📚 GCSE CCEA Psychology: Key Terminology and Glossary Guide | GCSE CCEA 心理学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering psychological terminology is essential for success in GCSE CCEA Psychology. This comprehensive guide provides clear definitions and explanations of key terms across research methods, memory, social influence, development, biopsychology, individual differences, statistics, and critical evaluation. Each term is paired with a concise Chinese translation to support bilingual learners and reinforce understanding.
掌握心理学词汇术语对于在 GCSE CCEA 心理学考试中取得成功至关重要。本指南提供了研究方法、记忆、社会影响、发展、生物心理学、个体差异、统计学和批判性评估等核心术语的清晰定义与解释，每个术语均配有简洁的中文翻译，以支持双语学习者并加深理解。
1. Research Methods: Core Terms | 研究方法核心术语
A hypothesis is a precise, testable statement predicting the outcome of an experiment. The null hypothesis (H₀) states there is no difference or correlation, while the alternate hypothesis (H₁) predicts a significant effect or relationship exists.
假设是一个精确、可检验的陈述，预测实验的结果。虚无假设 (H₀) 声明不存在差异或相关性，而备择假设 (H₁) 预测存在显著的效应或关系。
The independent variable (IV) is the factor that the researcher deliberately manipulates or changes to observe its effect. It is the presumed cause in a cause-and-effect investigation.
自变量 (IV) 是研究者有意操纵或改变的因素，用以观察其影响。在因果调查中，它被假定为原因。
The dependent variable (DV) is the factor that the researcher measures; it is the outcome that may be influenced by changes in the IV. All other variables must be controlled to establish a valid conclusion.
因变量 (DV) 是研究者测量的因素，是可能受到自变量变化影响的结果。所有其他变量必须得到控制，才能得出有效的结论。
Operationalisation is the process of defining variables in clear, measurable, and replicable terms. For example, ‘memory’ can be operationalised as the number of words correctly recalled from a list.
操作化是以清晰、可测量且可重复的方式定义变量的过程。例如，’记忆’可以被操作化为从列表中正确回忆出的单词数量。
Extraneous variables are any variables other than the IV that could affect the DV if not controlled. When an extraneous variable systematically influences the results, it becomes a confounding variable.
额外变量是除自变量外任何可能影响因变量的变量。当某个额外变量系统地影响结果时，它就变成了混淆变量。
2. Experimental Design and Variables | 实验设计与变量
Experimental design refers to the way participants are allocated to different conditions of an experiment. The three main types are independent groups, repeated measures, and matched pairs.
实验设计是指将参与者分配到实验不同条件组的方式。三种主要类型为独立组设计、重复测量设计和配对组设计。
| Design | English Description | 中文描述 |
| Independent Groups | Different participants take part in each condition. Participant variables can be a problem. | 不同参与者参与每种条件。参与者变量可能成为问题。 |
| Repeated Measures | The same participants take part in all conditions. Order effects (practice, boredom) must be controlled. | 相同参与者参与所有条件。需控制顺序效应（练习效应、厌倦效应）。 |
| Matched Pairs | Participants are paired on relevant characteristics, and each member is assigned to a different condition, reducing participant variables. | 参与者在相关特征上进行配对，每对中的两人分到不同条件，从而减少参与者变量。 |
Order effects occur in a repeated measures design when completing one condition influences performance in the next. Counterbalancing (e.g., ABBA design) is used to minimise these effects.
在重复测量设计中，完成一种条件会影响后续表现，这称为顺序效应。抵消平衡法 (如 ABBA 设计) 被用来最小化这些效应。
Demand characteristics are cues in the experimental setting that allow participants to guess the study’s aim, potentially changing their behaviour. Standardisation of instructions and setting helps reduce them.
需求特征是指实验环境中的线索，使得参与者能够揣测研究目的，从而可能改变行为。对指导和环境的标准化有助于减少需求特征。
3. Ethical Considerations | 伦理考虑
Informed consent means researchers must provide participants with sufficient information about the nature, purpose, and potential risks of a study so they can voluntarily agree to take part. For participants under 16, parental consent is required.
知情同意意味着研究者必须向参与者提供有关研究性质、目的和潜在风险的充分信息，以便他们自愿同意参与。未满 16 岁的参与者需获得家长同意。
The right to withdraw allows participants to leave the study at any time, remove their data, and face no penalty. This must be made clear at the start of any investigation.
