A-Level AQA Psychology: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Guide | A-Level AQA 心理学：词汇术语速记指南

📚 A-Level AQA Psychology: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Guide | A-Level AQA 心理学：词汇术语速记指南

Mastering the vast terminology of AQA A-Level Psychology is essential for top marks. This guide breaks down high-frequency terms across all core topics and provides memory-friendly mnemonics, etymologies, and shortcuts to help you recall them quickly under exam pressure.

掌握 AQA A-Level 心理学的大量专业术语是取得高分的关键。本指南分解各核心主题中的高频词汇，提供助记、词源和速记捷径，帮助你在考试压力下快速回想。

1. Effective Memorisation Strategies | 高效记忆策略

Use the ‘method of loci’ to visualise terms in a familiar room, or build acronyms and acrostics. For instance, to recall the four definitions of abnormality, think ‘D.I.S.F.’ – Deviation from social norms, Ideal mental health, Statistical infrequency, Failure to function adequately.

使用“记忆宫殿”将术语视觉化到熟悉的房间，或构建首字母缩写和藏头诗。例如，要记住异常的四种定义，可以想“D.I.S.F.”——偏离社会规范、理想心理健康、统计罕见、功能失调。

Spaced repetition with flashcards that pair English terms on one side and Chinese explanations or visual cues on the other has been shown to double retention. Combine this with teaching a peer – explaining the term in your own words forces active retrieval.

使用抽认卡进行间隔重复，一面写英文术语，另一面写中文解释或视觉提示，已被证明能加倍记忆保持。将此与同伴教学结合——用自己的话解释术语能促使主动提取。

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2. Research Methods Key Terms | 研究方法关键术语

Independent variable (IV): the factor the researcher manipulates. Dependent variable (DV): the factor measured. Think: ‘I change the IV, I measure the DV.’ Operationalisation means defining variables so they can be precisely manipulated or measured, e.g., ‘number of words recalled’ instead of ‘memory’.

自变量 (IV)：研究者操纵的因素。因变量 (DV)：被测量的因素。记忆法：“我改变自变量，我测量因变量。”操作化是指精确界定变量，以便操纵或测量，例如用“回忆单词数”替代“记忆力”。

Extraneous variables (EV) are nuisance variables that may affect the DV, while confounding variables change systematically with the IV. A mnemonic: ‘Confounding Confuses the Cause’. Random allocation and counterbalancing control these.

额外变量 (EV) 是可能影响因变量的干扰变量，而混淆变量则与自变量一起系统变化。记忆法：“混淆变量混淆因果”。随机分配和平衡法可以控制这些变量。

Validity (accuracy) vs Reliability (consistency): use the ‘Kitchen scales’ analogy – reliable if they give the same reading every time, valid if they measure the true weight. Demand characteristics and social desirability bias threaten validity.

效度（准确性）与信度（一致性）：用“厨房秤”类比——每次读数相同即为信度高，测出真实体重即为效度高。需求特征和社会称许性偏差威胁效度。

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3. Biopsychology: Brain & Nervous System | 生物心理学：大脑与神经系统

Central Nervous System (CNS) = brain + spinal cord. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) splits into somatic (voluntary movements) and autonomic (involuntary). Sympathetic division triggers ‘fight or flight’; Parasympathetic returns to ‘rest and digest’. Acronym: ‘SPA’ – Sympathetic = Panic Alert.

中枢神经系统 (CNS) = 大脑 + 脊髓。周围神经系统 (PNS) 分为躯体（随意运动）和自主（不随意）。交感神经系统引发“战或逃”；副交感神经则回到“休息和消化”。助记：“SPA”——交感 = 恐慌警报。

Sensory neurons carry messages from receptors to CNS (afferent → ‘arrive’). Motor neurons carry commands from CNS to effectors (efferent → ‘exit’). Relay neurons connect sensory and motor within the CNS. Remember: ‘SAME’ – Sensory Afferent, Motor Efferent.

感觉神经元将信息从感受器传到中枢（传入 → “抵达”）。运动神经元将指令从中枢传到效应器（传出 → “离开”）。中继神经元在中枢内连接感觉和运动。记住：‘SAME’——感觉传入，运动传出。

Broca’s area (left frontal lobe) is for speech production; damage causes Broca’s aphasia (broken speech). Wernicke’s area (left temporal lobe) is for language comprehension; damage produces fluent but meaningless speech. Mnemonic: ‘Broca’s Broken, Wernicke’s Wordy’.

