📚 A-Level WJEC German: Quick Reference Guide to Grammar Formulas and Rules | A-Level WJEC 德语：语法公式与规则速查手册
This handbook provides a concise summary of the key grammar formulas and structural rules you need for the A-Level WJEC German examination. Treat these patterns as ‘formulae’ that can be reliably applied in speaking, writing, and translation tasks. Master them, and you will handle complex language with greater confidence and accuracy.
本手册为 A-Level WJEC 德语考试提供核心语法公式与结构规则的简明总结。将这些模式视为可以可靠应用于口语、写作和翻译任务的“公式”。掌握它们，你将能够更自信、更准确地处理复杂语言。
1. Verb Conjugation Formula | 动词变位公式
Regular verbs follow the pattern: stem + (-e, -st, -t, -en, -t, -en). Irregular and stem-changing verbs retain the same endings but may alter the stem vowel in the du and er/sie/es forms. The present tense of haben and sein must be memorised as they form the basis of perfect and pluperfect constructions.
规则动词遵循模式：词干 + (-e, -st, -t, -en, -t, -en)。不规则及词干变化动词保留相同词尾，但可能在 du 和 er/sie/es 人称中改变词干元音。haben 和 sein 的现在时形式必须牢记，因为它们是完成时和过去完成时结构的基础。
| Pronoun | spielen (regular) | lesen (stem-change e → ie) | haben | sein |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ich | spiele | lese | habe | bin |
| du | spielst | liest | hast | bist |
| er/sie/es | spielt | liest | hat | ist |
| wir | spielen | lesen | haben | sind |
| ihr | spielt | lest | habt | seid |
| sie/Sie | spielen | lesen | haben | sind |
In the perfect tense, the formula is auxiliary (haben/sein) + past participle, with the participle placed at the end of the clause. Past participles for weak verbs are formed as ge + stem + t, while strong verbs often use ge + modified stem + en. Mixed verbs add ge + stem + t but with a stem vowel change.
在现在完成时中，公式为：助动词 (haben/sein) + 过去分词，分词置于从句末尾。弱变化动词的过去分词由 ge + 词干 + t 构成，强变化动词通常用 ge + 变化词干 + en，混合动词则加 ge + 词干 + t 但带有词干元音变化。
2. Case System Declension Tables | 格系统变格表
The four cases follow a fixed article declension pattern. The definite article (der, die, das) changes according to gender and case, while the indefinite article follows a similar path missing the nominative masculine and neuter as well as accusative neuter forms. Mastering this table unlocks correct adjective endings and object recognition.
四个格遵循固定的冠词变格模式。定冠词 (der, die, das) 根据性和格变化，不定冠词类似但缺少主格阳性和中性及宾格中性的独立形式。掌握该表格是正确使用形容词词尾和宾语识别的基础。
| Case | Masculine | Neuter | Feminine | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | der | das | die | die |
| Accusative | den | das | die | die |
| Dative | dem | dem | der | den (+n on noun if possible) |
| Genitive | des + -(e)s | des + -(e)s | der | der |
Personal pronouns also decline across cases: ich (mich, mir), du (dich, dir), er (ihn, ihm), sie (sie, ihr), es (es, ihm), wir (uns), ihr (euch), sie (sie, ihnen), Sie (Sie, Ihnen). Being able to instantly recall these forms prevents errors in relative and subordinate clauses.
人称代词同样按格变化：ich (mich, mir), du (dich, dir) 等。能够即时回忆起这些形式可以避免关系从句和从属句中的错误。
3. Adjective Endings Formula | 形容词词尾公式
Adjective endings depend on three factors: the gender, number, and case of the noun, and whether a definite article, indefinite article, or no article precedes. The ‘strong’ ending is used when there is no der-word to show the case clearly; the ‘weak’ ending -e or -en appears after a der-word. This formula can be memorised through the ‘ResE-NER’ mnemonic.