退出权允许参与者在任何时候离开研究、撤回自己的数据且不受惩罚。研究者必须在调查开始时清楚说明这一点。
Confidentiality ensures that personal data and results are kept private and not disclosed to others without the participant’s permission. Anonymity is a common technique used to protect identity.
保密性确保个人数据和结果保持私密，未经参与者允许不得泄露。匿名化是保护身份的常用技术。
Debriefing occurs after the study, where participants are fully informed about the true aims, how their data will be used, and are given the opportunity to ask questions. It is essential when deception has been used.
事后解释在研究结束后进行，此时研究者将真实目的、数据用途告知参与者，并给予提问机会。当研究使用了欺骗手段时，这尤为重要。
Protection from harm requires that participants should not experience physical or psychological distress beyond normal everyday risks. Researchers must stop procedures if distress appears.
避免伤害要求参与者经历的生理或心理不适不得超出日常生活中的正常风险。一旦出现不适，研究者必须立即中止程序。
4. Memory: Key Concepts | 记忆关键概念
According to Atkinson and Shiffrin’s multi-store model, memory consists of three separate stores: sensory memory, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM). Information moves between stores via attention and rehearsal.
根据 Atkinson 和 Shiffrin 的多存储模型，记忆由三个独立的存储库组成：感觉记忆、短时记忆 (STM) 和长时记忆 (LTM)。信息通过注意和复述在存储库之间转移。
Sensory memory has a very large capacity but a duration of less than one second. It briefly holds sensory impressions and, if attended to, information passes to STM.
感觉记忆容量非常大，但持续时间不足一秒。它短暂地保留感觉印记，若受到注意，信息便传递至短时记忆。
Short-term memory (STM) has a limited capacity of about 7 ± 2 items and a duration of around 18–30 seconds without rehearsal. Encoding is mainly acoustic (by sound).
短时记忆 (STM) 的容量有限，约为 7±2 个组块，若不复述，持续时长约 18–30 秒。编码方式主要是听觉编码。
Long-term memory (LTM) is believed to have potentially unlimited capacity and can hold memories for a lifetime. Encoding tends to be semantic (by meaning).
长时记忆 (LTM) 被认为具有近乎无限的容量，并可持续一生。编码方式倾向于语义编码（基于意义）。
Episodic memory refers to memories of personal experiences and specific events, including their time and place. Semantic memory is knowledge of facts, concepts, and meanings about the world.
情景记忆指对个人经历和特定事件的记忆，包括时间和地点。语义记忆是对世界的知识、概念和含义的记忆。
Forgetting in STM is often due to decay or displacement, while forgetting in LTM is frequently attributed to interference or retrieval failure. For example, proactive interference occurs when old learning disrupts recall of new information.
短时记忆的遗忘通常由于消退或替代，而长时记忆的遗忘常常归因于干扰或提取失败。例如，前摄干扰指旧知识干扰新信息的回忆。
5. Social Influence: Conformity and Obedience | 社会影响：从众与服从
Conformity is a change in a person’s behaviour or beliefs due to real or imagined group pressure. Kelman (1958) identified three types: compliance, identification, and internalisation.
从众是指由于真实或想象中的群体压力而导致个人行为或信念的改变。Kelman (1958) 提出了三种类型：顺从、认同和内化。
Compliance is the shallowest level of conformity, where an individual goes along with the group publicly but privately disagrees. It typically lasts only as long as group pressure is present.
顺从是最表层的从众，个人公开附和群体但私下持有不同意见。这通常只在群体压力存在时持续。
Internalisation is the deepest level, where a person truly accepts the group’s views both publicly and privately, and this change persists even when the group is absent.
内化是最深层次的从众，个人在公开和私下均真正接受群体的观点，且这种改变在群体不在时依然持续。
Informational social influence occurs when individuals conform because they believe the group is more knowledgeable and has more accurate information. This often leads to internalisation.
信息性社会影响发生在个体因相信群体更有知识、拥有更准确的信息而从众时。这常常导致内化。
Normative social influence is conforming to be liked, accepted, or to avoid rejection by the group. It tends to lead to compliance rather than genuine belief change.