布罗卡区（左额叶）负责言语产生；损伤导致布罗卡失语（断续言语）。韦尼克区（左颞叶）负责语言理解；损伤产生流畅但无意义的言语。记忆法：“布罗卡钝挫，韦尼克啰嗦”。

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4. Social Influence: Conformity & Obedience | 社会影响：从众与服从

Conformity – yielding to group pressure. Kelman’s types: Compliance (public change, private disagreement), Identification (temporary change to fit a role), Internalisation (genuine acceptance). Think ‘CII’ – Compliance is Copying, Internalisation is Integration.

从众——屈从于群体压力。凯尔曼的类型：顺从（公开改变，私下不同意），认同（为融入角色暂时改变），内化（真正接受）。助记‘CII’——顺从是复制，内化是融合。

Explanations for conformity: Normative Social Influence (NSI) – desire to be liked and accepted; Informational Social Influence (ISI) – desire to be right. Links: ‘NSI = Norms, Need to be liked’ and ‘ISI = Information, Insecure about being right’.

从众的解释：规范性社会影响 (NSI)——渴望被喜欢和接受；信息性社会影响 (ISI)——渴望正确。联想：‘NSI = 规范，需受欢迎’；‘ISI = 信息，不确定是否正确’。

Obedience – following direct orders. Milgram’s agency theory: Agentic state (act as agent for authority) and autonomous state (own responsibility). Legitimacy of authority and proximity affect obedience. A mnemonic: ‘Obedience Occurs when in Agentic mode’.

服从——遵循直接命令。米尔格拉姆的代理理论：代理状态（作为权威的代理人行事）和自主状态（自己负责）。权威的合法性和接近度影响服从。记忆法：“代理模式产生服从”。

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5. Memory: Encoding, Storage & Retrieval | 记忆：编码、存储与提取

Multi-store model (Atkinson & Shiffrin): Sensory register → attention → Short-term memory (STM) → rehearsal → Long-term memory (LTM). Capacity: STM 7±2 items (Miller’s magic number), LTM unlimited. Duration: STM 18-30s, LTM lifetime.

多储存模型（阿特金森和谢夫林）：感觉登记 → 注意 → 短时记忆 (STM) → 复述 → 长时记忆 (LTM)。容量：STM 7±2 个项目（米勒的魔法数字），长时记忆无限。持续时间：STM 18–30 秒，LTM 终身。

Working memory model (Baddeley & Hitch): Central executive (supervisor), phonological loop (verbal), visuo-spatial sketchpad (visual), episodic buffer (integrator). Use the acronym ‘CE-VP-EP’ – Central, Visuo-Phono, Episodic.

工作记忆模型（巴德利和希奇）：中央执行器（监督者），语音环（言语），视空画板（视觉），情景缓冲器（整合器）。使用首字母缩写‘CE-VP-EP’——中央，视音，情景。

Types of LTM: Episodic (personal events), Semantic (facts), Procedural (skills). Remember ‘ESP’ memory types – Episodic Self, Semantic School, Procedural Physical. Retrieval failure can be explained by context-dependent and state-dependent cues.

长时记忆类型：情景（个人事件），语义（事实），程序（技能）。助记‘ESP’——情景自我，语义学校，程序身体。提取失败可由情境依存和状态依存线索解释。

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6. Attachment: Stages & Styles | 依恋：阶段与类型

Schaffer’s stages of attachment: Asocial (0-6 weeks), Indiscriminate (6 weeks-7 months), Specific (7-9 months), Multiple (10+ months). Mnemonic: ‘All Infants Seek Milk’ – Asocial, Indiscriminate, Specific, Multiple.

谢弗的依恋阶段：无社交（0–6周），无差别（6周–7个月），特定（7–9个月），多重（10个月以上）。助记：‘All Infants Seek Milk’——无社交，无差别，特定，多重。

Types of attachment (Ainsworth’s Strange Situation): Secure (Type B) – explores, upset when caregiver leaves, happy on return. Insecure-avoidant (Type A) – ignores caregiver. Insecure-resistant (Type C) – clingy, resists comfort. Think ‘ABC’ – Avoidant Avoids, B is Balanced, C Cries and Clings.

依恋类型（安斯沃思陌生情境法）：安全型 (B)——探索，看护者离开时不安，回来时高兴。不安全-回避型 (A)——忽略看护者。不安全-反抗型 (C)——粘人，拒绝安慰。联想‘ABC’——回避型回避，B 型平衡，C 型哭泣紧贴。

Explanations of attachment: Learning theory (cupboard love) vs Bowlby’s monotropic theory (innate, critical period, internal working model). Key terms: Imprinting, social releasers, secure base. Think: ‘Bowlby = Built-in Bond’.