形容词词尾取决于三个因素：名词的性、数、格，以及前接的是定冠词、不定冠词还是零冠词。“强变化”词尾在不出现可明确指示格的 der-词时使用；“弱变化”词尾 -e 或 -en 在 der-词后出现。可通过 ‘ResE-NER’ 记忆术掌握该公式。
After the definite article in the nominative and accusative singular, the adjective usually takes -e; all other forms take -en. After the indefinite article and possessive determiners, the pattern mixes strong and weak: the adjective must show the case when the article does not. For instance, ‘ein guter Mann’ (nominative masculine) but ‘einen guten Mann’ (accusative).
定冠词后的主格和宾格单数，形容词通常取 -e；其余形式取 -en。不定冠词和物主限定词之后，模式混合了强弱变化：当冠词无法显示格时，形容词必须承担该功能。例如 ‘ein guter Mann’（主格阳性）但 ‘einen guten Mann’（宾格）。
4. Word Order Rules | 语序规则
The fundamental formula for German main clause word order is ‘verb second idea’. The finite verb must be the second element in the sentence, even if the first element is not the subject. This can be expressed as: [Element 1] + [finite verb] + [subject?] + [other elements]. Time, manner, place (TMP) ordering applies after the verb.
德语主句语序的基本公式是“动词第二顺位”。无论第一位是否为主语，定式动词都必须是句中第二个成分。可表示为：[成分1] + [定式动词] + [主语?] + [其他成分]。动词后遵循时间-方式-地点 (TMP) 排序。
In subordinate clauses, the formula flips: the finite verb moves to the end. The structure is: [subordinating conjunction] + [subject] + [other elements] + [finite verb]. Recognising this shift is vital for understanding complex texts and producing accurate speech. In addition, when a subordinate clause precedes the main clause, the main clause begins with the verb.
在从句中，公式反转：定式动词移至末尾。结构为：[从属连词] + [主语] + [其他成分] + [定式动词]。识别这一转换对于理解复杂文本和准确表达至关重要。此外，当从句位于主句之前时，主句以动词开头。
5. Subjunctive Mood Formulas | 虚拟式公式
Konjunktiv II is used for hypotheticals, polite requests, and reported conditional statements. The formula for regular verbs is: würde + infinitive. For common irregular verbs (sein, haben, modal verbs), use the special Konjunktiv II form directly: wäre, hätte, könnte, müsste, etc. The ‘würde’ construction can be avoided where a genuine Konjunktiv II form exists.
第二虚拟式用于假设、礼貌请求和间接条件陈述。规则动词的公式为：würde + 不定式。常见的不规则动词 (sein, haben, 情态动词) 直接使用特殊第二虚拟形式：wäre, hätte, könnte, müsste 等。如果真实第二虚拟式存在，则应避免用 würde 结构。
Konjunktiv I is reserved for reported speech (indirect speech) in formal contexts, such as news reports. Its formula is based on the present tense stem, with distinctive endings: -e, -est, -e, -en, -et, -en. It distinguishes itself from the indicative primarily in the third person singular, where an -e replaces -t. For example: ‘Er sagte, er habe kein Geld.’
第一虚拟式保留用于正式语境中的间接引语（如新闻报道）。其公式基于现在时词干，具有独特的词尾：-e, -est, -e, -en, -et, -en。它主要通过第三人称单数区别于直陈式，即以 -e 替换 -t。例如：’Er sagte, er habe kein Geld.’
6. Passive Voice Formula | 被动语态公式
The passive voice is formed with the auxiliary werden and the past participle of the main verb. The present passive formula is: werden (conjugated) + past participle. The past passive uses wurden + past participle, and the perfect passive is sein + past participle + worden (the ‘geworden’ drops the ge- when paired with sein).
被动语态由助动词 werden 与主要动词的过去分词构成。现在时被动公式为：werden (变位) + 过去分词。过去时被动用 wurden + 过去分词，完成时被动为 sein + 过去分词 + worden (与 sein 连用时，’geworden’ 去掉 ge-)。
The subject of the active sentence disappears or is introduced with ‘von’ (+ dative) or ‘durch’ (+ accusative) for agents. The formula for the passive with a modal verb is: modal verb (conjugated) + past participle + werden (infinitive, at the end). Example: ‘Das Fenster muss geschlossen werden.’ This double infinitive construction always places werden at the very end.