规范性社会影响是为了被喜欢、接受或避免被群体排斥而从众。它往往导致顺从，而非真正的信念改变。
Obedience involves following direct orders from an authority figure. Milgram’s studies demonstrated that ordinary people can inflict harm when instructed by a legitimate authority. The agentic state explains this: individuals act as agents for another, displacing personal responsibility.
服从涉及遵循权威人物的直接指令。Milgram 的研究表明普通人在合法权威的指示下可能施加伤害。能动状态理论解释了这一现象：个体充当他人的代理人，转移了个人责任。
6. Development: Piaget’s Stages | 发展：皮亚杰阶段
Jean Piaget proposed that children pass through four distinct stages of cognitive development, each characterised by qualitative changes in thinking.
让·皮亚杰提出儿童会经历四个明确的认知发展阶段，每个阶段都有思维上的质变。
| Stage | Approximate Age (English) | 大致年龄 | Key Features | 关键特征 |
| Sensorimotor | 0–2 years | 0–2 岁 | Object permanence develops; learning through senses and actions. | 客体永久性发展；通过感官与动作学习。 |
| Preoperational | 2–7 years | 2–7 岁 | Egocentrism, animism, lack of conservation; use of symbols and language. | 自我中心、泛灵论、缺乏守恒；使用符号和语言。 |
| Concrete Operational | 7–11 years | 7–11 岁 | Conservation, logical thinking about concrete events, decentration. | 守恒、对具体事件的逻辑思维、去中心化。 |
| Formal Operational | 11+ years | 11 岁及以上 | Abstract reasoning, hypothetical thinking, systematic problem solving. | 抽象推理、假设性思维、系统性解决问题。 |
Object permanence is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched. This typically develops around 8–12 months in the sensorimotor stage.
客体永久性是指理解物体即使在看不见、听不到或触摸不到时仍然存在。这通常在感觉运动阶段约 8–12 个月时发展。
Conservation refers to the ability to understand that quantity remains the same despite changes in appearance, such as liquid poured from a tall glass into a wide bowl. This achievement marks the concrete operational stage.
守恒是指理解尽管外观发生变化（如液体从高玻璃杯倒入宽碗中），数量仍然保持不变的能力。这一成就标志着具体运算阶段的到来。
A schema is a mental framework of ideas and experiences that helps an individual organise and interpret information. Assimilation adds new information into existing schemas, while accommodation changes schemas to fit new experiences.
图式是一种由观念和经验构成的心理框架，帮助个体组织和解释信息。同化将新信息纳入现有图式中，而顺应则改变图式以适应新经验。
7. Biological Psychology: Brain and Nervous System | 生物心理学：大脑与神经系统
The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord. It processes, interprets, and stores information and issues commands to the peripheral nervous system.
中枢神经系统 (CNS) 由大脑和脊髓组成，负责处理、解释、存储信息并向周围神经系统发出指令。
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) transmits messages between the CNS and the rest of the body. It is divided into the somatic nervous system (voluntary movements) and the autonomic nervous system (involuntary functions).
周围神经系统 (PNS) 在中枢神经系统与身体其余部分之间传递讯息。它可分为躯体神经系统（控制随意运动）和自主神经系统（控制不随意功能）。
A neuron is a specialised cell that transmits nerve impulses. Information flows from dendrites, through the cell body, along the axon, and across the synapse to the next neuron via neurotransmitters.
神经元是一种传递神经冲动的特化细胞。信息从树突接收，经过细胞体、沿轴突传导，并通过突触由神经递质传递至下一个神经元。
A synapse is the tiny gap between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrite of the next. Neurotransmitters, such as serotonin and dopamine, are chemicals released into the synapse that bind to receptor sites and influence mood, sleep, and behaviour.
突触是一个神经元的轴突末梢与下一个神经元树突之间的微小间隙。神经递质（如血清素和多巴胺）是释放到突触中的化学物质，与受体位点结合，从而影响情绪、睡眠和行为。
The cerebral cortex is divided into four lobes, each with specific functions. The frontal lobe governs thinking, problem-solving, and personality; the temporal lobe processes auditory information and memory; the parietal lobe integrates sensory signals; and the occipital lobe
Published by TutorHao | GCSE Psychology Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
屏轩国际教育cambridge primary/secondary checkpoint, cat4, ukiset,ukcat,igcse,alevel,PAT,STEP,MAT, ibdp,ap,ssat,sat,sat2课程辅导，国外大学本科硕士研究生博士课程论文辅导