依恋理论解释：学习理论（“食橱之爱”）对比鲍尔比的单一依恋理论（先天，关键期，内部工作模型）。关键术语：印刻，社会释放器，安全基地。联想：‘鲍尔比 = 内在联结’。

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7. Psychopathology: Definitions & Disorders | 心理病理学：定义与障碍

Four definitions of abnormality – Devation from social norms, Failure to function adequately, Deviation from ideal mental health, Statistical infrequency. Recall ‘DFSD’ or ‘DISS’. Jahoda’s ideal mental health criteria include autonomy, self-actualisation, and accurate perception of reality.

异常的四种定义：偏离社会规范、功能失调、偏离理想心理健康、统计罕见。记忆‘DFSD’或‘DISS’。贾霍达的理想心理健康标准包括自主、自我实现和准确现实感知。

Phobias: behavioural (avoidance), emotional (anxiety), cognitive (irrational beliefs) characteristics. Explained by the two-process model (classical conditioning initiates, operant conditioning maintains). Treatment – systematic desensitisation and flooding.

恐惧症：行为（回避）、情绪（焦虑）、认知（不合理信念）特征。解释为双过程模型（经典条件作用引发，操作性条件作用维持）。治疗——系统脱敏和冲击疗法。

Depression: Becks negative triad (self, world, future). Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) challenges irrational thoughts. OCD: obsessions (cognitive) and compulsions (behavioural). Biological explanation – COMT gene, serotonin dysregulation.

抑郁症：贝克负性三联征（自我、世界、未来）。认知行为疗法 (CBT) 挑战不理性想法。强迫症 (OCD)：强迫思维（认知）和强迫行为（行为）。生物学解释——COMT 基因，5-羟色胺失调。

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8. Approaches in Psychology | 心理学流派

Behaviourist approach: only observable behaviour, classical (Pavlov) and operant (Skinner) conditioning. Key terms: stimulus, response, reinforcement, punishment. ‘Behaviourists Believe in Black box’ – mind irrelevant.

行为主义流派：只研究可观察行为，经典条件作用（巴甫洛夫）和操作性条件作用（斯金纳）。关键术语：刺激、反应、强化、惩罚。“行为主义者只信黑箱”——内心无关。

Biological approach: genes, neurochemistry, nervous system. Genotype vs phenotype, concordance rates in twin studies. ‘Biology Builds Behaviour’. Cognitive approach: internal mental processes studied inferentially, computer analogy, schemas.

生物学流派：基因、神经化学、神经系统。基因型对比表现型，双生子研究一致率。“生物塑造行为”。认知流派：通过推断研究内部心理过程，计算机类比，图式。

Psychodynamic approach (Freud): unconscious mind, tripartite personality (Id, Ego, Superego), psychosexual stages. A mnemonic for defence mechanisms: ‘DR PRDS’ – Denial, Repression, Projection, Rationalisation, Displacement, Sublimation.

心理动力学流派（弗洛伊德）：潜意识，人格三分结构（本我、自我、超我），心理性欲阶段。防御机制记忆法：‘DR PRDS’——否认、压抑、投射、合理化、置换、升华。

Humanistic approach: free will, self-actualisation, Maslow’s hierarchy, Rogers’ unconditional positive regard. Compare: Humanism Harnesses Holistic growth. Contrast with determinism of other approaches.

人本主义流派：自由意志，自我实现，马斯洛需求层次，罗杰斯的无条件积极关注。对比：人本主义促进整体成长。与其他流派的决定论相对照。

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9. Issues & Debates: Nature vs Nurture | 争议与辩论：先天与后天

Nature-nurture debate: extent to which behaviour is inherited (nature) or learned (nurture). Interactionism – both work together, e.g., diathesis-stress model. ‘Nature is Nativism, Nurture is Nurturing environment’.

先天–后天之争：行为多大程度上来自遗传（先天）或习得（后天）。交互论——共同作用，例如素质–应激模型。“先天即天性，后天即养育”。

Free will vs determinism: hard determinism (all behaviour has a cause) vs soft determinism (some conscious control). Biological, environmental, psychic determinism. Mnemonic: ‘BEP’ – Biology, Environment, Psyche.

自由意志与决定论：硬决定论（一切行为皆有原因）对比软决定论（部分意识控制）。生物决定论、环境决定论、精神决定论。记忆：‘BEP’——生物、环境、精神。

Holism vs reductionism: Holism looks at the whole person, reductionism breaks down to basic components. Levels of explanation in psychology. Remember ‘Holeism sees the whole, Reductionism reduces’.

整体论与还原论：整体论关注整个人，还原论分解为基本成分。心理学中的解释层次。记住“整体看整体，还原论简化”。

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10. Key Studies & Evaluation Terms | 关键研究与评价术语

For evaluation, use the GRAVE framework: Generalisability, Reliability, Application, Validity, Ethics. Another is SCOUT: Support, Criticism, Objectivity, Usefulness, Theory comparison. ‘GRAVE’ reminders: G – sample size, R – consistency, A – real-world, V – internal/external, E – BPS guidelines.