主动句的主语消失或由 ‘von’ (+ 与格) 或 ‘durch’ (+ 宾格) 引出施动者。带情态动词的被动公式为：情态动词(变位) + 过去分词 + werden(原形，在末尾)。例如：’Das Fenster muss geschlossen werden.’ 这种双不定式结构总是将 werden 置末。
7. Relative Clauses Structure | 关系从句结构
Relative clauses provide additional information about a noun and follow the formula: [comma] + relative pronoun + [subject?] + [other elements] + [finite verb at end] + [comma]. The relative pronoun must match the antecedent in gender and number, but its case is determined by its function within the relative clause.
关系从句提供关于名词的附加信息，遵循公式：[逗号] + 关系代词 + [主语?] + [其他成分] + [末尾定式动词] + [逗号]。关系代词必须在性和数上与其先行词一致，但其格取决于在从句中的功能。
The relative pronouns are identical to the definite articles except in the dative plural (denen) and the genitive (dessen, deren, dessen, deren). Mastery of this formula allows you to build ambitious, sophisticated sentences that are highly rewarded at A-Level. Example: ‘Das Buch, dessen Titel ich vergessen habe, war spannend.’
关系代词与定冠词形式相同，除了与格复数 (denen) 和所有格 (dessen, deren, dessen, deren)。掌握该公式可令你构建出在 A-Level 中倍受青睐的复杂、精致句子。例如：’Das Buch, dessen Titel ich vergessen habe, war spannend.’
8. Prepositional Case Triggers | 介词格触发规则
Prepositions in German force a specific case. Learn the triggers as formulae: the ‘accusative group’ (durch, fuer, gegen, ohne, um) always takes the accusative. The ‘dative group’ (aus, bei, mit, nach, seit, von, zu, gegenueber) always commands the dative. The genitive prepositions (trotz, waehrend, wegen, innerhalb, ausserhalb) trigger the genitive.
德语介词强制要求特定格。将触发规则作为公式学习：“宾格组”(durch, fuer, gegen, ohne, um) 永远接宾格。“与格组”(aus, bei, mit, nach, seit, von, zu, gegenueber) 永远要求与格。所有格介词 (trotz, waehrend, wegen, innerhalb, ausserhalb) 触发所有格。
The ‘two-way’ prepositions (an, auf, hinter, in, neben, über, unter, vor, zwischen) use the accusative to express movement or direction (wohin?) and the dative to indicate location or state (wo?). This formula is essential for describing locations and actions accurately: ‘Ich gehe ins (in das) Kino’ vs. ‘Ich bin im (in dem) Kino’.
“双向介词”(an, auf, hinter, in, neben, über, unter, vor, zwischen) 用宾格表达运动或方向 (wohin?)，用与格表示位置或状态 (wo?)。该公式对于准确描述地点和动作至关重要：’Ich gehe ins Kino’ 对 ‘Ich bin im Kino’。
9. Modal Verb Construction | 情态动词结构
Modal verbs (dürfen, können, mögen, müssen, sollen, wollen) modify the main verb and follow the formula: modal verb (conjugated to subject) + infinitive (at end). In the present and imperfect tenses, the modal verb is the finite verb, and the main verb stands as an infinitive at the clause end. The double infinitive rule applies in perfect tenses: haben + infinitive + modal infinitive.
情态动词 (dürfen, können, mögen, müssen, sollen, wollen) 修饰主要动词，遵循公式：情态动词(按照主语变位) + 不定式(于末尾)。在现在时和过去时中，情态动词为定式动词，主要动词以不定式置于句末。完成时则适用双不定式规则：haben + 不定式 + 情态动词原形。
The meaning of these verbs shifts in the subjunctive: ‘koennte’ expresses a possibility or polite request, ‘muesste’ a moral obligation, ‘sollte’ advice or recommendation. Being able to drop the ‘würde’ by using a modal subjunctive makes your language more idiomatic.
