收能量并发生塑性变形而不断裂的能力。它结合了强度和延展性；工具箱用钢需要高韧性。
Elasticity refers to the ability to return to original shape after the removal of a load. The elastic limit is the point beyond which permanent deformation occurs.
弹性指载荷移除后恢复原状的能力。弹性极限是发生永久变形的临界点。
3. Electronic Components & Circuits | 电子元件与电路
A resistor limits current flow and divides voltage. Its value is measured in ohms (Ω). The colour code bands on a resistor indicate its resistance and tolerance.
电阻器限制电流并分压。其值以欧姆 (Ω) 为单位。电阻器上的色环标码表示其阻值和误差。
Capacitance is the ability to store electric charge, measured in farads (F). Capacitors smooth voltage fluctuations and are used in timing circuits.
电容是储存电荷的能力，以法拉 (F) 为单位。电容器用于平滑电压波动，并用于定时电路。
A diode allows current to flow in only one direction. Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) emit light when forward biased and are widely used as indicators.
二极管只允许电流单向流动。发光二极管 (LED) 在正向偏置时发光，广泛用作指示灯。
A transistor can amplify current or act as an electronic switch. In a bipolar junction transistor, a small base current controls a larger collector-emitter current.
晶体管可以放大电流或作为电子开关。在双极结型晶体管中，较小的基极电流控制较大的集电极-发射极电流。
4. Systems & Control | 系统与控制
An open-loop system has no feedback; the output is not compared to the desired input. An example is a simple electric toaster with a timer.
开环系统没有反馈；输出不与期望输入进行比较。一个简单的定时电烤面包机就是例子。
A closed-loop system uses feedback to compare the actual output with the desired input and makes corrections. A thermostat-controlled heater is a classic example.
闭环系统利用反馈将实际输出与期望输入进行比较并进行修正。温控加热器是典型例子。
An actuator converts an input signal (often electrical) into physical motion. Examples include motors, solenoids, and hydraulic cylinders.
执行器将输入信号（通常是电信号）转化为物理运动。例子包括电动机、电磁铁和液压缸。
A sensor detects a physical property (e.g., temperature, light, force) and produces a corresponding electrical output. LDRs and thermistors are common analogue sensors.
传感器检测物理量（如温度、光、力）并产生相应的电输出。光敏电阻和热敏电阻是常见的模拟传感器。
5. Manufacturing Processes | 制造工艺
Casting involves pouring molten metal into a mould cavity where it solidifies. Sand casting is widely used for large components, while die casting offers higher precision.
铸造是将熔融金属浇入型腔使其凝固。砂型铸造广泛用于大型零件，而压铸则提供更高精度。
Machining removes material using cutting tools. Common operations include turning (lathe), milling, and drilling. CNC machines automate these processes with high repeatability.
机械加工使用切削工具去除材料。常见操作包括车削（车床）、铣削和钻孔。数控机床以高重复精度自动化这些过程。
Forming processes reshape material without removing it, such as bending, forging, and rolling. These processes often improve mechanical properties through grain refinement.
成形工艺在不移除材料的情况下重塑材料，如弯曲、锻造和轧制。这些工艺通常通过晶粒细化改善力学性能。
6. Design & Communication | 设计与沟通
Orthographic projection shows a 3D object using multiple 2D views, typically front, top, and side. It is essential for accurate manufacturing drawings.
正投影通过多张二维视图（通常包括前视图、俯视图和侧视图）展示三维物体。它对精确制造图纸至关重要。
Isometric projection is a pictorial method where the three axes appear equally foreshortened at 120° angles. It helps visualisation but can introduce distortion.
等距投影是一种图形表示法，其中三根轴线呈 120° 等角缩短。它有助于可视化，但可能引入失真。
CAD (Computer-Aided Design) software enables precise 2D and 3D modelling. CAM (Computer-Aided Manufacturing) translates CAD models into machine toolpaths.
CAD（计算机辅助设计）软件可实现精确的二维和三维建模。CAM（计算机辅助制造）将 CAD 模型转化为机床刀具路径。
Bill of Materials (BOM) is a comprehensive list of all parts, raw materials, and quantities needed to manufacture a product. It links design to purchasing and assembly.