评价时使用 GRAVE 框架：普遍性、信度、应用、效度、伦理。另一个是 SCOUT：支持、批评、客观性、实用性、理论比较。“GRAVE”提示：G – 样本量，R – 一致性，A – 现实世界，V – 内/外部，E – 伦理准则。

Key study terms: Independent groups design (different participants in each condition) vs Repeated measures (same participants). Matched pairs design. Avoid order effects with counterbalancing. A mnemonic: ‘Order Effects Overcome by Order swapping’.

关键研究术语：独立组设计（每组不同被试）对比重复测量（同一被试）。配对组设计。用平衡设计避免顺序效应。记忆：“顺序效应靠次序交换避免”。

Ethical issues: Informed consent, deception, protection from harm, privacy, right to withdraw. Remember ‘C-C-C-P-D’ – Consent, Confidentiality, Competence, Protection, Debrief. Or ‘SOD’ – Silence?

伦理问题：知情同意、欺骗、免受伤害、隐私、退出权。记忆‘C-C-C-P-D’——同意、保密、能力、保护、事后解释。

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11. Command Words & Exam Terminology | 指令词与考试术语

AQA command words: ‘Outline’ – give a brief account. ‘Describe’ – provide a detailed account. ‘Explain’ – give reasons or mechanisms. ‘Evaluate’ – use GRAVE to discuss strengths and limitations. Remember ‘ODEE’: Outline, Describe, Explain, Evaluate.

AQA 指令词：‘概述’——简要说明。‘描述’——详细叙述。‘解释’——给出原因或机制。‘评价’——用 GRAVE 讨论优缺点。记住‘ODEE’。

‘Discuss’ – consider both sides and reach a conclusion. ‘Compare’ – identify similarities and differences. ‘Contrast’ – focus on differences. Use PEEL (Point, Evidence, Explain, Link) for essays. ‘Discuss’ often means AO1 + AO3.

‘讨论’——权衡两面并得出结论。‘比较’——找出异同。‘对比’——聚焦差异。论文使用 PEEL（观点、证据、解释、链接）结构。‘讨论’通常意味着 AO1 + AO3。

Assessment objectives (AO): AO1 – Demonstrate knowledge, AO2 – Apply, AO3 – Evaluate. When revising, label your notes with AO codes. ‘AO1 = I Know, AO2 = I Can Use, AO3 = I Judge’.

评价目标 (AO)：AO1——展示知识，AO2——应用，AO3——评价。复习时用 AO 代码标记笔记。‘AO1 = 我知道，AO2 = 我能用，AO3 = 我评断’。

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12. Quick-fire Mnemonics Roundup | 速记术汇总

Neurotransmitter functions: ‘SAD’ – Serotonin (sleep, mood), Acetylcholine (muscle contraction, memory), Dopamine (reward, movement). For attachment figures, recall ‘SMO’ – Schaffer, Main, Other. Always link term to image for durable memory.

神经递质功能：‘SAD’——血清素（睡眠、情绪），乙酰胆碱（肌肉收缩、记忆），多巴胺（奖赏、运动）。依恋研究人物助记‘SMO’——谢弗、梅因、其他。始终将术语与图像联系起来以获得持久记忆。

Correlation coefficients: positive, negative, zero. Strength measured by coefficient (-1 to +1). ‘Correlation does Not mean Causation’ – third variable problem. Use ‘C ≠ C’ as a visual stamp.

相关系数：正相关、负相关、零相关。强度由系数（-1 到 +1）衡量。“相关不代表因果”——第三变量问题。用‘C ≠ C’作为视觉印记。

Recall the difference between an aim and a hypothesis: Aim = general statement of purpose, Hypothesis = precise, testable prediction. Use the formula: ‘If… then…’ for experimental hypotheses. Directional (one-tailed) vs non-directional (two-tailed).

区分目的和假设：目的是广泛陈述意图，假设是精确、可检验的预测。实验假设用‘如果……那么……’公式。定向（单尾）与非定向（双尾）。

Finally, the ‘Mnemonic peg’ for ethical guidelines: ‘Can – Consent, Dad – Deception, Play – Protection, Really – Right to withdraw, Cool – Confidentiality, Piano – Privacy’. Rehearse daily.

最后，伦理准则的“记忆挂钩”：‘C-同意，D-欺骗，P-保护，R-退出权，C-保密，P-隐私’。每天演练。

Published by TutorHao | Psychology Revision Series | aleveler.com

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