这些动词在虚拟式中含义转变：’koennte’ 表达可能性或礼貌请求，’muesste’ 表示道德义务，’sollte’ 表示建议或推荐。能够通过使用情态虚拟式而弃用 ‘würde’，会使你的语言更加地道。
10. Comparative and Superlative Forms | 比较级和最高级形式
Comparatives are formed by adding -er to the adjective or adverb, often accompanied by an umlaut on stem vowels a, o, u in common monosyllabic adjectives. The formula is: adjective + -er + als + comparison object. For superlatives, the predicate form is am + adjective + -(e)sten, while the attributive form requires the definite article and adj + -ste + adjective ending.
比较级由形容词或副词加 -er 构成，常见单音节形容词中的 a, o, u 常伴随变音。公式为：形容词 + -er + als + 比较对象。最高级的表语形式为 am + 形容词 + -(e)sten，而定语形式需要定冠词和 adj + -ste + 形容词词尾。
Irregular forms must be memorised as set equations: gut → besser → am besten; viel → mehr → am meisten; gern → lieber → am liebsten; hoch → hoeher → am hoechsten. The comparison formula is central to expressing opinions, describing changes, and handling graph descriptions in the exam.
不规则形式须作为固定等式记忆：gut → besser → am besten; viel → mehr → am meisten; gern → lieber → am liebsten; hoch → hoeher → am hoechsten。比较公式对于在考试中表达观点、描述变化以及处理图表描述至关重要。
11. Da- and Wo- Compounds | 代副词
Da- and wo- compounds replace a prepositional phrase when referring to things or ideas, not people. The formula is: da + preposition (if the preposition starts with a vowel, add -r-). They anticipate a following clause or replace a previously mentioned object. For example: ‘Ich warte darauf, dass er kommt.’ (darauf = auf das).
代副词在指代事物或想法而非人时替换介词短语。公式为：da + 介词（若介词以元音开头，则添加 -r-）。它们可预见后接的从句或替代前文提及的对象。例如：’Ich warte darauf, dass er kommt.’ (darauf = auf das)。
Wo- compounds are used in questions or relative clauses: ‘Womit beschaeftigst du dich?’ or ‘Das Thema, womit er sich beschaeftigt, ist komplex.’ The correct application of these compounds avoids clumsy ‘mit was’ constructions and shows grammatical control in the speaking and writing components.
Wo- 复合词用于疑问句或关系从句中：’Womit beschaeftigst du dich?’ 或 ‘Das Thema, womit er sich beschaeftigt, ist komplex.’ 正确使用这些复合词可以避免笨拙的 ‘mit was’ 结构，并在口语和写作部分展现出语法掌控力。
12. Indirect Speech Rules | 间接引语规则
Indirect speech (indirekte Rede) in formal German relies on Konjunktiv I. The formula takes the verb stem from the infinitive and adds: -e, -est, -e, -en, -et, -en. If the Konjunktiv I form is identical to the present indicative, Konjunktiv II or würde + infinitive is used as a substitute to maintain the subjunctive distinction.
正式德语中的间接引语依赖于第一虚拟式。公式为取不定式动词词干并添加：-e, -est, -e, -en, -et, -en。如果第一虚拟式形式与直陈式现在时相同，则用第二虚拟式或 würde + 不定式替代，以保留虚拟式的区分效果。
When converting direct speech to indirect, the introductory verb in the past (e.g. er sagte) sets the stage. The present indicative of the original direct speech shifts to Konjunktiv I present. Pronouns and time expressions must also adjust to the reported perspective. This systematic transformation is a signature of high-level written German.
将直接引语转换为间接引语时，过去时引导动词（如 er sagte）提供了背景。原直接引语中的直陈式现在时转换为第一虚拟式现在时。代词和时间表达也必须根据转述视角进行调整。这种系统化转换是高水平书写德语的标志。
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