📚 A-Level WJEC Spanish: Formula & Rule Quick Reference Handbook | A-Level WJEC 西班牙语：公式定理速查手册
This quick reference handbook compiles the essential grammar ‘formulas’ and structural rules required for the A-Level WJEC Spanish examinations. Each section presents a clear, formulaic summary of key linguistic patterns — from verb paradigms to mood triggers and sentence connectors — enabling rapid revision and application in written and oral tasks.
本速查手册汇集了 A-Level WJEC 西班牙语考试所需的核心语法“公式”与结构规则。每一节都以清晰的公式化形式总结关键的语言模式——从动词变位模板到时态触发词、句式连接——帮助考生在书面与口语任务中快速复习、准确运用。
1. Present Tense Regular Conjugations | 现在时规则变位
For regular verbs, the present indicative endings attach directly to the infinitive stem.
对于规则动词，现在时陈述式的词尾直接加在不定式词干之后。
-AR: stem + o, as, a, amos, áis, an
-ER: stem + o, es, e, emos, éis, en
-IR: stem + o, es, e, imos, ís, en
Stem changes (e → ie, o → ue, e → i) and irregular yo forms (tengo, vengo, digo, etc.) must be memorised separately, but the above endings remain constant.
词干元音变化（e → ie, o → ue, e → i）和不规则 yo 形式（tengo、vengo、digo 等）需要单独记忆，但上述词尾保持不变。
2. Preterite vs Imperfect | 简单过去时与过去未完成时
The preterite expresses completed actions at a specific point; the imperfect describes ongoing, habitual, or descriptive past situations.
简单过去时表达在特定时间点完成的动作；过去未完成时描述持续、习惯或背景性的过去情景。
Preterite endings: -AR: é, aste, ó, amos, asteis, aron
-ER / -IR: í, iste, ió, imos, isteis, ieron
Imperfect endings: -AR: aba, abas, aba, ábamos, abais, aban
-ER / -IR: ía, ías, ía, íamos, íais, ían
Trigger words for the preterite include ‘ayer’, ‘anoche’, ‘el año pasado’; typical imperfect triggers are ‘todos los días’, ‘mientras’, ‘de niño/a’.
简单过去时的触发词包括 “ayer”、“anoche”、“el año pasado”；未完成时的典型触发词是 “todos los días”、“mientras”、“de niño/a”。
3. Future and Conditional Tenses | 将来时与条件时
Both tenses are formed by adding a set of endings to the full infinitive — no stem removal.
两个时态都是把一组词尾直接加在完整的不定式上——无需去除词干。
Future: infinitive + é, ás, á, emos, éis, án
Conditional: infinitive + ía, ías, ía, íamos, íais, ían
Irregular stems (haber → habr-, poder → podr-, querer → querr-, saber → sabr-, etc.) use the same endings.
不规则词干（haber → habr-、poder → podr-、querer → querr-、saber → sabr- 等）使用相同的词尾。
The conditional often appears in polite requests and hypothetical ‘if-then’ structures: ‘Me gustaría’ (I would like).
条件时常用于礼貌请求和假设的 “if-then” 结构：“Me gustaría”（我想要）。
4. Present Subjunctive – Formation and Triggers | 现在虚拟式构成与触发条件
Take the yo form of the present indicative, drop the -o, and add the opposite vowel endings.
取现在时陈述式第一人称单数 yo 形式，去掉 -o，加上相反的元音词尾。
-AR verbs: e, es, e, emos, éis, en
-ER / -IR verbs: a, as, a, amos, áis, an
It is triggered by WEIRDO: Wishes, Emotions, Impersonal expressions, Recommendations, Doubt/denial, Ojalá. Examples: ‘Espero que vengas’, ‘Dudo que sea verdad’.
它由 WEIRDO 触发：愿望、情感、无人称表达、建议、疑惑/否定、Ojalá。例如：“Espero que vengas”、“Dudo que sea verdad”。
Verbs of influence (querer, aconsejar, pedir) plus ‘que’ also force the subjunctive.
影响类动词（querer、aconsejar、pedir）加 “que” 也会强制使用虚拟式。
5. Imperfect Subjunctive | 过去虚拟式
Formed from the third-person plural of the preterite (ellos/ellas/ustedes), remove the -ron and add the imperfect subjunctive endings.
构成方法：取简单过去时第三人称复数（ellos/ellas/ustedes），去掉 -ron，加上过去虚拟式词尾。
Endings: ra, ras, ra, ramos, rais, ran (or -se variants)
Example: hablaron → habla- + ra → hablara / hablase.
例如：hablaron → habla- + ra → hablara / hablase。
Used in the same subordinate contexts as the present subjunctive, but when the main clause is in a past tense or conditional. ‘Quería que vinieras.’
应用于与现在虚拟式相同的从句语境，但主句为过去时或条件时。“Quería que vinieras。”
6. Perfect and Pluperfect Tenses | 现在完成时与过去完成时
All perfect tenses use the auxiliary verb ‘haber’ plus a past participle (invariable form ending in -ado for -AR, -ido for -ER / -IR, e.g., hablado, comido, vivido).
所有完成时均使用助动词 “haber” 加上过去分词（无性数变化，-AR 结尾 -ado，-ER/-IR 结尾 -ido，如 hablado、comido、vivido）。
Present perfect: he, has, ha, hemos, habéis, han + past participle
Pluperfect: había, habías, había, habíamos, habíais, habían + past participle
The present perfect links past actions to the present (especially with ‘hoy’, ‘este año’, ‘ya’, ‘todavía no’). The pluperfect indicates an action completed before another past action.