物料清单 (BOM) 是制造产品所需的所有零件、原材料及数量的明细表。它连接了设计与采购和装配。
7. Structures & Mechanics | 结构与力学
A moment is the turning effect of a force, calculated as force × perpendicular distance from pivot. Its unit is newton-metre (Nm).
力矩是力的转动效应，计算方式为 力 × 到支点的垂直距离。单位为牛·米 (Nm)。
Equilibrium occurs when the sum of all forces and the sum of all moments acting on a body are zero. Statics analysis relies on this principle.
当作用在物体上的所有力的总和和所有力矩的总和都为零时，物体处于平衡状态。静力学分析依赖于这一原理。
Stress is the internal force per unit cross-sectional area within a material, given by σ = F / A. Strain is the deformation per unit original length, ε = ΔL / L.
应力是材料内部单位截面面积上的内力，σ = F / A。应变是单位原始长度的变形，ε = ΔL / L。
Young’s modulus (E) is the ratio of stress to strain within the elastic limit and measures material stiffness. E = σ / ε.
杨氏模量 (E) 是在弹性极限内应力与应变之比，衡量材料的刚度。E = σ / ε。
8. Electrical Power & Energy | 电力与电能
Ohm’s law states that V = I × R, where V is voltage (volts), I is current (amperes), and R is resistance (ohms). It is fundamental for circuit analysis.
欧姆定律指出 V = I × R，其中 V 为电压（伏特），I 为电流（安培），R 为电阻（欧姆）。它是电路分析的基础。
Power in an electrical circuit is P = V × I, measured in watts (W). Energy consumed is power multiplied by time, typically in kilowatt-hours (kWh).
电路中的功率为 P = V × I，单位为瓦特 (W)。消耗的电能为功率乘以时间，常用千瓦时 (kWh)。
Resistors in series add directly: Rtotal = R₁ + R₂ + … . For parallel resistors: 1/Rtotal = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + … .
串联电阻直接相加：R总 = R₁ + R₂ + … 。对于并联电阻：1/R总 = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + … 。
9. Safety & Standards | 安全与标准
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) includes safety glasses, gloves, ear defenders, and steel-toe boots, reducing the risk of injury in workshops.
个人防护装备 (PPE) 包括安全眼镜、手套、护耳器和钢头靴，可降低车间受伤风险。
Risk assessment is the systematic process of identifying hazards, evaluating risks, and implementing control measures. It is a legal requirement in engineering environments.
风险评估是识别危险、评估风险和落实控制措施的系统化过程。在工程环境中这是一项法律要求。
CE marking indicates conformity with health, safety, and environmental protection standards for products sold within the European Economic Area.
CE 标志表明产品符合欧洲经济区内销售的健康、安全和环境保护标准。
British Standards (BS) and International Standards (ISO) provide specifications to ensure product reliability, safety, and interchangeability.
英国标准 (BS) 和国际标准 (ISO) 提供规范以确保产品的可靠性、安全性和互换性。
10. Quick Acronyms & Memory Aids | 缩略语与记忆提示
LED = Light Emitting Diode; remember “Lights up when forward biased”.
LED = 发光二极管；记忆提示 “正向偏置即发光”。
LDR = Light Dependent Resistor; “Resistance drops as light rises”.
LDR = 光敏电阻；“光越强，电阻越低”。
PWM = Pulse Width Modulation; a method to control motor speed or LED brightness by varying the duty cycle of a square wave.
PWM = 脉宽调制；通过改变方波的占空比来控制电机速度或 LED 亮度的方法。
BMS = Battery Management System; protects and monitors rechargeable batteries to ensure safe operation.
BMS = 电池管理系统；保护并监控可充电电池以确保安全运行。
FEA = Finite Element Analysis; a computational method for predicting how a product reacts to real-world forces, vibration, heat, etc.
FEA = 有限元分析；一种预测产品对真实受力、振动、热等响应情况的数值方法。
Published by TutorHao | Engineering Revision Series | aleveler.com
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