现在完成时将过去动作与现在联系起来（常与 “hoy”、“este año”、“ya”、“todavía no” 连用）。过去完成时表示在另一过去动作之前已完成的动作。
7. Sequence of Tenses | 时态序列
In subordinate clauses introduced by ‘que’, the mood and tense are governed by the main clause.
在 “que” 引导的从句中，语气与时态由主句决定。
| Main clause tense | Subordinate clause required |
| Present indicative | Present subjunctive |
| Future / Command | Present subjunctive |
| Preterite / Imperfect / Conditional / Pluperfect | Imperfect subjunctive |
When the main idea is negative, doubtful, or emotional, the subjunctive must follow the time sequence rule.
当主句表达否定、怀疑或情感时，从句必须遵循此时序规则使用虚拟式。
8. Si Clauses (Conditional Sentences) | 条件句（Si 从句）
Three main types form the logical backbone of Spanish conditionals.
三大主要类型构成了西班牙语条件句的逻辑骨架。
Type 1 (real): Si + present indicative → present / future / imperative
Example: Si estudias, aprobarás.
Type 2 (hypothetical): Si + imperfect subjunctive → conditional
Example: Si tuviera dinero, viajaría.
Type 3 (contrary to fact): Si + pluperfect subjunctive → conditional perfect
Example: Si hubiera sabido, habría venido.
The order of clauses can be reversed without changing the relationship.
从句顺序可以颠倒而不改变条件关系。
9. Passive Voice and Impersonal Se | 被动语态与无人称 Se
The true passive with ‘ser’ + past participle agrees in gender and number with the subject, and the agent is introduced by ‘por’.
真正的被动语态由 “ser” + 过去分词构成，分词需与主语性数一致，施动者由 “por” 引入。
Passive formula: ser (conjugated) + past participle (agreement) + (por + agent)
Example: La novela fue escrita por Cervantes.
Spanish much more commonly uses the impersonal ‘se’ or the passive ‘se’ to avoid naming the agent.
西班牙语更常使用无人称 “se” 或被动 “se” 来避免提及施动者。
Se + 3rd person singular verb: Se habla español.
Se + 3rd person verb (singular/plural) + object: Se venden coches.
These structures are essential for formal writing in WJEC tasks.
这些结构对于 WJEC 考试中的正式写作至关重要。
10. Direct and Indirect Object Pronouns | 直接与间接宾语代词
The placement formulas are strict, especially with infinitives, gerunds, and imperatives.
代词的位置规则非常严格，尤其在不定式、副动词和命令式中。
DO: me, te, lo/la, nos, os, los/las
IO: me, te, le, nos, os, les
When both appear together, the indirect object comes first. If both are third person, ‘le/les’ changes to ‘se’ before ‘lo/la/los/las’: ‘Se lo di’.
两者同时出现时，间接宾语在前。若两者均为第三人称，“le/les” 在 “lo/la/los/las” 前变为 “se”：“Se lo di”。
With conjugated verbs, pronouns precede the verb: ‘Te lo doy’. With infinitives or gerunds, they attach to the end: ‘dármelo’, ‘diciéndoselo’. Affirmative commands also attach pronouns; negative commands place them before the verb.
与变位动词连用时，代词位于动词之前：“Te lo doy”。与不定式或副动词连用时则附在词尾：“dármelo”、“diciéndoselo”。肯定命令式中代词附后；否定命令式中代词前置。
11. Formal and Informal Commands | 正式与非正式命令式
Affirmative tú commands use the él/ella form of the present indicative; negative tú commands use the tú form of the present subjunctive.
肯定 tú 命令式使用现在时陈述式 él/ella 形式；否定 tú 命令式使用现在时虚拟式 tú 形式。
Tú +: habla, come, vive | Tú -: no hables, no comas, no vivas
Usted and ustedes commands are always taken from the corresponding subjunctive forms.
Usted 和 ustedes 命令式始终来自对应的虚拟式形式。
Usted: hable, coma, viva | Ustedes: hablen, coman, vivan
Irregular tú affirmatives (ven, di, sal, haz, ten, ve, pon, sé) must be drilled individually.
不规则 tú 肯定命令式（ven、di、sal、haz、ten、ve、pon、sé）需要单独强化记忆。
12. Por vs Para – Formulaic Distinctions | Por 与 Para 的公式化区分
Despite their shared translation as ‘for’, por and para follow distinct conceptual formulas.
尽管两者都可译为“为了”，por 和 para 遵循截然不同的概念公式。
| POR | PARA |
| Cause / reason: por falta de | Purpose / goal: para aprender |
| Duration / time of day: por la mañana, por tres horas | Deadline: para mañana |
| Means / manner: por correo, por tren | Recipient: para ti |
| Exchange / substitution: gracias por, cambio por | Opinion: para mí, eso es difícil |
| Motion through / along: por el parque | Destination: salir para Madrid |
The mnemonic ‘ATTRACTED’ (Around, Through, Thanks, Reason, After, Cost, Transportation, Exchange, Duration) for por, and ‘PRODDS’ (Purpose, Recipient, Opinion, Deadline, Destination, Standard) for para can aid recall under exam pressure.
记忆口诀：por 对应“经过、原因、感谢、时间段、交通、交换”等；para 对应“目的、收件人、观点、截止日期、目的地、标准”，有助于在考试中快速回想。
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